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IVAS IUIND AND
COMPANTON
IWATHETWATTCS
ll[oDarE-6
E
Determinunts
Matrices
Vectors
3 -Dimen sio n al Geom etry
Heights and Distances
Mathem atic al In duction
 GOilrEilrS
13. DETERMINANTS Exercise-4 15.43

Archives: (LAQs) (JEE MAIN) 15.47

Theory l3.l
Archives: (LAQs) (JEE ADVANCED) 15.49
Exercise-1 13. l6
Answer Key 15.51
Exercise-2 13. l9
Exercise-3 13.22
16. [Link] M ENSIONAL G EOM ETRY
Exercise-4 13.23

Archives: (LAQs) (JEE MAIN) 13.28

Theory 16. r

Exercise-l 16.32
Archives: (LAQs) (JEE ADVANCED) 13.29
Exercise-2 16.37
Answer Key 13.30
Exercise-3 16.41
Exercise-4 16.42
14. MATRICES Archives: (LAQs) (JEE MAIN) 16.48
Archives: (LAQs) (JEE ADVANCED) 16.50
Theory t4.t Answer Key 16.54
Exercise-l 14.r6
Exercise-2 14.19 17. HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES
Exercise-3 t4.22
Theory 17.l
Exercise-4 t4.23
Exercise-1 17.2
Archives: (LAQs) (JEE MAIN) 14.28
Exercise-2 17.5
Archives: (LAQs) (JEE ADVANCED) 14.30 Archives: (LAQs) (JEE MAIN) t7.6
Answer Key 14.33 Answer Key 17.6

15. VECTORS 18. MATH EMATICAL I N DUCTION

Theory 15. I Theory l8.l
Exercise-1 15.31 Exercise-1 18.7
Exercise-2 15.38 Archives: (LAQs) (JEE MAIN) 18.7
Exercise-3 15.42 Answer Key 18.8
 Chnpre n

13

Determinunts
7. INTRODUCTION
arl
lu bZ
-42
b, hll*aslla, n,
A system of equations can be expressed in the form of lcz Ca O ca I lc't cz

matrices. This means, a system of linear equations such as

i.e., at(brct- btcz)- az(hcs- ha) + as([Link]- bzcr)
afilb1y: s,
Here we see that *,-, and + sigps occur before ar,oz,
azt* b2y: s,
and aa, respectively.
can be represented as
la, brllrl [al 3. MINORS AND COFACTORS
Let us consider a determinant
l* u,)lvl=l"l
lar. arz ar,l
Now whether this system of equations has a unique
solution or not is determined by the number arbz- azk .
6=lon a22 a'l frl
lau azz aul
The number arb2- a2h which determines the uniqueness
In the above determinant, if we leave the row and
of solution is associated with matrix 1l
A=lot b2) uoa i, the column passing through the element o7, then the
la2
second order determinant thus obtained is called the
called determinant of A or det(A). Determinants have
mirror of au, and is denoted by Mq. Thus, we can get
wide applications in engineering, science, economics,
9 minors corresponding to the 9 elements. For example,
social science, etc.
in determinant (1) the minor of the element azi is
2. DEFINITION
Mrr:latz a$l
anl.
Let arbrc,d. be any four numbers, real or complex. la32 r-r orer
The minor of the element arr is M^, =lal
Then the symbol l"
'.1 o"oo,es ad-bc and is called a lazt aztl
determinant of s..b%dJ. der; a,b,c,d. are called elements In terrns of the notation of minors if we expand the
of the determinant; and ad- bc is called its value. As determinant along the fust row, then
shown above, the elements of a determinant are arranged
A : (- I*1 arMt + tlf*2 atzMn * tl)*3
1 anMn
in the form of a square in its designation. The diagonal
on which the elements a arrd d are situated is called the : atMt- atzMpl anMn
principal diagonal, and the diagonal on which the elements Similary expanding A along the second column, we
c and b are situated is calledthe secondary diagonal. The have
elements which lie in the same horizontal line constitute
one row, and the elements which lie in the same vertical
A:- arzMrz+ a2M22- ayMu
line constitute one column. The minor Mri multiplied by (-1I*' is called the
cofactor of the elemerfi a,ij.
Determinant of third order
If we denote the cofactor of the element oai, by Cq ,
Let a4az,at,bt,bz,,ba,q,cz,ca be any nine numbers. Then then the cofactor of o7 is Cq: !14n,. (lf+i
at &2 az Cofactor of the element azr is
the symbol bl hk is another way of denoting arz aB
CL C2 Ca
Cn:(_lf*rMzt= aaz aBB
I

In terms of the notation of the cofactors,

73.2 Mathematics
h,: atCnl anCrzI aBCB lllustratian 7

: anCzrl azzCzz* azeCzs A determinant of second order is made with the

: ayCst* anCn* aszC$ elements 0 and 1. Find the number of determinants
with non-negative values.
Also, arrGr * apCzz* az,Cze = 0,
anCet* agCsz* aB Cse = 0, etc.
There are only three determinants of second order with
,6 most Voluable Point negative values, viz.

