Defining Series Summary - Well Completion (by: Firman Akbar)

Link Glossary
1. Workover & Intervention : https://quizlet.com/pt/362783273/well-workover-and-intervention-
flash-cards/
2. Well Completion : https://quizlet.com/id/402399821/well-completion-flash-cards/
3. Well Testing : https://quizlet.com/167562211/well-testing-flash-cards/
4. O&G Business : https://quizlet.com/id/498533701/slb-oil-and-gas-bussiness-flash-cards/

I. WELL TESTING

Q: When does the well & formation test are conducted?

A: At all stages in the life of oil and gas field, from exploration through development, production and
injection

Q: Why do operators perform well testings?

A: To determine whether a formation will produce, or continue to produce hydrocarbons at a rate that
gives reasonable return on further investments

Q: What did operators do during well testing operations?

A: Measuring formation pressure, characterizing formation fluids, and determining permeability and skin
damage to the formation incurred when drilling or other well operation

Q: During a production well test in which the well is flowed, mention 2 devices that is used to assess
well’s production potential
A: Test Separator and Wireline Formation Tester (WFT)

Q: What is the function of deflector plates inside a test separator?

A: Slow the inlet flowing velocity of produced fluid

Q: What is the function of coalescing plates inside a test separator?

A: Gather oil into large droplets

Q: What is the function of mist extractor inside a test separator?

A: Removes oil droplet from the gas phase before exiting

Q: Mention the steps on how a well test procedure is done in order!

A: Install a Drillstring or Drillstem Test (DST) String to flow reservoir fluid, Install Packer to isolate
the testing zone or Surface Equipment to provide well control, Install Choke Valve(s) to adjust flow
rate precisely, send fluid directly to Holding Tank to eliminate contaminant, direct flow to Test
Separator (divided into oil, gas, water, and debris to be analyzed separately)

Q: Mention each type of well test!

A: Buildup, Drawdown, Falloff, Injection, and Interference Test

Q: How is a buildup test carried out?

A: By shutting the well after a certain flow period to measure the increase of BHP

Q: How is a drawdown test carried out?

A: By opening the well after a shut-in period to observe BHP decrease
Q: How is an injection and falloff test carried out?
A: By injecting fluid to the formation and monitoring BHP increase, then shut the well and record the
ensuing BHP decrease.

Q: How is an interference test carried out?

A: By recording the pressure changes in adjacent wells when the test well pressure is changed

Q: What is a technique used by the engineers to analyze responses to pressure changes that is based on the
mathematical relationship between flow rate, pressure, and time?
A: Pressure Transient Analysis

Q: What can the engineer determine after getting information from pressure transient analysis?
A: Completion interval, production potential, skin and also derives average permeability, degree of
permeability heterogeneity and anisotropy, reservoir boundary shapes and distance, initial and
average reservoir pressure.

Q: Mention the specific variation on well buildup and drawdown test to evaluate gas wells!
A: Backpressure test, Isochronal test, and Modified Isochronal test

Q: How is a Backpressure Test carried out?

A: The well is flowed against specified backpressure until BHP and surface pressure stabilize
(Indicates that the flow is coming from the outer reaches of drainage area)

Q: What type of test is a series of drawdowns and buildup in which the pumping rate varies for each
drawdown while subsequent buildup continues until it reaches well’s original shut-in pressure?
A: Isochronal Test

Q: What is the difference between isochronal test and modified isochronal test?
A: In modified isochronal test, the drawdown and buildup periods are equal in duration

Q: What is the theoretical rate at which the well flow if the backpressure on sandface or borehole well
were zero?
A: Absolute Open Flow (AOF)

Q: Explain in order how the Wireline Formation Tester (WFT) sampling is done!
A: Pistons are driven from one side of WFT to force the packer assembly against the formation to be
tested, the Probe at the center of packer assembly extends to the formation, formation fluids enter the
probe and are pumped into the wellbore until free of contaminants determined by Downhole Fluid
Analysis (DFA), uncontaminated fluid are directed into storage bottle/sample chamber to be taken to
the surface for lab testing.

Q: What is the function of Quartz Pressure Gauge in the WFT test?

A: Measure & records BHP

Q: What do the scientists use to monitor the sampling process while using WFT? This tool is also used to
confirm the sample is uncontaminated and identify gas/oil ratio (GOR), relative asphaltene, and water
fraction in real time.
A: Downhole Fluid Analysis (DFA)

Q: This method records light spectrum for the engineers to identify the composition of fluid while
flowing into the WFT tool and also reveals critical data about the reservoir without waiting for lab test to
complete
A: Optical Spectroscopy

Q: What is the use of well testing during the exploration stage?

