Chapter:2 Exercise 2(A)

Question 1
(a) What is a chemical reaction?
(b) State the conditions necessary for a chemical change or reaction.
Answer
(a) A chemical reaction is a process of breaking chemical bonds of the reacting substances
(reactants) and making new bonds to form new substances (products).
(b) Conditions necessary for a chemical change or reaction are :

1. Mixing (close contact) — Some chemical reactions take place when two substances
are mixed in their solid state.
Pb(NO3)2 (s) + 2KI (s) ⟶ 2KNO3 + PbI2 (s)

2. Solution — In some cases, a chemical reaction occurs when substances are mixed
either in molten or aqueous state.
AgNO3 + NaCl ⟶ AgCl ↓ + NaNO3

3. Heat — Some chemical reactions occur only on heating.

CuCO3 (s) →Δ CuO (s) + CO2 ↑ (g)

4. Light — Some chemical reactions take place by the action of light. They are called
photochemical reaction.
2AgNO3 →sunlight 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2 ↑

5. Electricity — Some reactions are caused or accompanied by the passage of

an electric current. They are called electrochemical reaction.
2NaCl →electricity 2Na + Cl2 ↑

6. Pressure — Some chemical reaction take place only when the involved substances
are subjected to high pressure.
N2 + 3H2 ⇌above 200 atm 2NH3 ↑

7. Catalyst — Some chemical reactions need a catalyst to accelerate or decelerate the

rate at which they occur.
2H2O2 →MnO2 2H2O + O2 ↑

Question 2
Define the following terms:
(a) Chemical change
(b) Chemical bond
(c) Effervescence
(d) Precipitate
Answer
(a) A chemical change is a permanent change in which the chemical composition of a
substance is changed and one or more new substances with different chemical
compositions and different properties are formed.
(b) A chemical bond is the force that holds the atoms of a molecule together, as in a
compound.
(c) Effervescence is the formation of gas bubbles in a liquid during a reaction.
(d) Certain chemical reactions are characterized by the formation of insoluble solid
substances called precipitate.

Question 3
Give an example of a reaction where the following are involved:
(a) Heat
(b) Light
(c) Electricity
(d) Close contact
(e) Solution
(f) Pressure
(g) Catalyst
Answer
(a) Heat
CuCO3 (s) →Δ CuO (s) + CO2 ↑ (g)
(b) Light
2AgNO3 →sunlight 2Ag + 2NO2 ↑ + O2 ↑
(c) Electricity
2NaCl →electricity 2Na + Cl2 ↑
(d) Close contact
Pb(NO3)2 (s) + 2KI (s) ⟶ 2KNO3 + PbI2 (s)
(e) Solution
NaCl (aq.) + AgNO3 (aq.) ⟶ AgCl (white ppt.) ↓ + NaNO3 (aq.)
(f) Pressure
N2 + 3H2 ⇌above 200 atm 2NH3 ↑
(g) Catalyst
2H2O2 →MnO2 2H2O + O2 ↑

Question 4
Define :
(a) Photochemical reaction
(b) Electrochemical reaction.
Give one example in each case.
Answer
(a) A chemical reaction that takes place by the action of light is called a photochemical
reaction.
Example —
2AgNO3 →sunlight 2Ag + 2NO2 ↑ + O2 ↑
(b) Reactions that are caused or accompanied by the passage of an electric current are
called electrochemical reaction.
Example — On passing current through through molten sodium chloride, sodium and
chloride are obtained separately.
2NaCl →electricity 2Na + Cl2 ↑

Question 5
Give an example of each of the following chemical changes.
(a) A photochemical reaction involving 1. silver salt 2. water
(b) A reaction involving 1. blue solution 2. formation of a dirty green precipitate
(c) Two gases combine to form a white solid.
(d) Two solids combine to form a liquid.
(e) A reaction where color change is noticed.
Answer
(a) A photochemical reaction involving
1. silver salt
2AgNO3 →sunlight 2Ag + 2NO2 ↑ + O2 ↑
2. water
Cl2 + H2O →sunlight HCl + HClO
(b) A reaction involving
1. blue solution
ironFe+ blue sol.CuSO4⟶ green sol.FeSO4+ copper-brown red depositCu
2. formation of a dirty green precipitate
ferrous sulphateFeSO4+ sodium hydroxide2NaOH⟶ dirty green ppt. Fe(OH)2
↓+ sodium sulphateNa2SO4
(c) Two gases combine to form a white solid.
NH3 (g) + HCl (g) ⟶ NH4Cl (s)
(d) Two solids combine to form a liquid.
C (s) + 2S (s) ⟶ CS2 (l)
(e) A reaction where color change is noticed.
ironFe+ blue sol.CuSO4 (aq.)⟶ green sol.FeSO4+ copper-brown red depositCu