C Therefore, in a determinant, the sum of the products lo rllo 1l 11 1l

of the elements of any row or column with the l, ol'lr rl'lr ol
corresponding cofactors is equal to value of the The number of possible determinants with elements 0
determinant. Also the sum of the products of the and I is 2a : 16. Therefore, the number of determinants
elements of any row or column with the cofactors with non-negative values is 13.
of the corresponding elements of any other row or I
coiumn is zero. 2 -t
lr z4l
Value of n-order determinant, -- of l-r g o
Find the value
la 1ol
I

At Arz AB ,,. ... Ah

ution:
azt azz azs ,.. .., a2o
ayL as2 o,rl ... ... a* Here in the third column, two entries are [Link]
A
expanding along the third column (C3), we get

0^1 On2 A"Z ,., .,. Onn

o=,1 1il-,li
?1.,1-" 3l
:4(-1-12)-0+0
= atCt* atzCn* aBCB* ...* auCn
tro
(when expanded along first row) -_ OL

,6 most Voluable Point

3
)
o For easier calculations, we will
expand the lf rtg*z=0,
determinant along that row or column which contains la,a byczl la b cl
maximum number of zeros. provethat l"o o, Ual=ryzlc a bl
lo, ", oyl
lu " "l
i: ., . j

SARRUS RULE FOR EXPANSION Since the determinant is symmetrical, it is simple to

Samrs gave a rule for a determinant of order 3. expand by Samrs rule.
Rule: The three diagonals sloping down to the right
lax fu czl
give the three positive terms, and the three diagonals ry o, bl: rurh'+ b3 + cs)- abc(rr + gs + z3)
l
sloping down to the left give the three negative terms.
la, ,, "ul
al br ct al b1

\v
\v ..'\ - ayz(a'+ b3 + c' - Sabc) - abc(r3 + y3 + z3 - Sryr)
.r'\
c2 : - abc(r -f y + z) x
-
X\
a2 a2 b2 ryz(a3 + b3 + cs Sabc)

de
(*'+ y' + 22 - ry - yz- rr)
'e b3
:syz(a' +b3+ c'-3abc)
la, b, ctl
lo, u, abc
"rl
lo, a. "rl *l cab
bca
: arbzczl [Link]* qazbs- az,b2q- Lttczq- ctazh.
 Determinonts 73.3
lllustrotion 4 Solution:

lf a,b,c e.R, then find the number of real roots of ar bt ct

r c-b Let A= az th cz be a determinant of order 3. Then,
the equation A = -c0a =() az be ct
5*!utian: b-afr
L,= atbzcsl atbrcz* azbtct,- atbscz- azbrce- atbzct
From the symmetry of the determinant, it is simple to : (arbzctl [Link]+ azhct)- (afttczl atbtcl't atbza)
expand by Samrs rule.
: 13 -l abc - abc'f (b2 x + a2 r I : g Since each element of A is either I or 0, the value of
A c2 x)
the determinant cannot exceed 3. Clearly the value of
or f +r(az+b2+c2):o A is maximum when the value of each term in the first
bracket is I and the value of each term in the second
=r:0orrr:-(ar+b2+c2)
bracket is [Link] arbzct: atbtq:l implies that
+ tr = 0 or r:t i,[ATtr +A every element of the determinant A is I and in that

lllusfiotion 5
lo r rl
case A = 0. Thus, we may have A :
Find the largest value of a third-order determinant ll ?tl:'
whose elements are 0 or 1.

a@a (a) -7,- (b) -L,2

113 2

1. The value of the determinant 3r2 1S (c) l,- 2 (a 1,2

7t4 It_t r s rl
(a) 2 (b) -2 4. I log,, 5 /5 |

(c) o (as Itog,ot0 s , I

a'tlI 1 @)G (b) e

2. rf 1 1 -1 : 4, then the value of a is (c) I (40

-1 1 1
5. If a * b * c, the value of x which satisfles the
(a) I (b)-l 0 r-a r-b
(c) -2 (d) 0 x*a 0 x-c 0, is
equation
7420 x*b r*c 0
3. The roots of the equation L-2 5 :0 are ( a) r 0 (b) x: a
I 2t 5r2 c fi b (A x:c
Answer Key
1.(b) 2.(A 3.(b) 4.(O s.(o)

A
v
SOME OPERATIONS (iii) The addition of z-times the elements ofjft row to
the corresponding elements of ift row is denoted
The first, second, and third rows of a determinant are
by R,- fu+rnB1
denoted by h,Rz, and ,?r, respectively, and the first,
(iv) The addition of m-times the elements ofjth column
second, and third columns by Ct,Cz, and G, respectively.
to the corresponding elements of itr column is
(i) The interchange of its i6 row and jfi row is denoted denoted by C; * Qi* tnCl .

by R;-fu. (v) The addition of rn-times the elements of jth row

(ii) The interchange of i6 column and j'h column is to n-times the elements of im row is denoted by
denoted by Ci * C1 R" _ n&* mRi .
12 U A/lathomn*irc

4. PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS Then

Property I. The value of the determinant is not changed la, b, crl lor ar al
when rows are changed into corresponding columns. o=l:,r:l:-1";r:l =-A [by Br - Es ]
Naturally when rows are changed into corresponding
columns, then columns will change into corresponding
rows. Thus,
arhcl A:-A
Proot Let A: az bz cz
or A=0
az bt cz
Property fV. A common factor of all elements of any
Expanding the determinant along the first row, we get row(or of any column) may be taken outside the sign of
ar(bzct- btcz)- h(azcz- atcr)* q(azh- arbr) the determinant. In other words, if all the elements of the
same row (or the same column) are multiplied by a certain
...( I )
number, then the determinant becomes multiplied by that
If A' is the value of the determinant when rows of number.
determinant A are changed into corresponding colums,
then ar h. ct
Proof: Let A = az bz, cz
Ar A2 AB
as ha cz
A bl b, bJ
qc2ca Expanding the determinant along the first row, we get

= ar (bzcs - hcz) - az(kcs- ha ) + as([Link] - bza) L: at(brc, - becz) - k(azcs - a*z) I q(azbr- atbr)
: at(bzcs- hcz)- a2brca+ azbact* atbrcz- asb2c\ "'(l)
: at(bzcs- bacz)- h(azct- arcr)* q(azh- a$r) lmat mbt mcrl
...4) andA'=l a, b, "rl
From Eqs. (1) and (2), A' : A l* k ", I