A: To stimulate production after the well is completed to establish production potential and reserves
estimates

Q: What is the use of well testing during the field development stage?
A: To help indicate wells that may require stimulation treatments

Q: What is the use of well testing during the production stage?

A: To monitor reservoir, collecting data for history matching (comparing actual production vs predicted
production), and assess the needs for stimulations

II. WELL INTERVENTION

Q: What are the two general categories for well interventions?

A: Light Intervention and Heavy Intervention

Q: What is a light intervention?

A: The technician lower tools and sensor to live wells while the pressure is maintained at the surface

Q: What is a heavy intervention?

A: The rig crew may need to remove the entire completion string, wellhead, and pressure barrier
from well to change the configuration (requires killing the well)

Light Intervention

Q: What type of tool do the personnel use to perform light intervention?

A: Slickline, Wireline,or Coiled Tubing

Q: Mention the types of slickline based interventions

A: Removing sand and paraffin, running and retrieving subsurface control valve, running sensor into well
to record BHT & BHP

Q: A single strand of thin wire that conveys tools and sensors into and out of the wellbore is called?
A: Slickline
Q: What is the advantage of wireline compared to slickline?
A: It acts as a conduit for electric power and data transfer between downhole sensor and tools and
surface, the downhole data can be delivered to surface in near real time, and can be used to run
production logs & other sensors.
Q: What is the primary use of coiled tubing beside to convey tool downhole?
A: As a conduit for fluid

Q: When do the coiled tubing is used for well intervention?

A: To wash out production-inhibiting sand or scale that builds up inside production tubing, To place acid
and other treatments at precise location within the while (also used to convey tools downhole)

Q: What tool is located above the christmas tree that contains opposing rams which may be closed to seal
against each other without removing the wire, thus providing a pressure barrier alternative if pressure-
control equipment fails?
A: Wireline valve

Heavy Intervention

Q: A dense fluid that creates hydrostatic pressure at the formation that is greater than the formation’s pore
pressure is called?
A: Kill-Weight Mud

Q: What did the operator do to adapt the completion to reservoir conditions that have changed as a result
of production?
A: Workover

Q: A special type of workover option to abandon one zone and open and complete another zone that was
tested and left behind pipe when the was drilled is called?
A: Recompletion

Q: Why do operators are sometimes reluctant to use Kill-Weight Mud to perform heavy intervention?
A: It may permanently damage pressure-depleted formations
Q: Snubbing operation tools that snub or push joints of pipes into live well against well pressure is called?
A: Hydraulic Jack

Q: Mention the advantages of snubbing operations compared to coiled tubing operations!

A: Snubbing operations use joints of stiff tubing or casing and can be performed in high-pressured well
(more wider range of applications)

Offshore Work

Q: What method do the service company use to perform slickline, wireline, and coiled tubing operations
through subsea wellheads?
A: Riserless or Riser-Based Method

Q: Mention 3 main components of riserless light well intervention rig along with each function!
A: ROV, Well Intervention Package , Control Umbilical

Q: What type to tool that is used to view operations and monitor and guide well intervention package
landing to the subsea wellhead in riserless light intervention
A: ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle)

Q: What type to tool that includes pressure control hardware and subsea BOP in riserless light
intervention
A: Well Intervention Package
Q: What type to tool that allows technician to manipulate BOP and subsea tree valve from surface in
riserless light intervention
A: Control Umbilical

Q: What is the water depth range that allows the use of riserless interventions?
A: Below 400 m (1300 ft)

Q: What are the pros and cons of using riser method subsea interventions?
A: Pros: permits all heavy and light subsea intervention, Cons: more expensive than riserless (Because
riser extends from the surface of offshore rigs)

III. CEMENTING

Q: The process of placing a cement sheath in the annulus between the casing and formation is known as?
A: Primary cementing

Q: A cementing operation that occurs after primary cementing when engineers inject cements into
strategic well locations for various purposes is known as?
A: Remedial cementing / Secondary cementing

Q: In brief and concise, mention the steps of basic two-plug cementing operation!
A: Drillpipe is removed after reaching desired depth, Install casing string equipped with protective shoe
and centralizers, Pump chemical wash and spacer fluid to displace mud (ensure good cement
bonding), Insert a bottom plug followed by a sufficient volume of cement slurry, Continue pumping
until mud is out from casing string into the annulus and out of the wellbore, The bottom plugs lands at
the bottom of casing string causing the membrane to rupture and opening pathway for cement to enter
annulus, Insert top plug after cement slurry followed by displacement fluid, Continue pumping
displacement fluid until it lands on bottom plug.