Question 6
Write the chemical reaction where the following changes are observed.
(a) Gas is evolved
(b) Colour change is noticed
(c) Precipitate is formed
(d) Physical state of reactants is changed
Answer
(a) Gas is evolved
Zn(s) + H2SO4 (aq) ⟶ ZnSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)
(b) Colour change is noticed
ironFe+ blue sol.CuSO4 (aq.)⟶ green sol.FeSO4+ copper-brown red depositCu
(c) Precipitate is formed
ferrous sulphateFeSO4(aq.)+ sodium hydroxide2NaOH (aq.)⟶ dirty green ppt.Fe(OH)2↓
+ sodium sulphateNa2SO4 (aq.)
(d) Physical state of reactants is changed
C (s) + 2S (s) ⟶ CS2 (l)

Question 7
Give a reason for the following :
(a) Silver nitrate solution is kept in coloured bottles.
(b) Molybdenum is used in the manufacture of ammonia.
(c) A blue solution of copper sulphate changes to green when a piece of iron is added to this
solution.
(d) Colourless concentrated sulphuric acid in a test tube changes to blue on adding a small
piece of copper to it.
Answer
(a) Silver nitrate solution is kept in brown bottles in the laboratory because it decomposes
in the presence of light. It becomes black and forms silver, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen.
2AgNO3 →sunlight 2Ag + 2NO2 ↑ + O2 ↑
(b) Molybdenum acts as a promoter and increases the efficiency of the catalyst iron, hence
it is used in the manufacture of ammonia.
(c) When a piece of iron is added to a blue coloured copper sulphate solution, the blue
colour of the solution fades and eventually turns into light green due to the formation of
ferrous sulphate.
ironFe+ blue sol.CuSO4 (aq.)⟶ green sol.FeSO4+ copper-brown red depositCu
(d) When a small piece of copper is added to concentrated sulphuric acid, a blue solution of
copper sulphate is formed.
) brownCu (s)+ conc.2H2SO4(aq)⟶ blueCuSO4(aq)+2H2O (l)+SO2(g)
Exercise 2(B)

Question 1(a)
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a chemical change?
(i) It is irreversible
(ii) No net energy change is involved
(iii) New substance is formed
(iv) Involves absorption or liberation of energy
Answer
No net energy change is involved
Reason — Characteristics of a chemical change are :

1. It's irreversible.

2. A new substance is formed.

3. Involves absorption or liberation of energy.

Question 1(b)
A reaction of a type: AB + CD ⟶ AD + CB, involves
(i) no chemical change
(ii) decomposition of AB and CD
(iii) exchange of ions of AB and CD
(iv) combination of AB and CD
Answer
exchange of ions of AB and CD
Reason — In the type of reaction called double displacement two compounds exchange
their positive and negative radicals.
Example : AB + CD ⟶ AD + CB

Question 1(c)
The reaction:
BaCl2 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) ⟶ BaSO4 (s) + 2HCl (aq) is
(i) displacement reaction
(ii) neutralisation reaction
(iii) decomposition reaction
(iv) double displacement reaction
Answer
Double displacement reaction
Reason — A chemical reaction in which both reactants [compounds] are decomposed to
give two new compounds by exchanging their radicals is called a Double decomposition or
double displacement reaction.
It is represented as XY + AB ⟶ XB + AY

Question 1(d)
Thermal decomposition of sodium carbonate will produce
(i) carbon dioxide
(ii) oxygen
(iii) sodium hydroxide
(iv) no other product
Answer
Carbon dioxide
Reason — Sodium carbonate, on heating gives sodium oxide and carbon dioxide
Na2CO3 →Δ Na2O + CO2 ↑

Question 2
Match the following :

(a) Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) ⟶ ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) (i) Photochemical decomposition

(b) 2AgCl(s) →Sunlight 2Ag(s) + Cl2(g) (ii) Thermal decomposition

(c) 2KCl →Electricity 2K + Cl2 (iii) Displacement reaction

(d) 2HgO(s) →Δ 2Hg(s) + O2 (iv) Electrolytic decomposition

Answer

(a) Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) ⟶ ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) (iii) Displacement reaction

(b) 2AgCl(s) →Sunlight 2Ag(s) + Cl2(g) (i) Photochemical decomposition

(c) 2KCl →Electricity 2K + Cl2 (iv) Electrolytic decomposition

(d) 2HgO(s) →Δ 2Hg(s) + O2 (ii) Thermal decomposition

Question 3
Complete the following statements.
(a) The chemical change involving iron and hydrochloric acid illustrates a ...............
reaction.
(b) In the type of reaction called ............... two compounds exchange their positive and
negative radicals.
(c) A catalyst either ............... or ............... the rate of a chemical change but itself remains
............... at the end of the reaction.
(d) On heating, hydrated copper sulphate changes its colour from ............... to ...............
Answer
(a) The chemical change involving iron and hydrochloric acid illustrates
a displacement reaction.
(b) In the type of reaction called double displacement two compounds exchange their
positive and negative radicals.
(c) A catalyst either accelerates or decelerates the rate of a chemical change but itself
remains unaffected at the end of the reaction.
(d) On heating, hydrated copper sulphate changes its colour from blue to white.