Property II. If any two rows or columns of a = rnat(b2ca-btcz)- mh(azq- aecz)* ma(azbt- atbr)
determinant are interchanged, the sign of the value of : mL, [from (1)]
the determinant is changed.
Thus,
la, b, al lma, mb, mrrl la, b, crl
Proot Let A =lo, h
a, "rl
"l l*
Expanding the determhant along the first row, we get
l:: r" ";l=-lx?,:A
A,= ar(hce-hcz)-b1(azce- asc2)* q(azk- a#z)
ln rcl lq, z zl
zq
example:18 3 5l=8x18 3 bl
l+ 5 Bl l+ssl
(1)
Now,
aB br csl
Ir s zl
:8x412 3 5l
A az bz czhA, nrl
at bl cLl
- lr s sl
[taking 4 common from the first column]
: at(bzcr - kcz) - be(azq - atcz) + cs(azbi. - arbr)
Property V. If every element of some column or (row)
: atbzcr - aebt cz - bsazcr * atbecz + caa2bl - atbz,cs is the sum of two terms, then the determinant is equal to
:- at(bzcz- bzcz)* b1(azct- azcz)- cr(azbt- a*r) the sum of two determinants; one containing only the first
...(2) term in place of each sum, the other only the second term.
From Eqs. (1) and (2), Ar :-A The remaining elements of both determinants are the same
as in the given determinant.
Property III. The value of a determinant is zero if any
two rows or columns are identical. Proot We have to prove that
lo, b, crl lar+a, b, crl la, b, crl la, b, crl
Prooft Let A = lo, U, lor* o, b2 c2l:lo, b, a,
"rl+lo,
lr, a.
"rl
",1
lor*r, b, "rl lo, b, "rl 1". a "rl
"rl
 Determinonts 73.5
Let
723
ar+ dl br ct Example: Let A = 234 I

A az+ a2 b2, c2 205

a3+ 03 h, ca
Then 52L3
A': 23 4 h * h+2Rz)
A,: (ar* ot ,l
bz
ba
cz

cz
(a, *')lZ[l.t*.*{ ha bz cz
20 5

: 5(15 - 0)- 2O0 -8)+ 1B(0- 6)

: lb,
"tlh ol "rl -Az
h,
b3
C2

CJ
.*llzl*,, bz
bJ
cz
Ca
:75-4-78=-7 =+li3':
-"lzzl*ot h,
b,
C1

Cz
O,,
12 05
la, b, c, br [Here A" has been obtained from A by applying
:lo, b, * h Rt 3Pr+2&zl
lo, h, ,, |,: bz ;l -
: |[ztrs-0)-6(10-8)+ 1e(0- 16)]: :-z
Note: [<-zt>
In obtaining A" from A,,Br has been changed and it
lar+h cr*dt etl has been multiplied by 3; therefore, the determinant has
laz+ bz cz* d.z ezl been divided by 3.
lat+h ctl-d.z etl
la, c, e,l la, erl
,6 Most Voluoble point
lo, a ",1 lu, a, al
d.,
=lr^ O If more than one operation such as Ro Rrl- kRi
:, ,llx r, ,ll:,, :; :llr, r, |A - to see that
is done in one step, care should be taken
a row that is affected in one operation shoud not be
Property VI. The value of a determinant does not
used in another operation. A similar remark applies
change when any row or column is multiplied by a number
or an expression and is then added to or subtracted from
to column operations. Many times we use this
any other row or column. operation to get as many zeros as we can.

Here it should be noted that if the row or column which

is changed is multipliedby a number, then the determinant fi(r) fz(r) fi(r)
will have to be divided by that number. Property VIL If A" : abc , where
at bt ct ar*mh br ct def
Proof: To prove az bz cz az-t rnbz bz cz
at bs cs FI ae* mbs U fi(r),fz(r),lz(r) are functions of r and a,b,c,d,,e,f are
ct
nn
artmh h c.l
i Zt,trl Zt,(r) Zf,o
n

Let A= az-t mbz bz cz constants. Then )A, =

at*mbt ba cz
ab c
de {
Thus
fi(r) fz@) fi(r)
la, b, crl lmb, b, crl Also for A(r): abc where
6=lo, u, ,rl+lmb, h c2l def
lo, b, ",1 l*a, u'
"l fr(x),fr(x),fe@) are functions of
are constants. We have
r and a,b,c,d,,e,f

=l:,'; :,1. *lL ?, :,1

lo, b, ",1 la, a, ",1 j o<,t*: i
p
fi(r)dt j
p
fz@)d.r i**,*
la, b, al la, a,
p
p a b c
:la, h c,l f ..lu, u,
",1
d f
al ",1: o e
las bt la, a, Note:
"l All the above properties are applicable for z-order
determinants also.
73.6 Mathemotics
5. TRANSPOSE OF A DETERMINANT 6

The transpose of a determinant is a determinant obtained ab c

after interchanging the rows and columns. Simplify a2 b2 c'
la, k crl I ar az azl bc ca ab
D:lo, b, ,rl- n, =lb, b, kl Solution:
lo, b, "rl
", ", "rl
6. SYMMETRIC,[Link],
I
Given determinant is equal to

ASY M M ET R I C D ET E R M'IVANTS
o' b2 "'|I lo' b' c'l
=#l
(i) A determinant is symmetric if it is identical to its
transpose. Its i6 row is identical to its i6 column
S,:-:ll:."*l':T fl
i.e. oa: a1t for all values of i'ar,d'i'
Apply Ct
-
Cr- Cz,Cz ' Cz- Ct
(il) A determinant is skew-symmetric if it is identical a'-b' b2 - c2 c2
to its transpose having sign of each element a'-b' b'- c3 ct
inverted i.e. ai -- aii. for all values of i' and J'' 001
A skew-symmetric determinant has all elements a*b b* c c'
zero in its princiPal diagonal. *bc*
=(a-b)(b- c a2 + ab+bz b2 c2 c3
(rrr) A determinant is asymmetric if it is neither
symmetric nor skew- sYmmetric.
001
: (a - b)(b - c)lab2 * abc * ac' + bs * b2 c * bcz - a2 b -
7. SOME IMPORTANT DETERMINANTS
11 1 a2c- ab2 - abc-b3 -b2cl
l. ry : (r - y)(y - z)(z - r) : (a -b)(b - c)[c(ab + bc + ca) - a@b + bc + ca))
r' y' z' : (a -bxb - c)(c - a)(ab + bc t ca)
1 11
Proot fi Ez 7
,' y' ,' Using properties of deteminants, evaluate
Applying Cz Cz- CyCt Ct- Cz, we $et
lrs 40 89
- -
Ir o o
I