Q: What does most primary cementing operations employ for cement placement?
A: Two-Plug Cement Placement

Q: What is the difference between a guide shoe and float shoe?

A: Float shoe has a check valve that can prevent reverse flow from annulus into the casing

Q: What does Portland Cement mainly consist of?

A: Anhydrous calcium carbonate and calcium aluminate that hydrate when added to water

Q: Why do well cements must perform over a wide temperature range?

A: Because permafrost temperatures are below freezing point and geothermal well temperature exceeding
400 degC.

Q: Mention the classification of cement additives according to the function!

A: Accelerator reduce the cement setting time and increase compressive strength development,
Retarders delay settling time and extend pumping time, Extender lowers the cement slurry density,
Weighting agents increase cement density, Fluid loss control agents prevents water leakage, Lost
circulation control agents limit cement flow to wellbore leak, Dispersant reduce cement viscosity.
(Specialty additives : antifoam agent, fibers and flexible particles)

Q: What type of casing that protects shallow formations from contamination by drilling fluid and prevent
washout from unconsolidated performance?
A: Conductor pipe / conductor casing

Q: What type of casing that maintains borehole integrity and prevents contamination of shallow
groundwater by hydrocarbon, brine and drilling fluids?
A: Surface casing

Q: What type of casing that isolates hydrocarbon bearing, abnormally pressured, fractured and lost
circulation zones while providing well control as the well digs deeper?
A: Intermediate casing

Q: The smallest tubular element in the well that isolates the zone above and withstand anticipated loads
throughout the well's life?
A: Production tubing

Q: Mention the two evaluation techniques used for cement evaluation?

A: Hydraulic testing and well logging methods

Q: Pressure testing is the most common hydraulic testing method. Mention the steps of conducting this
method
A: Driller performs casing pressure test to verify mechanical integrity of tubular string, drill out the
casing shoe, then increase casing pressure until exceeding pressure that will be applied during next
drilling. If no leakage is detected, then it's successful
Q: A remedial cementing technique that is performed to establish zonal isolation due to poor cement
bonding is called?
A: Squeeze cementing

Q: How do cementing crews perform squeeze cementing?

A: They perforate the casing at the defective interval and squeeze cement slurry through
perforations into the annulus to fill void

Q: What kind of cementing operation is usually done to abandon the well?

A: Plug Cementing

Q: What is the principle of plug cementing operations?

A: The engineers fill the casing interior with cement at various depths preventing interzonal
communication and fluid migration to underground freshwater source
Q: What is the ultimate objective of plug cementing?
A: Restore natural integrity of formation that were disrupted by drilling

IV. WELL COMPLETION

Q: What is the driver behind every wall completion strategy?

A: To recover at a reasonable cost as a large percentage of OOIP (Original Oil in Place)

Q: What did the engineer do once a well has been drilled to total depth (TD)
A: Complete the well by inserting equipment to optimize production

Q: What does the Formation Evaluation logs (FE log) indicate?

A: Existence and depth of formation likely to produce commercial volume of hydrocarbon

Q: What are the causes of some cementing flaws?

A: Incorrect cement density, Poor drilling fluid removal, Premature gelation or setting, Excessive fluid
loss

Q: What did the engineers do to reduce the impact of debris caused by perforations?
A: Pump a weak acid solution downhole to the affected area to dissolve debris

Q: If the formation permeability is low, what did the completion engineer do?
A: Create a hydraulic fracture by pumping water and sand or other materials through perforations and into
perforations at high pressure

Q: Mention 2 method to prevent the migration of sand through the formation that may plug perforation
tunnels and stop production!
A: Inject chemical to bind sand grains and using sand control techniques including sand screen and
gravel pack system
Q: What is a tool that is designed to automatically valve shut in the well when the surface control system
is breached and can be closed manually to add extra barrier between the well and atmosphere?
A: Safety valve

Q: This type of completions that features permanent, real-time remote pressure and temperature sensor
and a remotely operable flow control valve deployed at each formation
A: Intelligence completion

Q: Explain how a gas lift works!

A: By pumping gas down the annulus, The gas enters the tubing at a depth below the top of the fluid
column reducing fluid density for buoyancy to lift the fluid out of the well

Q: What kind of device is used in a water or gas injection procedure that regulates how much and where
the fluid enters the wellbore?
A: Injection control devices (ICDs)

Q: Mention 3 considerations that engineers have to take before designing a completion!