Question 4
When hydrogen burns in oxygen, water is formed; when electricity is passed through water,
hydrogen and oxygen are given out. Name the type of chemical changes involved in the two
cases.
Answer
When hydrogen burns in oxygen, hydrogen and oxygen combine together and forms water,
hence, it is a direct combination reaction whereas, when electricity is passed through
water, it breaks to give hydrogen and oxygen, hence, it is a decomposition reaction.

Question 5
Explain the following chemical changes by giving one example of each:
(a) Double decomposition
(b) Thermal dissociation
(c) Reversible reaction
(d) Displacement
Answer
(a) Double decomposition — This is a type of chemical change in which two compounds in
a solution react to form two new compounds by mutual exchange of radicals. Double
decomposition reaction is also called double displacement reaction.
AB + CD ⟶ AD + CB
Eg., AgNO3 + NaCl ⟶ AgCl ↓ + NaNO3
(b) Thermal dissociation — A reversible decomposition reaction brought about only by
heat is called thermal dissociation reaction.
Heat some solid ammonium chloride in a test tube. Two colourless gases, ammonia and
hydrogen chloride, are produced. As these gases move up to the upper part of the test tube
which is cooler, they combine to form ammonium chloride, which appears as a white
sublimate on the upper cooler side of the test tube.
NH4Cl ⇌ NH3 ↑ + HCl ↑
(c) Reversible reaction — A reaction that can be reversed by changing the conditions
under which the reaction is taking place is called a reversible reaction.
3Fe+ steam4H2O⇌ magnetic oxideFe3O4+ hydrogen gas4H2
(d) Displacement — A chemical change in which a more active element displaces a less
active element from its salt solution is called a displacement reaction.
Mg + H2SO4 ⟶ MgSO4 + H2 ↑

Question 6
(a) What is synthesis?
(b) What kind of chemical reaction is synthesis? Support your answer with an example.
Answer
(a) A reaction in which two or more substances combine together to form a single substance
is called a synthesis or combination reaction.
A + B ⟶ AB
(b) Synthesis is a direct combination reaction.
In the above reaction, substances A and B combine to give a molecule of a new substance,
AB (Product).
For example, carbon burns in oxygen to form a gaseous compound, carbon dioxide.
C + O2 →Δ CO2 ↑

Question 7
Decomposition brought about by heat is known as thermal decomposition. What is the
difference between thermal dissociation and thermal decomposition?
Answer
Difference between the two is that thermal dissociation is a reversible reaction whereas,
thermal decomposition is an irreversible reaction.

Question 8
(a) Define neutralization reaction with an example.
(b) Give a balanced equation for this reaction.
(c) Give three applications of neutralization reactions.
Answer
(a) The reaction between an acid and a base that forms salt and water only is referred to as
Neutralization reaction.
Reaction between an acid and an alkali to form salt and water only is an example of
neutralization reaction.
(b) NH4OH + HCl ⟶ NH4Cl + H2O
(c) Applications of neutralization reactions are as follows :

1. When someone is stung by a bee, formic acid enters the skin and causes pain, which
can be relieved by rubbing the spot with slaked lime or baking soda, both of which
are bases and thus neutralize the acid.
2. The acid which is accidentally spilt on to our clothes can be neutralised with
ammonia solution.
3. If soil is somewhat acidic and thus unfavourable for the growth of certain crops,
slaked lime is added to neutralise the excess acid.

Question 9
What do you understand by precipitation reaction? Explain with an example.
Answer
A chemical reaction in which two compounds in their aqueous state react to form an
insoluble salt (precipitate) as one of the products is called a precipitation reaction.
Example: Take a solution of silver nitrate in a test tube and add dil. hydrochloric acid. A
curdy white ppt. is formed.
AgNO3 + HCl ⟶ AgCl ↓ + HNO3

Question 10
(a) What are double displacement reactions?
(b) Give an example of a double displacement reaction, where gas is evolved.
Answer
(a) Double displacement reactions are those in which two compounds in a solution react to
form two new compounds by mutual exchange of radicals. This type of reaction is also
known as a double decomposition reaction.
(b) FeS (s) + H2SO4 (aq) ⟶ FeSO4 (aq) + H2S ↑