I lao 8e resl
A:l , h-r) Q-il+ I
las rse aaol
lr' fu - r)(Y + r) (z- Y)(z Y)l

r)(z-
.11 1l Solution:
= (y - s) x
lyi r r+, l(Exnandins Its 40 8e
along R,) : @ - E)(y - z)(z - r)
I

Let D=140 89 1981

Ir 1 1l lao roa +aol

.,
l, u zl:@-il@-z)(z-r)(r+v+ z) Let us first reduce the value of elements by performing
lrt vt ,'l some operation.

Ir 1 1l Applying Rz - Rz-2Rr afld Re - Rz- 5&, we get

l. lr' y' "'l= (r- y)(y-z)(z-r)(ru+Ez+zr)
18 40 89
lrt v' ,tl D_ 4 920
4. Circulant:Let a,b,c be positive and not all
labc -L -2 -5 18409
Then the value of the determinant luro 1S
Applying Ct - Cs- 2Cz, we get D = 492
negative. l"ou -r -2 -t
Proot A,: albc - o')- blo'z - or7+ clab- c2
:-la'+b3+ ct-3abc) Now apply Cr - Ct-2Ce to get zeros in G
- -(a i b + c)la2 + b2 + c' - ah - bc - ca)
=-t{o + u + c)l@ - uY + @ - cY + k- of I < o ^!,':,1:'lt ;l :80-81=-1
As a + b + c > 0, a,b,c are all positive and not all ":li
equal
 Determinonts 13,7
10
It+1 fio Find the value of the determinant
Prove that a* o,l 0 r*a o -0
l,
r r*a2
represents a straight line parallel to the y-axis
| ,(ts) + vE 2vE ,t5
l,,fiEi + ^/(26) ,(10) E
I

I s*il6s)- ,(1s) s
|

r*1 -1 -1
A 0 ra0 0
c3- c3- cl
gr- Q2- Cr
/GS+/5 2 t
r0a2 a: (/5f /rsl+ {@ ,E ,1,
3 + /6b ,B ,fi
or (a3 * a2 * a)r =- a3 or tr: which is
a straight line parallel to y-axis
a" + a'+ a' (a-ftc,,c,-h")
Now applyinl G Cr-,/iCz- rftL3)Cr, we get
-
-^/g 2 1
Prove that the value of the determinant A:5 0 ,E yLt;
t=
oYE /b
-7 5+3i ?-4i
5-3i I 4+5i is real :- 5v6(5 -,/6)
l+u 4-5i e (expanding along G )

Salutian
71
-7 5+3i ?- 4i sina cosa sin(a+6)
Let 5-3i 8 4+5i ..( 1) Prove that sinB cosB sin(d+d) 0
l+u +-sr e sinT cosT sin(Z+8)
i To prove that this number (z) is real, we have to prove Solution
J

t:
that i: z. Now we know that conjugate of complex lsina cosa sin(a + 6) I

4=lsind cosd sin(d+6)l

i number is distributive over all algebraic operations.
lsinT cosT .i.,(f + 6) I

Hence, to take conjugate ofz in (l), we need not expand sina cosa sinacosd * sindcosa
the determinant. sinB cosB sinf cos6*sindcosd
To get the conjugate ofz, we can take conjugate ofeach sinT cosT sinTcosd * sind'cosrr
element of determinant. Thus, sina cosa 0
sinB cosf 0 Cs-Ct-cosdG-sindG] :0
-T s-u, t+u, sinT cosT 0
; 5+3? 8 4-5i ...(2)

l- +t, +*sr e 72
'c,
Now interchanging rows into columns (taking t 2r-l 2'
transpose) in (2) Evaluate ZD", if D,= fi cos20 y
r=l
n2 Z"-l Z"*r_z
-7 5+3i ?- nn Solution
we have 7= 5-3i
, 8 4+5i ..(3) tu i<r,-r) f"c "=;fz'
i+4i 4-5i I ZD,: I
r=
, lol'e
_2
n, 2a_l 2n+t

or z = z ........@) [from (l) and (3)] n, 2"_L 2"*r_2

Hence, z is purely real.
r cos20 y -0
nr 2"_l 2"*t_2
73.8 Mathemotics
8. USE OF FACTOR THEOREM TO FIND THE ab c
VALUE OF DETERMINANT a' b2 c'
Ifby puttingx = a the value of a determinant vanishes then bc ca ab
(x - a) is a factor of the determinant. (o + + p(oh + + ca))
- bXb - c) (c - a)()(a2 + b2 c2) bc
13
Since this is an identity so in order to find the
Prove that
values of A and p,let
ab c
a' b2 c' = (a - bxb - c)(c - a)(ab * bc * ca) a:0,b:L,c:- L,then -Z=(2)(il- p)
bc ca ab
-(il- p):-1. ...(1)
by using factor theorm.
Let a = l, b:2, c:0
Solution:
ab c
720
Leta:b=D: a' b' c' 0
140 : (-1)2(-1)(il+2p)
bc a.c ab
002
= 521* 2p:2 .(2)
Hence @ - b) is a factor of determinant. Similarly, let
from(l)and(2) 2:0 and P:1.
b = c,D: 0, and c = arD:0 .
Hence
Hence, @ - b)(b - c)(c - o) is factor of determinant. ab c
But the given determinant is having degree flve so a' b' c' = (a -b)(b - c)(c - a)(ab + bc * ca)
bc ca ab

ka k2+a2 L
la, ma, brl
5. The value of the determinant kb k2 +b2
lo, *o, Url i"
7 1S
1. The value of the determinant
k@+ b)(b * cXc + a) kc k2+c2
lo, *o, url (a) L