A: Types of volume of fluids produced, downhole & surface temperature, production zone depth,
production rates, well location, and surrounding environment

V. WETTABILITY

Q: A preference of solid surfaces to be in contact with one fluid rather than the other is called?
A: Wettability

Q: The natural tendency of molecules at a fluid interface to be at higher energy state than those in the
bulk of a fluid will cause?
A: Surface tension

Q: What controls the wettability of a surface and the wetting phase?

A: The surface tension between the solid and fluids, and interfacial tension between fluids

Q: What would happen if a preferentially wetting fluid is dropped on a solid surface covered with
nonwetting fluid?
A: It will displace the nonwetting fluid from the surface and at the extreme, the wetting surface will
spread over the entire surface

Q: What would happen if a nonwetting fluid is dropped to a solid surface covered with a preferentially
wetting fluid?
A: It will bead up, minimizing the contact with solid surface

Illustration of Wetting Area

Note: Air (Biru Muda), Minyak (Hijau), Water-Wet surface (ungu → kiri), Intermediate wet
surface (biru → tengah), Oil-Wet surface (orange → kanan)
* Minyak di tetes ke atas permukaan wetting berbeda di dalam air. Untuk Water-Wet surface sudut
kontaknya 0°, Intermediate-Wet sedang 0°- 90°, Oil Wet 90° - 180°

Q: What is the definition of intermediate wetting or neutral wetting?

A: If the solid doesn’t have a marked preference for one fluid over the other.

Q: What would be the wettability used in many oilfield applications?

A: It’s binary, either oil-wet or water-wet

Q: In a homogeneous porous material saturated with oil and water, describe strongly water-wetting!
A: One of end of a continuum where the pore surface preferes contact with water

Q: In a homogeneous porous material saturated with oil and water, describe strongly oil-wetting!
A: One of end of a continuum where the pore surface preferes contact with oil

Q: What would be the wetting for a pore-wall surface that never made contact with oil?
A: Water-wet

Illustration about wetting in formation

Q: In heterogeneous wetting, describe mixed wetting!

A: Small pores occupied by water are water-wet, while larger pores contain oil are oil-wet

Q: Describe the definition of fractional wetting!

A: Various minerals which have differing surface chemical properties cause portions of rock to be water-
wet and other portions to be oil-wet.

Q: What is dalmatian wetting?

A: The solid properties may differ in patches due to mineral heterogeneity

Q: The increase of saturation for the wetting fluid regardless of whether it is spontaneous or forced is
known as?
A: Imbibition

Q: The increase of saturation of nonwetting fluid typically the increase of oil saturation is known as?
A: Drainage

Q: Mention the measurement methods for wettability!

A:
 Method Definition

Amott Involves only water imbibition

Amott - Harvey Subtracting imbibed and forced oil displacement

ratio from imbibed and forced water displacement
ratio

AI =I W −I O

*AI = 0.3 - 1 (Water-Wet)

AI = 0 - 0.3 (Weakly water-wet)
AI = -0.3 - 0 (Weakly oil-wet)
AI = -1 - -0.3 (Oil-Wet)

US Bureau of Mines (USBM) Log of area under capillary pressure curve for oil
displacing water minus log of area under capillary
pressure curve for water displacing oil

A1
USBM=log A 1−log A2 =log
A2
¿ A1= A oildisplacing water
A2= A water displacing oil

Q: What would happen if waterflooding is carried out inside water-wet formation and oil-wet formation?
A:

Water-Wet Water flows into all accessible pores and

remaining oil is isolated in large pores,
disconnected from oil-connected pathway

Oil-Wet Oil adheres to surface, increasing probability of

continuous oil-connected path to a producing well
resulting in lower S¿

Q: What are the parameters that reservoir engineers use to predict the amount of oil that can be
recovered?
A: Residual Oil Saturation (Sor) = The amount of oil cannot be displaced by water & Residual Water
Saturation (Swr)

Q: The relative ease that one fluid has to flow through the pore space in the presence of other fluids is
called as?
A: Relative permeability
Q: How can wetting conditions affect logging measurements?
A: Because most resistivity measurements rely on water as a continuous and conductive electrical path
through the rock. Therefore, in oil-wet formation water may not be continuous especially when drilling
using oil based mud.

Q: How is wettability important to drilling-fluid formulation, particularly in oil based muds?

A: If oil-external mud filtrate containing oil-wetting surfactants invades near well formation, there is a
potential to alter the pore wettability.