Question 11
(a) What is a decomposition reaction ?
(b) Decomposition reactions can occur by (i) heat (ii) electricity and (iii) sunlight.
Give two balanced reactions for each.
Answer
(a) The chemical reaction in which a compound splits into two or simpler substances
(elements or compounds) is called decomposition reaction.
(b) Two balanced chemical equations for:
(i) Heat
2HgO (s) →Δ 2Hg (l) + O2 (g)
CaCO3 (s) →Δ CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
(ii) Electricity
2NaCl (l) →electricity 2Na (l) + Cl2 (g)
2H2O (l) →electricity 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)
(iii) Light
2AgCl (s) → sunlight 2Ag (s) + Cl2 (g)
2H2O2 (l) → sunlight 2H2O (l) + O2 (g)

Question 12
State the type of reactions each of the following represent and balance the ones that are not
balanced.
(a) Cl2 + 2KBr ⟶ 2KCl + Br2
(b) NaOH + HCl ⟶ NaCl + H2O
(c) 2HgO ⟶ 2Hg + O2 ↑
(d) Fe + CuSO4 ⟶ FeSO4 + Cu
(e) PbO2 + SO2 ⟶ PbSO4
(f) 2KClO3 ⟶ 2KCl + 3O2 ↑
(g) 2H2O2 ⟶ 2H2O + O2 ↑
(h) KNO3 + H2SO4 ⟶ HNO3 + KHSO4
(i) CuO + H2 ⟶ Cu + H2O
(j) CaCO3 ⟶ CaO + CO2 ↑
(k) NH4Cl ⟶ NH3 + HCl
(l) PbO + 2HNO3 ⟶ Pb(NO3)2 + 2H2O
(m) AgNO3 + NaCl ⟶ AgCl ↓ + NaNO3
Answer
(a) Cl2 + 2KBr ⟶ 2KCl + Br2
Displacement reaction
(b) NaOH + HCl ⟶ NaCl + H2O
Neutralisation reaction
(c) 2HgO ⟶ 2Hg + O2 ↑
Decomposition reaction
(d) Fe + CuSO4 ⟶ FeSO4 + Cu
Displacement reaction
(e) PbO2 + SO2 ⟶ PbSO4
Combination reaction
(f) 2KClO3 ⟶ 2KCl + 3O2 ↑
Decomposition reaction
(g) 2H2O2 ⟶ 2H2O + O2 ↑
Decomposition reaction
(h) KNO3 + H2SO4 ⟶ HNO3 + KHSO4
Double decomposition reaction
(i) CuO + H2 ⟶ Cu + H2O
Displacement reaction
(j) CaCO3 ⟶ CaO + CO2 ↑
Decomposition reaction
(k) NH4Cl ⟶ NH3 ↑ + HCl
Decomposition reaction
(l) PbO + 2HNO3 ⟶ Pb(NO3)2 + H2O
Neutralisation reaction
(m) AgNO3 + NaCl ⟶ AgCl ↓ + NaNO3
Double decomposition reaction
Exercise 2(C) — Multiple Choice Type

Question 1
Which of the of following is not a chemical change.

1. Rusting of iron
2. Iron is magnetised
3. Potassium is dissolved in water
4. Magnesium wire is burnt
Answer
Iron is magnetised
Reason — Magnetisation of iron is not a chemical change, as it is a temporary change.

Question 2
Heating of zinc nitrate is a ............... reaction.

1. Displacement
2. Combination
3. Decomposition
4. Redox
Answer
Decomposition reaction
Reason — Zinc nitrate undergoes thermal decomposition and produces reddish brown
Nitrogen dioxide gas (NO2), Zinc oxide (ZnO), and Oxygen gas (O2).
Zn(NO3)2Δ4NO2+2ZnO+O2↑

Question 3
Burning of a metal is an example of :

1. Decomposition reaction
 2. Combination reaction between an element and a compound
3. Direct combination reaction between two elements
4. Displacement reaction
Answer
Direct combination reaction between two elements
Reason — A reaction in which two elements react to form a single substance is called a
direct combination reaction between two elements.
When a metal, for example Magnesium, is burnt, it reacts with oxygen to form a new
compound magnesium oxide.
2Mg + O2 ⟶ 2MgO
Hence, burning of a metal is a direct combination reaction between two elements.

Question 4
Formation of white precipitate on mixing sodium chloride solution and silver nitrate
solution is an example of ............... reaction.