(a) 0 (b) maozat (b) kahc(a'z+b2+c2)

(c) matbzaz (d1 mhbzbt (c) k@- b)(b - c)(c - a)
la rl (d) k@+u-c)(b +c-a)(c+a-b)
tt ma+m
2. The value mb + nY
of lb is Y
I
r 12 l+ r3l
lc mcinz lf rf ylz andl y y' l+ Y'l= o, then the value
I

zl 6.
(a) a+b-rc of xyz will be , ,' \+rtl
I

(b) x+y+z (a) o (D) I

(c) m@+b*c)* n(r+y+z) (c) -1 (d) none ofthese
(A0 l0 b-ac-al
lalxa-ra-xl L ThevalueolA=la-b 0 c-blis
3. Ifl;-; ,*r a-t l=0, trrenvaluesofxare la-" b-" 0 |

la-r a-t a*rl (a) o (b) I

(a) o,a (b) o,- a
(O 0,3a @) a-tb'tc (d) noneof these
(c) a,-a
lb'-ab b-c bc-o'cl
la
I a, l+arlI _--o' a-b - abl
4. one factor of lb b'
-^ t^+ b3-t--
^
I is
8.
-- -'------ lob-
Evaluate
|
b2
|

|1c c' l+ cll lbr-o"c-aab-a2l

(a) -r (b) 0
(a) abc (b) a+b
(c) a2b2c2 (d) none of these
(c) 1+ abc (d) 7- abc
 Determinonts 73,9
9. rf Tabc
a-b- c 2a 2a 10. If lbca =k(a-b)(b- c)(c-a),
2b b-c-a 2b :(ofbtcf,ftgn/r: Icab
2c 2c' c- a-b
then fr:
(a) | (b) 2 (a) -l (6) 0
(c) 3 (d) 0 2 (ar
Answer
r. (a) 2.(d) 3.(d) a. k) s. (") G.(c) 7.(o) s.(6) s.(c) to.(A

75
9. MULTIPLICATION OF TWO DETERMINANTS Prove that
mrl alrihlz armt*btrnz lcos(/-P) cos(/-Q) cos(/-E)l
l:,rl"l'; rn2l
- azh * bzlz azmt I btmz lcos(B-P) cos(B- Q) cos(B-E) l: 0
la, b, c-rl ll, ,r, nrl I cos(C-P) cos(C- 8) cos(C-E)l

lxt:,llrxxl= Solution:

alt * klzl ctlz armr 1- hmz I ct rh afli I * c\h cos(I -P) cos(.A - Q) cos(.4 -rB)
hnz
azht bzlz+ c2ls azrh* bzmz* czrns aznt* bznzt cznz cos(B-P) cos(B- 8) cos(B-,8)
azh i btlz * csh aemt 'f btmz t ctmt asni t h,nz * ctu cos(C-P) cos(C- O) cos(C-r?)
cos^AcosP* sin,4sinP cos,4cose * sin-Asine
,d most Voluoble Point cosBcosP * sinBsinP cosBcos Q f sinBsin Q
o We have multiplied here rows by columns but we can cosCcosP * sinCsinP cosCcose * sinCsinO
also multiply rows by rows, columns by rows and t sinAsin-B
cos, cos-B
columns by columns.
cosBcos.B * sinBsin-B
cosCcos.B * sinCsin8
74 lcos,4 sin.4 0l lcosP cosO cosfil
= lcosB sinB 0lx lsinP sinQ sin.B
l(ar-brY @t-bzY @r-b.#l I

Provethat l(az -brY @r-brY @r-brf l= lcoscsincol lo 0 o l

:QXQ=Q.
l(arb,Y @s-bzY @r-bfl
2(ar- ar)(ar- or)(rr- ar)(br- br)(br- bsxba - b,).
Solutian: lllustration 76
(a, - bil
Ita, - u,Y @,- brf
l(az- kf
@z- bzY @r- b'f l= the varue of
l-1 3l,l:, ll ",u prove that it
l@'-u,Y @r-brlf @r-kYl
to
Ir 8l
la? + u? - 2aftt - 2arbrl
+ uZ - Zabz a? + uZ
a?
l-o rz l'
+ u? - - zarkl
2azh al + ol - 2azbz ai + u?
la? Solution:
la? + u? - 2afit a3 + tl - 2azbz a,, + u3
- 2arbrl
l"? t -za,l lr 1 1 I lt o? o,l lr ai a,l
1x3-2x1 lx0+2x4
:l:l ='li ll, 3l"l-" :l=| -1x3+3x(-1) -1x0+3x4
i :xl"l':':';l :? xl" I ll r I I

= 2(q- az)(az- ar)(ar- ar)(k-br)(br-bs)(h-h)

(Try using factor theorem)
=l-', ,trl: *
73.70 Mathemotics
.6 toost Voluable Point
ar$rl brgt arrz* hyz a^ss* btUt
-0 o For n-order determinant, A": A"-1, where A" is
that azarl bzlr azDz* bzyz azWl bzAs
aaxrl btlr atra*. hYz q,sss*' bge the determinant formed by the cofactors of A and n