VI. HYDRAULIC FRACTURING

Q: The pressure-induced fracture caused by injecting fluid into a target rock formation is called as?
A: Hydraulic fracturing

Q: What would the engineer do in order to access a zone for stimulation?

A: By perforating the casing across the interval and use retrievable plugs to isolate it from other
zones

Q: In hydraulic fracturing, what do the formation’s in situ stress field dictate?

A: Size and orientation (arah) of the fracture & magnitude of pressure to create fracture

Q: Mention the three principal compressive stress!

A: Vertical stress (i fv), Minimum Horizontal stress (i fh min), Maximum Horizontal stress (i fh max)

Illustration for principal stresses orientation:

Q: Mention the factors that determine the magnitudes and orientation of the three principal stresses!
A: Tectonic regime in the region and by depth & pore pressure and rock properties
Q: In general, where would the direction of the fracture open?
A: The fracture will open in the direction with least resistance

Q: Which direction of the fracture will form if the maximum principal compressive stress is the
overburden stress?
A: Vertical and continue to propagate (menyebar) parallel to maximum horizontal stress

Q: In reservoir formation, what is usually the maximum principal compressive stress?

A: Overburden stress

Q: In reservoir formation, when is usually the maximum principal compressive stress is not the
overburden stress?
A: In shallow formations and some fault environment

Q: The principal vertical stress is commonly called as what?

A: Overburden stress

Q: What caused the overburden stress on a formation?

A: It’s caused by the weight of rock overlying a measurement point

Q: Define the stimulation treatment process based on the fracture pressure chart

A:
1. 1st Pumping Cycle: The engineer pumps fluid into stimulation zone at prescribed rate (bar biru) →
Increasing BHP (garis merah) until peak at breakdown pressure → BHP drop indicates fracture has
opened → Pumping stops, BHP drops below closure pressure
2. 2nd Pumping Cycle: Fracture opens again at fracture reopening fracture
3. Fracture closes and pressure subsides

Q: What is macrofracture and microfracture?

A: Macrofacture is a fracture with the width above 100 microns, and microfracture width is below it

Q: What is a fracturing slurry mainly composed of?

A: Fluid and Proppant to hold the fracture open after pumping stops

Q: What would the engineers do to keep the formation open in sandstone or shale formation and in
carbonate formation?
A: In sandstone or shale formation proppant is injected, in carbonate formation acid is injected to etch
formation (hence the term acid frac)

Q: When do the engineers end the stimulation treatment?

A: When the planned pumping schedule is completed or screenout has taken place

Q: Define the term screenout in the context of hydraulic fracturing!

A: When the proppant accumulates and creates bridge across the fracture or perforation that restricts
fluid flow

Q: What is the volume of injected fluid in hydraulic fracturing?

A: The original volume of frac fluid + additional volume created during fracturing + volume due to fluid
loss

Q: Why is proppant cannot be used to initiate a fracture?

A: Because fracture initiation causes high fluid loss → causing proppant to become dry solid causing
bridging and screenout

Q: What would the engineer do to prevent bridging and screenout caused by proppants?
A: Pumping a pad (volume of clean fluid) before pumping any proppant

Q: What would the operator do to control fracture propagation to ensure the hydraulic fracture stays
within the reservoir and does not grow into adjacent formation (formasi di luar stimulation)?
A: Monitor fracture growth by microseismic monitoring / hydraulic fracture monitoring

VII. RHEOLOGY

Q: The study of how materials flow as a function of shear or load rate, time and spatial orientation is
called as?
A: Rheology
Q: What factor affects the rheological properties of a material?
A: Temperature, pressure, rate and duration of shear

Q: The measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow is called as?

A: Viscosity

Q: What unit is shear stress expressed as?

A: Units of force per unit area and a function of shear rate

Q: The fluid velocity gradient measured perpendicular to the direction of flow is known as?
A: Shear rate

Q: Which type of flow regime dominates a low velocity, in which flow is orderly, parallel and without
crossflow?
A: Laminar flow, which is characterized by theoretical flow equations

Q: Which type of flow regime prevails at high velocity, in which the flow is chaotic and disorderly?
A: Turbulent flow, characterized by empirical flow equations

Q: Mention the rheological models used to characterize fluid flow in the oil field!
A: Newtonian and non-Newtonian (Classified into bingham plastic, power law, and herschel-buckley)

Graph of Shear Rate (x) vs Shear Stress (y)

Q: What does a Newtonian fluid model describe?

A: The simplest fluid flow behavior; fluid viscosity is linear constant of proportionality between shear
stress and shear rate under constant P & T

Q: Mention the fluids that behave as a Newtonian fluid!

