PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

Physical Change: only the physical properties change, no new substance is

formed. Example: freezing of water, melting of butter or wax, tearing of paper.
Chemical Change: two chemicals react chemically to form a new substance with
different chemical properties.
 Also called chemical reaction
 Molecules of reactants undergo change to form molcules of product
 Examples: burning of fuel, cooking of food, rusting of iron, etc

Reactant 1 + Reactant 2 Product

Chemical reaction
Chemical Properties:
1. Scientists study properties of substances
2. they study the chemical reactions substances undergo
3. This study is used to improve the quality of substances or
4. To create new useful substances
5. Example: Ceremics, Plastics, Medicines, anti corrosives.

Rusting of Iron:
1. Rust is Iron Oxide (Fe2O3),
2. a powdery reddish brown substance,
3. formed when iron is left exposed to air and moisture.
4. Rusting slowly eats away or corrodes iron = loss of money and property
5. More humid air = faster rusting
6. Salt in water = faster susting
7. 4 Fe + 3O2 + H2O  H2O + Fe2O3
Iron Oxide
(Rust)
Prevention of Rusting:
1. Prevention by blocking air and moisture contact with iron
2. Example: coat iron with oil or grease or paint
3. If there is a crack in the above coat, rusting starts.
4. More efficint way is to coat iron with another metal that is resistant to
corrosion example zinc or chromium.
5. Coating of iron with zinc = galvanizaiton
6. Example: water pipes and metal sheets used in roofs are galvanized

CHRACTERISTICS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

When a chemical reaction takes place it is accompanied by:
1. Evolution of gas
a. Confirmed by appearance of Effervescence (bubbling)
b. Shown as  in a chemical equation
c. Example:
i. (Calcium carbonate + Hydrochloric acid  calcium chloride
+ water + carbon dioxide)
ii. CaCO3 + 2HCl  CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
 iii. Carbon dioxide turns lime water [Calcium Hydroxide
Ca(OH)2] milky
iv. Zinc reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to form zinc sulphate
and hydrogen gas is given off.
v. Zn + H2SO4  ZnSO4 + H2
vi. when strongly heated gives Sodium
nitrite and oxygen
vii. 2NaNO3  NaNO2 + O2
2. Change of color:
a. One of the products formed is of a different color than reactants
b. Copper Carbonate (CuCO3)green in color when strongly heated
gives black colored copper oxide (CuO)
i. CuCO3  CuO + CO2
c. White Colored Lead Nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) is heated to form yellow
colored lead monoxide (PbO) is formed and reddish brown
nitorgen dioxide (NO2) is given off
d. 2Pb(NO3)2  2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
3. Formation of Precipitate
a. When reactants are in solution form
b. Product is insoluble form settles at the bottom called precipitate
c. Shown by a down arrow  in chemical equation
d. Iron Chloride (FeCl3) and Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) react to
form a brown precipitate of IronHydroxide (Fe(OH)3).
e. FeCl3 + 3NH4OH  Fe(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl
f. When hydrogen sulphide gas is passed into blue solution of copper
sulphate, a black precipitate of copper culphide is formed.
g. CuSO4 + H2S  CuS + H2SO4
4. Change in energy: The absorption or release of energy during a chemical
reaction.
a. Exothermic: Release of heat.
i. All burning reactions are exothermic.
ii. Shown by +heat sign on the right hand side of the chemical
equation.
iii. Carbon burns in air to form carbon dioxide.
iv. C + O2  CO2 + heat
v. When water is added to quicklime(calcium oxide), heat is
evolved and water becomes very hot. Slaked lime (calcium
hydorxide) is formed in this preocess.
vi. CaO + H2O  Ca(OH)2 + heat
b. Endothermic: Absorption of heat
i. Shown by +heat sign on the left hand side of the chemical
equation.
ii. OR Shown by -heat sign on the right hand side of the
chemical equation.
iii. When carbon and sulphur are heated, they react to form
carnon disulphide. Heat is absorbed.
iv. C + 2S  CS2 - heat
v. When nitrogen and oxygen are heated to high tempratures,
they react to form nitric oxide. Heat is absorbed.
 vi. N2 + O2  2NO - heat
c. Energy in the form of light and sound is also evolved in some
reactions like firecrackers. Firecracker is a type of combustion
reaction.
5. Change in state: Change of physical state like from solid to liquid or liquid
to gas, etc
a. When electric current is passed through water with little sulphuric
acid, it gives oxygen and hydrogen as gases.
b. 2H2O (l)  2H2 (g) + O2(g)
c. 