Solution: is order of determinant. This property is very useful

Given determinant can be split into product of two in studying adjoint of matrix.
determinants d.e.,

qxr* bry, arxr* brY, arxr* brYrl 10, DIFFERENTIANAN OF A DETERMINANT

arxr* bry, a2x2+ b2y2 arxr* brlrl= I. Let A(r) be a determinant of order two. If
arxr* bry, arxr* brY, arxr* brYrl we wire A(r): fCfiz), where Ct and Cz
la, b, al lr, r, rtl denote the first and second columns, then
A'(o): [crcrl+lcrCl] where Ci denotes the
lxi-:,|'lt rdl:o column which contains the derivative of all the
functions in the ith column G' Similarly, if we
Property: If Ar,Bt,Cy... ate, respectively, the
cofactors of the elements 01,bl,q,..' of the determinant write

A
at, bt ct
az ln cz A
Ar Br
10, then Az Bz
Cr
Cz :A2 A(r):
[fl;],
.* A,(c): [fl;].[fii]
at ba ct At Bz Cs

Proot Given
Example: Let A(r) =
lt'r"' 'i]ll,r, o

ar h. ct sinr Llr
rhen A,r:1"T" Tffl.l e -lf
A_ az bt cz 12

as bt ct II. Let A(r) be a determinant of order three. If we

write Alr :lCrCzCe), then
and At,Bt,Ct,... are cofactors of at,bt,cr,... Hence,
A, ( r) : lc', crcrl + lc, c rct) + lA Czjtl
la, b, crl ll, s, crl
and similarly if we consider
lo, b, a, crl
"rlrl,q,
lo, b, ,,1 le, r, al
I arA, + h& * aG arAz* hBz * crCz
then A'(r):
:l orA, * hBt + c2ct azAz -l beBz + c2C2 ^,",: [ii] [ii].[ii].[r]
lor.q, * beBr -t czCt atAz + btBz't ctCz III. If only one row (column) consists of functions ofx
atAt* hBzi qCt
and other rows are constant, viz.,let
azAz* [283* c2Ct
azAs* btBt* ctCz fi(r) fz(o) S(r)
(row by row multiplication)
A(r): hbrk saa)
c1 c2 ca
la o ol Then
:lo a ol (x wAr*btBi-tc;Ci: L,i:t,2,3 and
lo o Al aAi*b;\*c;Ci=0)
fi@ fi@) fi@)
A'(r) = bL b, be and in general
:A3 c1 c2 ca

lA a, crl fib) ft@) fi@)

- Al,q, B, czl: L3
A (r): hbrh
l* a, c,l ct c2 ca

lA, B, c,,l where n is any positive integer and f (c) denotes

orlA, B, crl: L2
of f@)
the nth derivative
l*
a, c,l
 Determinants 73.77
la, brl
: *lo, ra'
sinrc cosn sinn
u):
lf y= I0r A, A,
y: T
coss -sin, cos0 nna = r = l-r slmllarly
111 The above rule for finding.r andy is called the Cramer's
Solution rule.

dE_
cosr -srnr cosr sinz cos.r sinr 77.7 Noture of solution
dn- cosr -sinr cosr -sinr -costr -sins (r) If A I 0, then system has unique solution.
t11 l.l 111
srn, cosr srnu Here given two equations are equations of straight
+ cosr -sinr cosr lines. For A^{0,aft2-azk*0 or -ff +-*
100 Therefore, given lines are nonparallel; he-rice, linris
sinr cosr sinr have one point of intersection. Here system of
-0- sinr cosr sinr +1 cosu srn, equations is called consistent.

111 -srno cos, (r0 If A:0, but Ar,Az 10, then system has no
solution. For A = 0, lines
are parallel or coincident.
= 0*(cos2r*sin2r) : 1 But Ar,Az # 0;
hence, lines are parallel but not
coincident. Thus, lines are non-intersecting, hence
79 no solution. Here system of equations is called
inconsistent.
frnn!2 (rrr) A: Ar: Az = 0, then system has infinite
N,T
lf f(n)= cosrr cos 2 4 solutions. For this condition, lines are coincident,
, then find the value of
nlT hence infinite solutions. Here system of equations
srnn srn 2 u
is called consistent.

77.2
ffiV<"11,=0.@ e z).
System of three lineor equotions in
two voriables
Salution: Consider a system of three linear equations in r and y:
afiib1E:fl,
ffi{r") n! 2 azx*b2y:fl,
a$*fuy:fl,
ffi[t<,t1: ffiko, r) cosff 4 This system of equations will be consistent the if
ffiGinr) sinff 8 values of x and y obtained from any two equations satisff
ln!n!21 the third equation or the given three lines are concurrent.

T) *T [Link]
Solving the first two equations by Cramer's rule, we have
-1"",1,* dt bt At d,t

l*i"(,.+).*+ rl L-
dz b,

Ar bl
E
a2 dz
A1 u,

= ffill*lL=o
: o A2 h A2 b,
These values of x and y will satis$ the third equation if
71. SYSTEM AF UNEAR EQUATIONS dr bt ar dtl
System of two linear equations in two variables:
d,z bz o, d,l
+ bJ
at bt -dt
AB
la, b,
Let the given system of equations b"
ol'* ku : hl la, b, az
"" "- azx+hY: dzJ
bz
ld,
...( I ) or o'la,
tt^lzt I ,l:,fi l: o

Let A: l'' I A '=l!,fi1'-t o':lTll

laz bz
la, h
lo, b, d,rl:0
drl

lo, k drl
o,:l!,1.;l: At r+hY
x+ bry brl
A2
b',1
This is the required condition for consistency ofthree
linear equations in two unknowns.
:lZ: If such system of equations is consistent, then the
fi | r"nrrvi'e
c'l
- cr- vcz)
number of solutions is one.
73.72 Mathematics
77.3 System of three lineor eguotions in three possible for any value ofy and hence no value
variables of y will be possible. When As *0,L2: zA
Let the given system of linear equations in three variables will not be possible for any value of z and
x,y, and zbe hence no value of z will be possible.