A: Water, oil, gasoline, alcohol, and glycerin
Q: What is a non newtonian fluid fluid?
A: Fluids with no constant proportionality between shear stress and shear rate

Q: Which behavior does many drilling fluids and most water-base cement fall into?
A: Two parameter Bingham Plastic model which assumes linear relationship between shear rate and shear
stress

Q: What is the difference between Newtonian fluid behavior and Bingham Plastic behavior?
A: Both assume constant proportionality between shear rate and shear stress (linear
relationship) but the latter do not flow until the shear stress exceeds the yield point
(starting point shear stress nya ≠ 0)

Q: Describe the power-law fluids model!

A: Power-law fluids model assumes a non linear relationship between the shear rate and the shear stress.
The Shear stress is raised to a constant exponent as a function of shear rate.

Q: This fluid model combines the effects of Bingham - Plastic and Power - Law behavior in a fluid
(Assume non linear relation and have a yield point)
A: Herschel-Buckley model

Q: Which procedures does the mud engineer follow to test a drilling fluid?
A: API RP 13-B1 (for water-based drilling fluid) and API RP 13-B2 (for oil-based drilling fluid)

Q: What kind of measuring tool is used to measure the mud weight?

A: Mud balance (Balance beam scale)

Q: What is the viscosity criteria of the drilling fluid?

A: The viscosity has to be high enough to keep weighting materials suspended but also low enough to
allow cuttings and sand to settle and entrained gas to escape at the surface

Q: What kind of tool do the mud engineers use to monitor drilling fluid properties during drilling
operations?
A: Marsh Funnel

Q: What kind of tool is typically used both at the rig site and laboratories to measure fluid properties?
A: Rotational rheometer

Q: How is the working principle of a rotational rheometer?

A: Analyst places test fluid in the gap between cylinder → Outer cylinder rotates at known velocity
→ Fluid creates torque in the form of shear stress as it rotates → The torque is registered as spring
deflection which are observed as direct reading → Reading is used to plot shear stress vs shear rate to
determine viscosity
 VIII. COILED TUBING

Q: A continuous of small-diameter steel pipe and related surface equipment as well associated drilling,
completion and workover, or remediation techniques is known as?
A: Coiled Tubing

Q: Mention the steps how a Coiled Tubing is deployed downhole!

A: CT operator spool tubing from the Reel through the gooseneck (to direct CT downward to injector
head). At the end of operation, CT is pulled from the well and spooled back to the reel.

Q: What is the function of the injector head in Coiled Tubing operation?

A: To straighten the coiled tubing before entering the borehole

Q: What is the function of stripper assembly below the injector head in CT operation?
A: Provides dynamic seal around the tubing string

Q: What is the common diameter for coiled tubing?

A: 0.75 to 0.45 in - 2 in

Q: How much is the common length size range of a coiled tubing string?
A: From 2000 - more than 30000 ft (600 - 9000m)

Q: Mention three key requirements that coiled tubing fulfills for downhole operations on live wells!
A: Providing dynamic seals between formation pressure and surface, continuous conduit for fluid
conveyance, and a method for running the conduit in and out a pressurized well

Q: What are the advantages of coiled tubing over wireline techniques in workover operations?
A: Coiled tubing are able to push or pull equipment and convey well logging tools through highly
deviated or horizontal wellbore, as well as push obstruction beyond a zone of interest
Q: In order to provide surface power and readouts for well logging operations using CT, what do the
engineers use?
A: The engineers use optional cable in the absence of wireline

Q: Explain the principle of scale removal of tubing or casing using Coiled Tubing!
A:

Mechanical scale removal uses a jetting tool. The tool consists of 2 parts:
1. Rotating head with opposing offset nozzle → remove scale from tubular by pumping abrasive fluid
on nonabrasive fluid (depending on situation)
2. Drift ring → Allows the tool to advance after internal diameter are clean (dengan nyesuaiin
diameter biar bisa maju)

Q: When do the engineers use nonabrasive fluid or abrasive beads during mechanical scale removal from
a producing well?
A: Nonabrasive fluid → pumped through the nozzle for removal; Abrasive fluid → used to remove
hard scales

Q: What is the advantage of a coiled tubing compared to wireline in well perforating operations?
A: Allows longer gun string and higher-angle deployments and can even be performed with tubing
in place (because wireline relies on gravity → susah kalo wellborenya horizontal)

Q: How does a cement plug is set using coiled tubing?