d. 2H2 (g) + O2(g)  2H2O (l)

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

1. Combination reaction
a. A compound is formed from combination of its elements
b. Magnesium reacts with oxygen on heating to form magnesium
oxide
c. 2Mg + O2  2MgO
d. Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia
e. N2 + 3H2  2NH3
2. Decomposition reaction
a. Compound breaks into two or more substances, usually by heating
or passing electricity
b. Calcium hydroxide is heated we get calcium oxide and steam
c. Ca(OH)2  CaO + H2O
d. When electric current is passed through water with little sulphuric
acid, it gives oxygen and hydrogen as gases.
e. 2H2O (l)  2H2 (g) + O2(g)
3. Single displacement reaction
a. One element replaces another from a compound.
b. A more reactive element replaces a less reactive element from its
compound
c. Iron is more reactive than copper
d. Copper Sulphate + Iron  Iron Sulphate + Copper
e. CuSO4 + Fe  FeSO4 + Cu
f. Silver Nitrate + Copper  Copper Nitrate + Silver
g. 2AgNO3 + Cu  Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
4. Double displacement reaction
a. Two compounds react by exchanging their elements
b. These are of two types:
i. Precipitation reaction
1. Two compounds in their acquous state react to form
an insoluble product, which appears in the form of a
precipitate.
ii. Neutralization reaction
1.
A. CHOOSE THE MOST APPROPRIATE ANSWER:

Question 1: Which of these is a chemical change?

(a) A substance with different chemical properties is formed.
(b) A substance in a different state but similar chemical properties is formed.
(c) The molecules of the substances do not undergo any change.
(d) A substance with a different shape and size but similar chemical properties is
formed.
ANSWER:
(a) A substance with different chemical properties is formed.
A chemical change occurs when two substances react chemically to form new
substances with different chemical properties.

Question 2: Which of these is an irreversible physical change?

(a) Rusting of iron
(b) Freezing of water
(c) A double decomposition reaction
(d) Breaking of a glass tumbler
ANSWER:
(d) Breaking of a glass tumbler
Breaking of a glass tumbler is an irreversible physical change. Rusting of iron is a
chemical change. Freezing of water is a reversible physical change. A double
decomposition reaction is a chemical change.

Question 3: An arrow pointing downwards in a chemical reaction shows

(a) evolution of gas
(b) formation of precipitate
(c) oxidation
(d) displacement
ANSWER:
(b) formation of precipitate
In a chemical reaction, an arrow pointing downwards shows the formation of a
precipitate and an arrow pointing upwards shows the evolution of a gas.

Question 4: A chemical reaction in which heat is given out is called

(a) exothermic reaction
(b) endothermic reaction
(c) decomposition reaction
(d) neutralization reaction
ANSWER:
(a) exothermic reaction
Exothermic reactions are accompanied with release of heat. Endothermic
reactions are accompanied with absorption of heat.

Question 5: In a combination reaction how many products are formed?

(a) two only
(b) one or two only
(c) one only
(d) number cannot be specified
ANSWER:
(c) one only
In a combination reaction, a compound is formed from its elements. For example,
water and oxygen combine to form water.

Question 6: What happens in a displacement reaction?

(a) A more reactive element replaces a less reactive element.
(b) A less reactive element replaces a more reactive element.
(c) An element replaces one which is equally reactive.
(d) Any element can replace any other element with no relation to reactivity.
ANSWER:
(a) A more reactive element replaces a less reactive element.
In a displacement reaction, a more reactive element replaces a less reactive
element from its compound.