1. Combination
2. Decomposition
3. Displacement
4. Double decomposition
Answer
Double decomposition
Reason — A chemical reaction in which both reactants [compounds] are decomposed to
give two new compounds by exchanging their radicals is called a Double decomposition or
double displacement reaction. Eg.,
AgNO3 + NaCl ⟶ AgCl ↓ + NaNO3

Question 5
A brown substance A on heating in air turns black forming another substance B.
Substances A and B are:

1. A = Fe and B = FeO
2. A = Zn and B = ZnO
3. A = Cu and B = CuO
4. A = Pb and B = PbO
Answer
A = Cu and B = CuO
Reason — Brown copper on heating forms black copper oxide.
2Cu + O2 ⟶ 2CuO

Question 6
Which one of these is a chemical change?

1. Water changes to steam

2. Dissolution of sugar in water
3. Combustion of LPG
4. Liquefying ammonia
Answer
Combustion of LPG
Reason — A chemical change is a permanent change and combustion of LPG is a
permanent change.

Question 7
The reaction of neutralization is a :

1. Displacement reaction
2. Double decomposition
3. Combination reaction
4. Combination reaction between two compounds
Answer
Double decomposition
Reason — A chemical reaction in which both reactants [compounds] are decomposed to
give two new compounds by exchanging their radicals is called a Double decomposition or
double displacement reaction.
These reactions are of two types:

1. precipitation reaction
2. neutralization reaction

Question 8
FeS + H2SO4 ⟶ FeSO4 + H2S is an example of:

1. Displacement reaction
2. Double decomposition reaction
3. Decomposition reaction
4. Combination reaction
Answer
Double decomposition reaction
Reason — A chemical reaction in which both reactants [compounds] are decomposed to
give two new compounds by exchanging their radicals is called a Double decomposition or
double displacement reaction.
AB + CD ⟶ AD + CB
Exercise 2(C) — Very Short Type

Question 1
Name
(a) a carbonate which does not decompose on heating.
(b) a nitrate which produces oxygen as the only gas.
(c) a compound which produces carbon dioxide on heating
(d) a nitrate which produces brown gas on heating.
Answer
(a) Sodium carbonate
(b) Potassium nitrate
(c) Calcium carbonate
(d) Lead nitrate

Question 2
Which is the most reactive element in this question :
CuSO4 + Fe ⟶ FeSO4 + Cu
Answer
Fe, as Fe is higher in the metal reactivity series. The reactivity of the metal reactivity series
decreases as one moves from top to bottom.
Exercise 2(C) — Short Answer Type

Question 1
Define :
(a) Photochemical reaction
(b) Electrochemical reaction
Give one example in each case.
Answer
(a) Photochemical reaction — It is a reaction that occurs with the absorption of light.
Example : Decomposition of silver nitrate
2AgNO3 →sunlightsunlight 2Ag + 2NO2 ↑ + O2 ↑
(b) Electrochemical reaction — It is a reaction that occurs with absorption of electrical
energy.
Example : Acidulated water breaks into hydrogen and oxygen when electric current is
passed through it.
2H2O →electriccurrent 2H2 ↑ + O2 ↑

Question 2
Give an example of a reaction where the following are involved
(a) Evolution of heat
(b) Absorption of heat
(c) High pressure is required
Answer
(a) CH4 + 2O2 ⟶ CO2 ↑ + 2H2O + Heat
(b) C + 2S →Δ CS2
(c) N2 + 3H2 ⇌above 200 atm 2NH3 ↑

Question 3
Why does the blue colour of copper sulphate solution fade on adding iron fillings ?
Answer
Blue colour of copper sulphate fades away as iron displaces copper from copper sulphate
solution as iron is more reactive than copper.

Question 4
Give an example of:
(a) Single displacement reaction
(b) Double displacement reaction
(c) Photochemical reaction
(d) Thermal decomposition reaction
(e) Electrolytic decomposition reaction
(f) Combination reaction between two compounds ?
Answer
(a) Single displacement reaction
CuSO4 + Zn ⟶ Cu + ZnSO4
(b) Double displacement reaction
BaCl2 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) ⟶ BaSO4 (s) + 2HCl (aq)
(c) Photochemical reaction
2AgNO3 →sunlight 2Ag + 2NO2 ↑ + O2 ↑
(d) Thermal decomposition reaction
2HgO (s) →Δ 2Hg (l) + O2 (g)
(e) Electrolytic decomposition reaction
2H2O →electriccurrent 2H2 + O2 ↑
(f) Combination reaction between two compounds ?
NH3 + HCl ⟶ NH4Cl

Question 5
What do you understand by a 'chemical reaction'?
Answer
A chemical reaction is a process of breaking chemical bonds of the reacting substances
(reactants) and making new bonds to form new substances (products).
Example : BaCl2 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) ⟶ BaSO4 (s) + 2HCl (aq)