A: Circulating cement slurry into position using CT → Withdraw CT to a point above top of
cement (TOC) → Slight squeeze pressure is applied if necessary, any cement remaining in the tubing
is displaced by tail slurry
Q: How does CT initiate production in a well?
A: By running CT into target depth and pumping Nitrogen through the string to reduce density of
hydrostatic column (density turun → P hidrostatis turun → P hidros < P formation → Ngalir)

Q: Which Coiled Tubing completions provide a low-cost approach for prolonging the life of old wells?
A: Installation of velocity string to reduce cross-sectional flow area to increase flow velocity, tubing
patch to cover mechanical or erosion in tubing, and through-tubing gravel pack.

Q: Mention the steps of gravel pack operation using coiled tubing!

A: CT string is lowered to GP depth → Gravel is pumped through CT → CT string is retrieved to the
surface and GP cylinder screen assembly is attached → Fluid is pumped at sufficient rate to fluidized
gravel and GP screen is lowered into setting depth → CT string is pulled back

IX. SUBSEA INFRASTRUCTURE

Pahamin Ilustrasi ini Penting sebelum lanjut

How it works in a nutshell

A. From Wellhead to FPSO
Formation fluid is flowed from subsea tree to jumper → Jumper directs formation fluid to subsea
manifold → Subsea manifold commingles production from different subsea tree → Commingled
production is flowed to 2 pipeline end terminations (PLET) → Formation fluid is then flowed into
flowline and to the riser into FPSO deck
B. From FPSO to Wellhead
Umbilical riser supplies electric, hydraulic power, and chemical (to clean scale & hydrates) →
Umbilical Termination Assembly (UTA) routes chemical & hydraulic fluids (white jumper) to subsea
manifold and into each tree, and electric power (black jumper) to subsea manifold to boost pump and tree

Q: What is the depth in which exploration or production in deep and ultradeep water is carried out?
A: 300 to 3050m (1000 to 10000ft) or deeper

Q: How do the produced fluids are sent to a surface processing facility?

A: Using Subsea Production System (yang dijelasin di atas)

Q: What is the function of Booster Pump in subsea production systems?

A: To energize flow as it travels between seafloor and riser which carries to surface for processing

Q: The tool that is mounted to the subsea wellhead which contains production tubing hanger and
accommodate hydraulic and electrical line for managing downhole safety valve (DSV), completion valve,
and pressure/temperature sensor
A: Subsea tree

Q: What is the function of the subsea tree in the subsea production system?
A: Primary mechanism for shutting the well and interface for well reentry and intervention

Q: The part attached to a subsea tree that contains instrumentation, electronic, and hydraulic connection
for safe operation of subsea tree valve, chokes, and downhole valve is called?
A: Subsea Control Module (SCM)

Q: The section of pipes that is run between subsea structure to serve as links through which fluids are
transmitted is known as?
A: Jumper

Q: What is the function of a production manifold?

A: To commingle production fluids before directing it to flowline leading to production platform

Q: What tool that functions similarly as a production manifold and is used to manage distribution of
injected water, gas and chemical to one or more subsea wells?
A: Injection manifold

Q: This tool connects a flowline with another subsea structure or joins a main pipe line with a branch
pipeline. What is it?
A: Pipeline End Manifolds (PLEM)

Q: How do the operators maintain the fluid flow due to fluid temperature in the subsea production
system?
A: Inject chemical such as methanol (CH3OH) or monoethylene glycol (C2H6O2), Use electrically
heated flowline and foam insulated pipe, Or bury the flowline beneath seafloor for insulation
Q: Multiple steel and thermoplastic conduits that are often bundled with hydraulic lines, chemical
injection lines, and power conductor & fiber optic is known as?
A: Integrated Umbilical

Cross Section of Integrated Umbilical

X. INTELLIGENT COMPLETION

Q: When do operators use Intelligent Completion (IC) due to its complexity and expensive cost?
A: In high-rate subsea wells

Q: What type of packer is used to isolate zones of an IC well that has penetrations through which
electrical cable and hydraulic lines can be passed without compromising the seal?
A: Feed-through packer

Q: Explain the principle of how Flowing Bottomhole Pressure (FHBP) and reservoir pressure is measured
using production log-type data!
A: Production log-type data without intervention
The FHBP can be measured by opening Flow Control Valve (FCV) and reservoir buildup pressure is
measured by closing the FCV on different zones. (1 ditutup, 1 dibuka)

Q: How do the production engineers control the pressure and volume contribution from a formation
without shutting it off?
A: Changing the choke settings by varying the valve flow port (Besar/kecilin flowrate individual zone
tanpa matiin valve)

Q: Why do the production engineers change the flow rates from individual production zones?
A: To reduce drawdown pressure at specific points, controlling water and gas coning

Q: The unwanted preferential flow of water or gas that results from pressure drawdown at a perforated
interval is known as?
A: Coning (can be classified into gas or water coning)

Q: How do the engineers optimize sweep efficiency of a production interval?