Question 7: A neutralization reaction is a

(a) decomposition reaction.
(b) displacement reaction.
(c) combination reaction.
(d) double displacement reaction.
ANSWER:
(d) double displacement reaction.
A neutralization reaction is a double displacement reaction in which an acid
reacts with a base, and the radicals are
exchanged, to form salt and water.

Question 8: An oxidation reaction involves addition of

(a) oxygen only
(b) hydrogen only
(c) oxygen or removal of hydrogen
(d) hydrogen or removal of oxygen
ANSWER:
(c) oxygen or removal of hydrogen
An oxidation reaction involves addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen from a
substance.

Question 9: If which of the following reaction is there only one reactant?

(a) combination reaction
(b) decomposition reaction
(c) single displacement reaction
(d) double displacement reaction
ANSWER:
(b) decomposition reaction
In a decomposition reaction, a compound (reactant) breaks up into two or more
substances (products).

Question 10: If A is more reactive than B, which of the following is true?

(a) A will replace B from a salt of B.
(b) B will replace A from a salt of A.
(c) Both can displace each other from their salts.
(d) Both cannot displace each other from their salts.
ANSWER:
(a) A will replace B from a salt of B.
The given reaction is an example of displacement reaction in which a more
reactive element replaces a less reactive element from its salt solution.

B. VERY SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS: GIVE ONE WORD ANSWERS

Question 1: In which changes do substances undergo chemical transformation-
physical or chemical?
ANSWER:
In chemical changes, substances undergo chemical transformation to form new
substances.

Question 2:
Rust is a mixture and does not have a chemical formula. True of false?
ANSWER:
False.
Rust is a compound. Its chemical formula is Fe O .H O.

Question 3:
The process of depositing zinc on iron to prevent rusting is called__________
ANSWER:
The process of depositing zinc on iron to prevent rusting is called galvanization.

Question 4:
Which gas is given off when calcium carbonate is heated?
ANSWER:
When calcium carbonate is heated, calcium oxide is formed and carbon dioxide is
evolved.
CaCO → CaO + CO

Question 5:
When two soluble substances in solution react to give an insoluble substance, a
_________ is formed.
ANSWER:
When two soluble substances in solution react to give an insoluble substance, a
precipitate is formed.

Question 6:
Heat is absorbed in an _________ reaction.
ANSWER:
Heat is absorbed in an endothermic reaction.

Question 7:
If an equation has '+ heat' written on its right-hand side, what type of reaction is
it?
ANSWER:
'+ heat' sign signifies that the reaction is accompanied with the evolution of heat.
The reaction is exothermic.
Question 8:
Identify what kind of reaction each of the following is:
(a) X + Y → XY
(b) XY → X + Y
(c) AB + XY → AY + XB
(d) AB + X → AX + B
(e) AB + CD → AD + BC
(f) Acid + base → salt + water
ANSWER:
(a) Combination reaction
(b) Decomposition reaction
(c) Double displacement reaction
(d) Single displacement reaction
(e) Double displacement reaction
(f) Neutralization reaction

Question 9:
An oxidizing agent provides ________ or removes _________ from a substance.
ANSWER:
An oxidizing agent provides oxygen or removes hydrogen from a substance.

Question 10:
What method will you use to get a pure liquid if it has dissolved impurities
present in it?
ANSWER:
We will use crystallization method to obtain a pure liquid if it has dissolved
impurities in it.

Question 11:
Salt is obtained from sea water by crystallization. True or false?
ANSWER:
False.
Salt is obtained from sea water by evaporation.

Question 12:
A supersaturated solution of a solid in a liquid crystallizes easily. True or false?
ANSWER:
True.
A supersaturated solution contains more solute than it can remain dissolved in
water. It is highly unstable and crystallizes easily.

SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS: ANSWER IN A SENTECE OR TWO

Question 1: Why are water pipes galvanized?
ANSWER:Water pipes are galvanized to prevent them from rusting.
Question2: When water is frozen, it forms ice that has different properties. Why
do we say that freezing is a physical change?
ANSWER:Ice has different properties from water that is different physical
properties. But both have the same chemical properties. Therefore, freezing is a
physical change.

Question 3: Give one example each of a chemical reaction showing the following
chracteristics.
ANSWER:
a. Evolution of gas: CaCO3 + 2HCI ---------> CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
b. Change of colour: CuCO3(green) --> CuO (black) + CO2
c. Formation of precipitate: CuSO4(Blue) + H2S --> CuS(black)  + H2SO4
d. Change of state from liquid to gas: 2H20(l) ----->H2(g)  + O2(g)
e. Change of state from gas to liquid: 2H2(g) + O2(g) ----> 2H20(l) hydrogen
oxygen water

Question 4: Distinguish between endothermic and exothermic reactions.

ANSWER:
Exothermic Reactions: Reactions accompanied with release of heat are called
exothermic reactions.
Example: CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 + Heat
Endothermic Reactions: Reactions accompanied with absorption of heat are
called endothermic reactions.
Example: C + 2S -------> CS2 - Heat

Question 5: What is a combination reaction. Give an example.

ANSWER: When a compound is formed from its elements, or from simpler
substances, the reaction is called combination reaction. A + B --> AB
Example: 2Mg + O2 -› 2MgO

Question 6: When is a substance said to be reduced in a chemical reaction?

ANSWER: A substance is said to be reduced in a chemical reaction when it loses
oxygen or adds hydrogen.

Question 7: What is crystallization?

ANSWER: The process by which crystals of common substances like salt or alum
are obtained from a solution of these substances in water is known as
crystallization.

Question 8: What is a supersaturated solution?

ANSWER: The state of a solution that is unable to saturate any extra solute in the
solvent is known as supersaturated solution.

LONG-ANSWER QUESTIONS: ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS

Question 1: Discuss the methods by which rusting of iron can be prevented?

ANSWER:Rusting can be prevented by not allowing the iron to come in contact
with moisture and air. Two methods by which rusting of iron can be prevented
are: (i) by coating the iron with oil, grease or paint. (ii) by depositing a layer of
zinc or chromium on the iron.

Question 2: Which gas is ficen off when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to
calcium carbonate? How will you test the gas? Write the chemical equations for
both the reactions.
ANSWER: When dilute hydrochloric acid is added to calcium carbonate, carbon
dioxide gas is given off. CaCO3 + 2HCI --> CaCl2 + H2O + CO2  We can test the
gas by passing it through transparent lime water, which turns milky white after
passing CO2 in it. The reaction is: Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ---> CaCO3 + H2O

Question 3: Explain the steps involved in preparing the base maganisium

hydroxide frommetal maganisium.
ANSWER: The following steps are involved in preparing magnesium hydroxide:
Take a small piece of magnesium ribbon. Clean its tip with sandpaper. Hold it
with a pair of tongs and bring it near a flame. It burns with a dazzling white
flame. A powdery ash (magnesium oxide(MgO), that does not look like
magnesium is formed. Collect the ash, mix it with a small amount of water in a
test tube and stir. When magnesium oxide dissolves in water, it forms
magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2].

Question 4: A decompisition reaction is the opposite of a combination reaction.

explain with the help of an example.
ANSWER: If combination reaction is denoted by A + B ---> AB, then
decomposition reaction is denoted by AB --> A + B. For example: If 2H2(g) +
O2(g) ---> 2H20(l) is a combination reaction; then 2H20(l) ---> 2H2(g) + 02(g)
is a decomposition reaction. In combination reaction, compound is formed from
simpler substances whereas in decomposition reaction, a compound breaks up
into two or more substances.