Question 6
Give an example of each of the following chemical changes.
(a) A reaction involving
(i) change of state
(ii) formation of a precipitate
(b) An exothermic and an endothermic reaction involving carbon as one of the reactants.
(c) A reaction where colour change is noticed.
Answer
(a) An example of:
(i) A reaction involving change of state — Ammonia gas reacts with hydrogen chloride
gas to produce solid ammonium chloride.
NH3 (g) + HCl (g) ⇌ NH4Cl (s)
(ii) A reaction involving formation of a precipitate — Take a solution of silver nitrate in a
test tube and add solution of sodium chloride, a curdy white ppt. is formed.
AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) ⟶ AgCl ↓ + NaNO3 (aq)
(b) Exothermic reaction involving carbon — Combustion of methane gives out large
amount of energy.
CH4 + 2O2 ⟶ CO2 ↑ + 2H2O + Heat
Endothermic reaction involving carbon — When carbon is heated with sulphur at high
temperature, liquid carbon disulphide is formed.
C + 2S →ΔΔ CS2
(c) A reaction where colour change is noticed — When a few pieces of iron are dropped
into a blue coloured copper sulphate solution, the blue colour of the solution fades and
eventually turns into light green due to the formation of ferrous sulphate.
ironFe+ blue sol.CuSO4⟶ green sol.FeSO4+ copper-brown red depositCu

Question 7
What is a chemical change? Give two examples of a chemical change?
Answer
A chemical change is a permanent change in which the chemical composition of a
substance is changed and one or more new substances with different chemical
compositions and different properties are formed.
Examples :

1. Pb(NO3)2 (s) + 2KI (s) ⟶ 2KNO3 + PbI2 (s)

2. NaCl (aq.) + AgNO3 (aq.) ⟶ AgCl (white ppt.) ↓ + NaNO3 (aq.)

Question 8
Define exothermic and endothermic reactions. Give two examples in each case.
Answer
A chemical reaction in which heat is given out is called an exothermic reaction. It causes
a rise in temperature.
Examples:

1. Combustion of methane gives out large amount of energy.

CH4 + 2O2 ⟶ CO2 ↑ + 2H2O + Heat

2. When carbon burns in oxygen to form carbon dioxide, lot of heat is produced.
C + O2 ⟶ CO2 ↑ + Heat
A chemical reaction in which heat is absorbed is called an endothermic reaction. It
causes a fall in temperature.
Example :

1. When carbon is heated with sulphur at high temperature, liquid carbon disulphide is
formed.
C + 2S →Δ CS2

2. Calcium carbonate decomposes to carbon dioxide and calcium oxide when heated to
1000°C
CaCO3 (s) →Δ CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

Question 9
Why is energy involved in a chemical change?
Answer
A chemical reaction involves the breaking up of chemical bonds between atoms resulting in
absorption of energy in the form of heat, and simultaneous formation of bonds with release
of energy. These two types of energies are different from each other, i.e., there is either a
surplus or a deficit of energy during the reaction.
Therefore, in a chemical reaction, energy is involved.
Exercise 2(C) — Descriptive Type

Question 1
State the main characteristics of chemical reactions. Give at least one example in each
case.
Answer
The main characteristics of chemical reactions are :

1. Evolution of gas
Zn(NO3)2 →ΔΔ 4NO2 + 2ZnO + O2 ↑

2. Change of colour
ironFe+ blue sol.CuSO4 (aq.)⟶ green sol.FeSO4+ copper-brown red depositCu
3. Change of state
2H2O (l) →electriccurrent 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)

4. Formation of precipitate
NaCl (aq.) + AgNO3 (aq.) ⟶ AgCl (white ppt.) ↓ + NaNO3 (aq.)

Question 2
State the effects of endothermic and exothermic reactions on the surroundings with
examples.
Answer
In exothermic reactions heat is given out, hence it causes a rise in temperature.
CH4 + 2O2 ⟶ CO2 ↑ + 2H2O + Heat
In endothermic reactions heat is absorbed, hence it causes a fall in temperature.
C + 2S →Δ CS2