afi*fuy*ctz: dr .(l) Thus, if A:0 and any of Ar,Ar, and As is

nonzero, then no solution is possible and hence
azr * b2y -t czz: d,z .(2)
system of equations will be inconsistent.
a* t bsy I czz: d,s .(3)
(b) when A:0 and Ar : Az: As:0
Let Ai = rAl
arhct ilhc'L at dr ct
In this case Az : EA I will be true for all
A az bz, cz Ar dz bz cz Az az d'z cz
Ae = zAJ
as lh cz fu,hca az ds cz
values ofx,yandz.
athdt
Ae: az bz d,z
But since afi*b2ylqz: dr, only two of
ashdt r,y,z wlll be independent and the third will
be dependent on other two.
Let A 10. Now,
Thus, infinitely many values of are xy7
ld, b, crl I afi-lblylctz bt ct possible and out of xyv only two can be given
6r=ld, u, ,rl:l azr*bzA*czz bz cz
independent values.
la, a, asr * fuy * ctz bt ct
:
arI br crl
"rl I

at bl ql
Hence, if Az = As:0, then the
A = Ar
systm of equations will be consistent and it
a2r b2 c2l: az ln czl= ,A will have infinitely many solutions.
azt h at bt csl
"rl Summary:
lcr- G-Ecz zCsf
(r) If Al0, then given system of equations is
.'. r: *,where A # 0
consistent and it has unique (one) solution.
(rr) If A:0 and any of A1,Az,As is nonzero, then
Similarly, Lz:yL :.y :f;u"a ':f given system of equations is inconsistent and it
will have no solution.
Thus, r:*,, :*,r:*,whereAlo ..(4)
(rrr) If A = 0 and all of Ar,Az and Ag are zero, then
the given system ofequations is consistent and has
The rule given in Eq. (4) to find the values of x,y,z is
infinitely many solutions.
called Cramer's rule.
Note: 77.4 System of homogeneous linear equations
(i) Ar is obtainedbyreplacingelements ofithcolumn A system of linear equations is said to be homogeneous if
by dtrdz,dt, where i : L,2r3. the sum of powers of variable in each term is l.

(ii) Cramer's rule can be used only when A + 0. Let the three homogeneous linear equations in three
unknowns xypbe
CaseI: A+0
In this case, from (1), (2), and (3), we have
afi*b1y*ctz=0 (i)l
azr*btytczz:0 (ii) I (A)
A,Ar,Ae
t: f,,U: T-and ,: -E a*-tfuYlczz:0 (iii)J
Hence, unique value of xyv will be obtained and Clearly r = 0,A : 0,2 :0 is a solution of system of
the system of equations will have unique solution. Eq. (A). This solution is called a trivial solution. Any
CaseII: A:0 other solution is called a nontrivial solution. Let system of
(a) When at least one of Ar,Az,Aa is nonzero
Eq.(A) has nontrivial solution.

Let Ar 10, then from (l), Ar: rA will not

la, h crl
be satisfied for any value ofx because A:0
Let A :lo, U,
"rl
and Ar * 0 and hence no value of.r is possible lo, a, "rl
in this case. From (i) and (ii), we have
Similarly when Az t' 0, Lz: gA will not be
 Determinants 73.73
r
6A;6a
__u_
CtA2- C2Ar
lllustrotion 27
^81*d:k(so'Y) For what value of p and q, the system of equations
.'. r: lc(hcz-bzct)
2o + pg t 8z -- 8, z * 29 t qz = 5,a * g t 3z = 4
A =- k(arcz- arcr) has (i) no solution
z = lc(atb2- azh,)
(ii) a unique solution
Putting these values of xyg in (iii), we get
(iii)infinitely many solution
klas(hcz- bzct)- bt(arcz- azcr)* ct(atbz- azh)] : 0
Solution:
or
The given system of equation is
at(hcz - ba) - ba(arcz - azcr) -t ct(atb - azh) : 0
2r* py * 6z:8
l'.' k + o) x*2y-l9z= 5
la, b, crl
tt
orlaz bz crl=0 or A:0
r'fy*32:4
lar h crl lzpal
a : l, 2 ql= Q- p)(t- q)
This is the condition for system of Eq. (A) to have
nontrivial solution. l1 1 3l
Summary: By Cramer's rule, if A+ 0, i.e., p+2,q*3, the
system has unique solution.
(, If A I 0, then given system ofequations has only
If p:2orq:3, A:0, thenif A,=As=A,:0,
trivial solution and the number of solutions in this
the system has infinite solutions and if any one of
case is one.
A,,A,,A, I 0, system has no solution. Now,
(r, If A:0 , then given system of equations has lapol
nontrivial solution as well as trivial solution and 4,:ls z cl
the number of solutions in this case is infinite. la r sl
20 : B0 - 8q- t1p-r 4pq = b - 2)(tq- tS)
Solve by Cramer's rule lz a ol
atyt z= 6 a,=lt s ql :-8q*8q=o
a-yl z= 2 lr a sl
3x+2y - 4z =-5
lzpel
L,: lr z sl:o-2
Solution: 11 1 4l
Ir 1 lllr o ol Thus,if pt=2,L,=Ay=A,=0 for all QeR,
a=lt -t r l:lr -z o l:ra so the system has infinite solutions. And if
ls z -d lr -r -zl p*2,q:3,A,,A, * 0, the system has no solution.
16 I 1l16 111
A"=l 2 -1 1 l:l-4 -2 0l:74
Hence, the system has
(i) no solution, if p * 2,q - 3,
l-s 2 -41 lrn 6 ol (ii) a unique solution, it p + 2,q * 3,
Ir 6 1 I lr 6 1 I
(iii) infinitely many solutions, p = 2,q e R.
4,,:lt z r l:lo -4
'ls-s-+l o l:28
lo-zs-zl
Ir16llr16l lllustrotion 22
andA.:1, -, zl:lo -z -+l=az For what values of lq the following system of
Ir 2 -sl lo -r -zsl equations possess a nontrivial solution over the
set of rationals: r*leg +32 = 0,3a* lcg - 2z = 0,
Hence, by Cramer's rule,
2x + 3g - 4z = [Link] find the solution for this value

