CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM
LONG ESSAY
1. Mr. A 65 years old admitted in the hospital with left heart failure. On admission, he is having difficulty in breathing,
hypotension and tachycardia. and he is too anxious. keeping in view the above scenario answers the followings.
a. Define left heart failure.
b. Discuss etiology and risk factor of left heart failure.
c. Explain pathophysiology of left heart failure.
or
Define congestive heart failure. Listed down the difference between left heart failure and right heart failure. Explain medical and
nursing management of such patient. RUHS – 2017, 2018, 2021, 2023
2. a. Explain the clinical manifestations based on pathophysiology of infective endocarditis.
b. Explained the medical and nursing management of infective endocarditis.
3. a. Define myocardial infarction. RUHS – 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2016, 2019
b. Explain the pathophysiological changes in myocardial infarction.
c. Enumerate tests used to diagnose myocardial infraction.
d. Write the nursing management with nursing care plan of patient with acute myocardial infarction.
4. Mr. Raman 45 years is recently diagnosed with rheumatic heart disease. Define rheumatic heart disease. discuss the
pathophysiology & signs and symptoms of rheumatic heart disease. Explain the collaborative management of rheumatic heart
disease. RUHS – 2015, 2024
5. Mr. X 50 years old male admitted with the diagnosis of angina pectoris. RUHS – 2008, 2015
a. Define angina pectoris
b. List the clinical manifestations & diagnostic evaluation of angina pectoris
c. Explain in detail about the management including nursing management for angina pectoris.
6. Mrs. Lata, a 52-year-old woman, is admitted to the medical ward with complaint of severe headache and vomiting. On
examination her blood pressure was 180/110 mmHg. She was been diagnosed as case of hypertension. Discuss the following-
a. Define hypertension and list the causative factors of hypertension
b. Classification of hypertension.
c. Write the medical and nursing management of hypertension.
d. Enumerate health teaching to be given to her at the time of discharge.
SHORT NOTES
1. Raynaud’s disease
2. CPR / Role of nurse in cardiac arrest RUHS – 2011, 2012, 2013
3. Iron deficiency anemia
4. Arrhythmias
5. Heart block
6. Mitral stenosis RUHS - 2006
7. Cardiac tamponade RUHS - 2019
8. Pacemaker RUHS - 2024
9. Blood transfusion RUHS - 2009, 2010, 2012, 2014
10.Anemia and its classification RUHS – 2014, 2015
11.Common lab investigation for the anemia RUHS – 2021
12.Polycythemia
13.SLE
14.Hemophilia
VERY SHORT NOTES
1. List the diagnostic test using myocardial infarction.
2. HTN RUHS - 2006
3. Aneurysm
4. Syncope
5. Atherosclerosis
6. Cor-pulmonale
7. List the indications for central venous pressure
8. Malignant hypertension
9. Anticoagulants RUHS - 2008
10.Role of nurse in hypotension RUHS - 2018
11. Risk factors of CAD RUHS - 2019
12.DVT RUHS - 2022
13.BMT
14.LVF vs RVF
15.ACLS vs BLS
16.Angina pectoris and myocardial infarction
MCQs
1. What is the primary cause of a myocardial infarction (MI)?
a) Blood clot blocking a coronary artery
b) Low blood pressure
c) Heart valve dysfunction
d) Arrhythmias
2. Which of the following is a risk factor for myocardial infarction?
a) Regular physical activity
b) High blood pressure
c) Low cholesterol levels
d) Adequate sleep
3. The "MONA" acronym in the management of myocardial infarction stands for which of the following?
a) Morphine, Oxygen, Nitrates, Aspirin
b) Metoprolol, Oxygen, Nitroglycerin, Antiplatelets
c) Magnesium, Oxygen, Nitrates, Angioplasty
d) Methadone, Opiates, Nitroglycerin, Aspirin
4. Which of the following is most likely to be a complication of a myocardial infarction?
a) Stroke
b) Renal failure
c) Pulmonary embolism
d) Heart failure
5. In a myocardial infarction, which part of the heart is most commonly affected?
a) Right atrium
b) Left ventricle
c) Left atrium
d) Right ventricle
6. What is the primary method used to diagnose a myocardial infarction?
a) Blood pressure measurement
b) Electrocardiogram
c) X-ray imaging
d) MRI scan
7. What is the "golden hour" in the context of a heart attack?
a) The first hour after the onset of symptoms, when treatment is most effective
b) The time it takes for the heart to stop beating
c) The period when chest pain disappears
d) The window when the heart becomes permanently damaged
8. What is a common cause of heart block?
a) High cholesterol
b) Coronary artery disease
c) Hyperthyroidism
d) Dehydration
9. Which of the following is the most common complication of rheumatic fever that leads to rheumatic heart disease?
a) Meningitis
b) Endocarditis
c) Myocarditis
d) Valvular heart disease
10. Which valve is most commonly affected by rheumatic heart disease?
a) Pulmonary valve
b) Aortic valve
c) Mitral valve
d) Tricuspid valve
11. Rheumatic heart disease typically develops after which type of infection?
a) Influenza
b) Streptococcal throat infection
c) Tuberculosis
d) Pneumonia
12. Which of the following is a major diagnostic criterion for rheumatic fever according to the Jones Criteria?
a) Hepatomegaly
b) Subcutaneous nodules
c) Chronic cough
d) Severe weight loss
13. Which of the following is used for primary prevention of rheumatic fever?
a) Immunization against Streptococcus pneumoniae
b) Treatment of streptococcal throat infection with antibiotics
c) Daily use of aspirin
d) Vitamin C supplementation
14. Which of the following is a common trigger for angina pectoris?
a) Eating a light meal
b) Physical exertion or emotional stress
c) Sleeping
d) Drinking plenty of water
15. What is the most common type of angina pectoris?
a) Stable angina
b) Unstable angina
c) Variant angina
d) Microvascular angina
16. Which of the following is a key feature of unstable angina?
a) Pain occurs with predictable levels of activity
b) Pain occurs at rest or with minimal exertion and lasts longer than usual
c) Pain is relieved by rest or nitroglycerin
d) It is always associated with a heart attack
17. Which of the following medications is commonly used to relieve symptoms of angina pectoris?
a) Diuretics
b) Nitroglycerin
c) Antibiotics
d) Antihistamines
18. What is the underlying mechanism of stable angina pectoris?
a) Sudden rupture of a plaque in the coronary arteries
b) Partial blockage of a coronary artery, leading to reduced blood flow during physical exertion
c) Complete blockage of a coronary artery
d) Inflammation of the heart muscle
19. Which of the following is a risk factor for developing angina pectoris?
a) High physical activity levels
b) Smoking
c) Low cholesterol levels
d) Good sleep hygiene
20. Which of the following is a common trigger for angina pectoris?
a) Eating a light meal
b) Physical exertion or emotional stress
c) Sleeping
d) Drinking plenty of water