Question 3
Complete and balance the following reactions:
(a) NaCl (aq.) + AgNO3 (aq.) ⟶
(b) Pb(NO3)2 + KI ⟶
(c) CuCO3 →Δ
(d) Pb(NO3)2 →Δ
(e) CO2 + H2O →Chlorophyllsunlight
Answer
(a) NaCl (aq.) + AgNO3 (aq.) ⟶ AgCl (white ppt.) ↓ + NaNO3 (aq.)
(b) Pb(NO3)2 (s) + 2KI (s) ⟶ 2KNO3 + PbI2 (s)
(c) CuCO3 (s) →Δ CuO (s) + CO2 (g)
(d) Pb(NO3)2 →Δ 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
(e) 6CO2 + 6H2O →Chlorophyllsunlight C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 4
What do you observe in the following cases?
(a) Lead nitrate is heated.
(b) Silver chloride is exposed to sunlight.
(c) Hydrogen peroxide is exposed to sunlight
(d) H2S gas is passed through copper sulphate solution
(e) Barium chloride is added to sodium sulphate solution.
(f) Water is added to quick lime
(g) Sodium chloride solution is added to silver nitrate solution.
Answer
 (a) When white crystalline solid Lead nitrate is heated, it decomposes into a buff yellow
residue of lead monoxide. Reddish brown gas Nitrogen dioxide and colourless gas
Oxygen are evolved.
2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO2 +O2
(b) When silver chloride (white) is exposed to sunlight, it undergoes photochemical
decomposition forming a grey metal, silver and a greenish yellow gas, chlorine.
2AgCl (s) → sunlight 2Ag (s) + Cl2 (g)
(c) When hydrogen peroxide is exposed to sunlight, it changes to water and colourless,
odourless oxygen gas is evolved.
2H2O2 → sunlight 2H2O + O2 ↑
(d) When H2S is passed through copper sulphate solution, a black precipitate of copper
sulphide is obtained
CuSO4 + H2S ⟶ CuS [black] + H2SO4
(e) White coloured precipitate of barium sulphate is formed when sodium sulphate is mixed
with barium chloride.
Na2SO4 (aq.) + BaCl2 (aq.) ⟶ 2NaCl (aq.) + BaSO4 [white ppt.] ↓
(f) When calcium oxide (quick lime) combines with water, a vigorous reaction takes place
with the liberation of a large amount of heat (exothermic reaction) and calcium hydroxide is
formed. Heat produced boils the water and a hissing sound is produced.
CaO (s) + H2O (l) ⟶ Ca(OH)2 (s) + Heat
(g) When sodium chloride is added to the silver nitrate solution, a white curdy precipitate of
silver chloride is formed.
NaCl (aq.) + AgNO3 (aq.) ⟶ AgCl (white ppt.) ↓ + NaNO3 (aq.)

Question 5
Discuss the factors that affect a chemical change.
Answer

1. Certain chemical reactions occur only when electricity is passed through the
reactants.
2NaCl →electricity 2Na + Cl2 ↑

2. Some chemical reactions occur when the involved substances are subjected to
high pressure.
N2 + 3H2 ⇌above 200 atm 2NH3 ↑

3. Some chemical reactions need a catalyst to accelerate or decelerate the rate at which
they occur.
2H2O2 →MnO2MnO2 2H2O + O2 ↑

4. Some chemical reactions take place by the action of light.

2AgCl (s) → sunlight sunlight 2Ag (s) + Cl2 (g)

5. Some chemical reactions take place when two substances are mixed in their solid
state.
Pb(NO3)2 (s) + 2KI (s) ⟶ 2KNO3 + PbI2 (s)

6. Some chemical reactions occur only on heating

2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO2 +O2
Question 6
Balance these reactions and state what type of reactions they are:
(a) NaNO3 ⟶ NaNO2 + O2
(b) AgNO3 + Zn ⟶ Zn(NO3)2 + Ag
(c) Fe + HCl ⟶ FeCl2 + H2
(d) AgNO3 ⟶ Ag + NO2 + O2
(e) NaBr + Cl2 ⟶ NaCl + Br2
(f) PbO + C ⟶ Pb + CO2
(g) KClO3 ⟶ KCl + O2
(h) AgNO3 + HCl ⟶ AgCl ↓ + HNO3
(i) NH3 + HCl ⟶ NH4Cl
(j) N2 + H2 ⟶ NH3
Answer
(a) 2NaNO3 ⟶ 2NaNO2 + O2 ↑
Decomposition reaction
(b) 2AgNO3 + Zn ⟶ Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag
Displacement reaction
(c) Fe + 2HCl ⟶ FeCl2 + H2 ↑
Displacement reaction
(d) 2AgNO3 ⟶ 2Ag + 2NO2 ↑ + O2 ↑
Decomposition reaction
(e) 2NaBr + Cl2 ⟶ 2NaCl + Br2
Displacement reaction
(f) 2PbO + C ⟶ 2Pb + CO2 ↑
Displacement reaction
(g) 2KClO3 ⟶ 2KCl + 3O2 ↑
Decomposition reaction
(h) AgNO3 + HCl ⟶ AgCl ↓ + HNO3
Double decomposition reaction
(i) NH3 + HCl ⟶ NH4Cl
Direct combination reaction
(j) N2 + 3H2 ⟶ 2NH3 ↑
Direct combination reaction

Question 7
Explain the different types of double decomposition reactions by giving suitable equations.
Answer
Different types of double decomposition reactions are:

1. Precipitation reaction — A reaction between two compounds in aqueous solution

state to give two new compounds one of which is insoluble (precipitate) is called a
Precipitation reaction.
For example, when H2S is passed through copper sulphate solution, a black
precipitate of copper sulphide is obtained.
CuSO4 (aq) + H2S (g) ⟶ CuS [black ppt.] ↓ + H2SO4

2. Neutralization reaction — The reaction between an acid and a base that forms salt
and water only is referred to as Neutralization reaction.
For example, Sodium chloride (base) reacts with HCl (acid) to form salt and water
 only.
NaOH + HCl ⟶ NaCl + H2O

Question 8
Explain thermal dissociation and thermal decomposition reactions with examples. What is
the difference between them ?
Answer
A reversible decomposition reaction brought about only by heat is called thermal
dissociation reaction.
For example, on application of heat, ammonium chloride decomposes into Ammonia and
HCl:
NH4Cl ⇌ NH3 + HCl
A chemical reaction in which a compound decomposes to give two new elements / a new
compound & an element / two new compounds on application of heat without any
recombination on cooling is called a Thermal decomposition reaction.
For example, calcium carbonate decomposes to carbon dioxide and calcium oxide when
heated to 1000°C
CaCO3 (s) →Δ CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
Difference between the two is that thermal dissociation is a reversible decomposition
reaction whereas, thermal decomposition is an irreversible reaction.

Question 9
Metal X was placed in lead nitrate solution. A thin layer of lead metal deposits on metal X.
Which is more reactive metal X or lead ? State the type of reaction and give an example of
this type.
Answer
Metal X is more active metal because it displaced the metal lead from lead nitrate. It is
a displacement reaction.
CuSO4 + Zn ⟶ ZnSO4 + Cu
Zn is more active metal than Cu, and it displaces Cu from copper sulphate.

Question 10
What type of reaction is respiration ? Explain.
Answer
Respiration is an exothermic reaction as it involves combustion of glucose with oxygen in
the cells of the body releasing heat energy that is used by cells to perform various functions
such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and protein synthesis. The
equation for respiration reaction is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ⟶ + 6CO2 ↑ + 6H2O + Heat energy

Question 11
Discuss some decomposition reactions occurring inside our body.
Answer
Digestion of food in our body is an example of decomposition reaction.
The starch present in the food we eat decomposes into glucose and sugar. Proteins undergo
decomposition to form amino acids. Fats and oils are decomposed to fatty acids and finally
oxidized by respiration into carbon dioxide and water.
Starch →Enzymes Glucose →[O] CO2 + H2O + Energy
Exercise 2(C) — Structures/Application/Skill Type

Question 1
K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu, H, Hg, Ag
Pick an element from the reactivity series given above and write the equations for the the
following:
(a) Metal hydroxide on heating forms metal oxide and water vapour.
(b) Metal hydroxide on heating forms metal, oxygen and water vapours.
(c) Metal nitrate decomposes to give two products only.
(d) Metal nitrate on heating forms metal oxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen.
(e) Metal nitrate on heating forms metal, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen.
(f) Metal carbonate which is stable to heat.
(g) Metal carbonate which forms metal oxide and carbon dioxide on heating.
(h) The heating effect on bivalent metal hydrogen carbonate.
Answer
(a) Metal hydroxide on heating forms metal oxide and water vapour — Calcium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2 →Δ CaO + H2O
(b) Metal hydroxide on heating forms metal, oxygen and water vapours — silver hydroxide
4AgOH →Δ 4Ag + O2 + 2H2O
(c) Metal nitrate decomposes to give two products only — potassium nitrate
2KNO3 →Δ 2KNO2 + O2 ↑
(d) Metal nitrate on heating forms metal oxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen — Lead nitrate
2Pb(NO3)2 →Δ 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2 ↑
(e) Metal nitrate on heating forms metal, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen — Silver nitrate
2AgNO3 →Δ 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2 ↑
(f) Metal carbonate which is stable to heat — Potassium carbonate
Potassium carbonate is stable to heat
(g) Metal carbonate which forms metal oxide and carbon dioxide on heating — Magnesium
carbonate
MgCO3 →Δ MgO + CO2 ↑
(h) The heating effect on bivalent metal hydrogen carbonate — Magnesium bicarbonate
Mg(HCO3)2 →Δ MgCO3 + H2O + CO2 ↑

Question 2
KI + Cl2 ⟶ KCl + I2
(a) Balance the equation given above.
(b) Which type of reaction is it ?
(c) Which element is more reactive ?
(d) What will be the product formed if KCl reacts with I2 ?
Answer
(a) 2KI + Cl2 ⟶ 2KCI + I2
(b) Displacement reaction
(c) Chlorine
(d) No reaction, because Iodine being less reactive than chlorine will not be able to displace
chlorine from KCl.