Question 5: Under which two conditions do decompisition reactions normally

take place? Give one example each.
ANSWER: Decomposition reactions normally take place under two conditions.
They are:
(i) By heating the substance. Ca(OH)2 – heat----> CaO + H2O
(ii) By passing electricity through the solution. 2H20(1) ----- electricity--- >
2H2(g)  + 02(g)

Question 6: What is a displacement reaction? Which rule governs displacement

of an element in a compound by another element?
Explain with an example.
ANSWER: In a displacement reaction, one element replaces another element
from a compound. Generally, a more reactive element replaces a less reactive
element from its compound. For example, iron is more reactive element than
copper. If a piece of iron is added to a solution of copper sulphate, iron sulphate
is formed. Copper metal gets deposited on the iron piece.
CuSO + Fe → FeSO + Cu
Copper Iron Iron Copper
sulphate sulphate
Question 7: What is a double decomposition reaction? How many types of
double decomposition reaction do you know of? Give one example of each.
ANSWER:A reaction in which two compounds react to form two other
compounds by mutual exchange of atoms or group of atoms is called double
displacement reaction. There are two types of double displacement reaction.
(a) Precipitation reaction: In this reaction, two compounds react in their aqueous
state to form an insoluble product, which appears in the form of a precipitate.
For example, aqueous sodium chloride and silver nitrate react to form a white
precipitate of silver chloride.
NaCl + AgNO → AgCl↓ + NaNO
Sodium Silver Silver Sodium
chloride nitrate chloride nitrate
(b) Neutralisation reaction: When a base and an acid react, they exchange their
ions and form compounds called salt, water and sometimes a gas. For example,
hydrochloric acid reacts with potassium hydroxide to form potassium chloride
(salt) and water.
HCl + KOH → KCl + H O
Hydrochloric Potassium Potassium Water
acid hydroxide chloride

Question 8:
Explain the terms-oxidation and oxidizing agent.
ANSWER:
Oxidation is a chemical reaction that involves addition of oxygen or removal of
hydrogen from a substance. For example, when carbon reacts with oxygen to
form carbon dioxide, it is said to be oxidised by gaining oxygen.
C + O → CO
Carbon Oxygen Carbon
dioxide
Similarly, when hydrogen sulphide reacts with chlorine, hydrogen sulphide is
said to be oxidised to sulphur by loss of hydrogen.
H S + Cl → S + 2HCl
Hydrogen Chlorine Sulphur Hydrochloric
sulphide acid
An oxidizing agent is one that oxidizes other substances either by providing
oxygen to them or by removing hydrogen from
them.

HOTS QUESTIONS: THINK AND ANSWER

Question 1:
In which city do you expect rusting to be a greater problem-in Delhi or in
Mumbai? Why?
ANSWER:
Two conditions are required for rust formation: oxygen and moisture content in
the atmosphere. The climate of Delhi is hot and dry, whereas the climate of
Mumbai is humid. Hence, rusting is a greater problem in Mumbai because there
is a greater presence of moisture and oxygen in the atmosphere.

Question 2:
When a candle burns, both physical and chemical change occur. What are these
changes?
ANSWER:
Melting of wax is a physical change and formation of carbon dioxide and water
vapour is a chemical change. Therefore, both physical and chemical changes
occur when a candle burns.

Question 3:
LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) in a gas cylinder is in the form of a liquid. Which
physical and chemical changes occur when
it comes out of the cylinder and burns?
ANSWER:
LPG in a cylinder exists as a liquid. When it comes out of the cylinder, it becomes
a gas, which is a physical change.
Burning of LPG is a chemical change.

Question 4:
When a soda water bottle is opened, a gas is released. Does a chemical reaction
occur? Explain.
ANSWER:
No, the chemical reaction does not occur. When a soda bottle is opened, carbon
dioxide is released. The carbon dioxide is already dissolved inside the soda
bottle. On removing the cap, the pressure inside is released and carbon dioxide
escapes.

Question 5:
Why should we not put stainless steel spoons in pickle jars?
ANSWER:
Steel reacts with acids present in the pickle and forms rust. Hence, we should
never put stainless steel spoons in pickle
jars.