A: Using adjustable flow valve to increase or decrease gas/water injection rates at the targeted interval

Q: Where do the operators place the flow control valves during multilateral well operations?
A: On the multilateral well junction where the main bore and laterals are joined

Q: How do the engineers optimize the production from each lateral during multilateral well operation?
A: Equipping each lateral production liner with Inflow Control Device (ICD) → Increasing back
pressure as flow velocity increase which hinders the flow of high-pressure fluids on an interval
(Makin besar laju alir, backpressure naik, ngejaga agar tekanan ga berlebih) → Allows fluids from
lower-pressured or less-permeable interval to flow into lateral wells and reduce water and gas flow if
these phases can flow more easily than oil.

Q: These tools are able to accurately monitor production variables in real time and are designed for long-
term deployment
A: Permanent Downhole Gauges (Downhole permanent pressure & temperature gauge)

Q: What are the pressure and temperature ratings of a modern Permanent Downhole Gauges?
A: Up to 172 MPa (25000 psi) and 180℃ (356℉)

Q: How can permanent downhole gauges perform in high pressure and temperature ratings?
A: The use of quartz and sapphire transducers, welded assemblies, corrosion-resistant alloys, and durable
electronic components

Q: What can be estimated from the measurements of flow rate and fluid density using monitoring
systems?
A: Permeability, skin, and drainage area over the life of the well
Q: What does positive and negative skin value indicate?
A: Positive : Flow restriction / reduced flow compared to undamaged formation. Negative : Stimulated
well and enhanced productivity

Q: What sensor provides data that may be analyzed to quantify inflow profiles along the entire length of
the well, allowing the operators to immediately see, understand and react to changes in flow patterns from
individual zones?
A: Distributed Temperature Sensor (DTS)

Illustration of DTS Profile

Q: What does the change in temperature profile along the length of a well indicate on a DTS profile?
A: Indicates commingled flow from multiple zones

Q: How can the operators be able to detect the origins and change of temperature profile in DTS?
A: By comparing flowing temperature profiles using DTS and correlate it to a gamma ray log

Q: What system is used to analyze production optimization using software?

A: SCADA system (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition)

XI. ASPHALTENE

Q: Instead of being defined by their chemical identity, asphaltene are usually defined by what?
A: Solubility characteristic

Q: Why are asphaltenes not defined by their chemical compound?

A: Because it consists of a complex mixture of chemical compounds

Q: What is the term which defines the tendency to form or aggregate in clumps?
A: Flocculation
Q: Does crude oil with high gas/oil ratio (GOR) contain large or little asphaltene content?
A: Little. Because asphaltene and high GOR oil are not chemically alike, therefore won’t dissolve at each
other

Q: Which compound can dissolve asphaltene?

A: Aromatic hydrocarbons (ex: Toluene and Xylene)

Q: Explain why high GOR oils are prone to asphaltene formation despite their low asphaltene
concentration!
A: Because during production they experience large pressure reduction, which decrease their density
→ Asphaltenes then come out of solution and flocculate forming solids (because they won’t dissolve)

(Teori Penting: minyak dengan GOR gede punya konsentrasi asphaltene rendah, tapi
deposisi/flokulasi/pengendapannya lebih ekstrim dibanding GOR rendah/heavy oil dengan konsentrasi
asphaltene tinggi tapi tetep terlarut atau ga mengendap)

Q: Mention the three models of asphaltenes based on the Yen-Mullins model!

A: Asphaltene molecules (1.5 nm) in condensate and volatile oil, Nanoaggregates (2 nm) in black oils,
Asphaltene clusters (5 nm) at mobile heavy oil

Yen-Mullins Model of Asphaltenes

Q: What is the mean molecular weight of a typical asphaltene?

A: 750 g/mol

Q: Which model delivers a basis for an equation of state (EOS) for predicting asphaltene concentration
gradients in oil reservoirs?
A: Yen-Mullins model

Q: What Equation of State (EOS) was developed from the Yen-Mullins model?
A: Flory-Huggins-Zuo Equation of State (FHZ EOS)
Q: What is the use of Flory-Huggins-Zuo Equation of State (FHZ EOS) in oil field application?
A: To determine relative asphaltene content using DFA in Wireline Formation Tester