':f :l'E:*=''':*:s
of k.
7i.74 Mathematics
Solution:
The system r*ky*32:0 Find for which the system of equations
3x+ky-22=0 a + y -^2z = 0,,2r - 3g * z = 0t fi - 5g * 4z = A
is consistent and find the solutions for all such values
2n+ 3E- 4z = 0
of .i.
has nontrivial solution (i.e., nor:r,ero solution) if the
Solution:
determinant of coefficients of x, y and z is zero. Here,
It*31 The given system is r - 5y * 4z: ) ...(l)

l=ls k -21=o r+y-22:0 ...(2)

lzz-4 2r-3Etz:0 ...(3)

or2k-33:0 ork=3312 ...(1) Ir -s 4l lt -s 4l
Then the equations become 2r + 33y I 6z : 0 l:lrr-zl:lo6-61=o
lr-, lllo
...(2)
T -Tl
6x*33y-42-0 ...(3)
Hence, system is consistent only when
2r*3y-{2-0 ...(4) -s 4l 1,1
Eliminatingx, we get from (2) and (4), A, : Ay : A, : Now, A, :10
0. I -21=- Eri : O

30y + l0z : z:0

0, i.e., 3y * ...(5) lo -s 1 |

= ):0.
:0,
For ,1 clearly Ar: A,:0. Therefore,
Let y : A e A. Then z:- 3) and so :
systemisconsistentif zi 0. Thenoneliminating xfrom
2x --$rA + 18,i :- 1521
: z:
(1), (2) and (3), we have y - z:0. Let y k e R.
.'., :-+ :-E^,0 : ),2 :- 3),) e R. Then from (l), we have r=[Link],
^Hence,
solutionis r: y=z=keR.

72. APPLICATION OF DETERMINANTS arx+br!*cr:0 ...( I )

arx+by*cz:0 ...(2)
(i) Area of a triangle whose vertices are (x., yr); r : I,
arx+by*cr:0 ...(3)

2, 3 is:
at h. ct
are concurrent if, az tn cz -0
o:+l';';,"1 at bt cs

lre yz ll Condition for the consistency ofthree simultaneous

If D :
linear equations in 2 variables.
0 then the three points are collinear.
(ii) (iv) ax2 + Zhxy + by'z + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 represents a
Equation of a straight line passing through (xpl1)
pair of straight lines ifi
fr yl
& (xryr) is trl U7 0
: 0:

(iii) The lines:

t2 YzL
abc + 2 fgh - af - bg: - cW
llr'l
l. lf l? + m? + n? : 1, etc. and hlzl rumz* nlnz : 0,

hnhnt 1-fa l lnx 7+fitr2

A: lz rnz
2. Value of L*az l*rzx l*fr2r2 depends upon
etc. and Tb , then
1*re 1 lra,a l*rsr2
hmens
(a) lAl:3 (b) la,l:2 (a) r only (b) rr only
(c) lAl:1 (d) A=0 (c) rz only (/) none ofthese
 Determinants 73.75
bc-a2 o,c-b2 ab-c2 -7 3 -51 3 5

3. The value of determinant an-b2 ab- c2 b"- ai (b) -6 1 1l .li 1 1

ab- c2 bc- a2 o,c-b2 -r -4 2l -4 2

is 7 3 -sl 23-5
(a) always positive (b) always negative (c) 6 1 r l+ 111
(c) always zero (d) cannot say anything | -4 2l 3-4 2
rbb t b
(d) None of these
4. If Ar: axb and Az: a T
are the given 7. r*ky- z:0,3r- kg- z:0 and r- 3y* z = 0
aar has a non-zero solution for ft:
determinants, then (a) -1 (b) 0

(a) Ar:3(Azf (c) 1 (d) 2

8. The number of solutions of equations r*y- z :

@) *(^):3Az 3r-A-z:0,r-3y+z:0 is
0,

ol *(t )= 3(Azf (a) 0 (b) 1

(d) A, :3!lt' (c) 2 (d) Infinite

5. The following system of equations 3r- 2y I z: 0, 9. The numberofsolutions ofequations r* 4y - z = 0,
: :
)r - l4y * 752 0, r * 2y - 3z 0 has a solution 3r-4y-z=O,tr-3yfz:0 is

other than tr: A : z : 0 for z1 equal to (a) 0 (b) I

(a) | (b) 2 (c) 2 (d; Infinite
(c) 3 (d) s 10. The value of a for which the system of
6. If 2r+3y-52=7,r*y+z= 6,3r- 4y*22=L, equations a3r*(a+tfy*(a+2fz:0,
then x :
ar*(a+1)y+(a+2)z: 0, r*A+z:0 has a
non zero solution is
lz -s zl lt 3 -sl
r,l l1 r ol+lo 1 1 -r
(a) (b) 0

13 2 tl lr -4 2l 1
I

(c) (d) None of these

Answer Key

r. (c) 2. (A 3. @) 4. (b) s. (A 6.(c) 7. (c) 8.(d) e. (b) 10. (a)

 Unsolved Exercises
EXERCISE -1
Expansion ond properties of determinants la-h-c 2a 2a I

la-b i. I 2b b-c-a 2b l:
rl b-c c-al
l. lr-y y-z z-rl: | ," 2c c- o-ul
lp-q q-r r-pl (a) (a+b+ cY
(b) @+b+cf
@) a(r + y + z) + b(p + q + r) + c
(b) 0 (c) (a + b + c)(ab -t bc -r ca)
(c) abc'f rgz*pqr (d) None of these
(d) None of these I
a+b a+2b o+3bl
8. lo + 2b a* 3b a* 4bl=
It o o'-b"l
z. i u b'-*l= la+ ab a*5b a+6bl
It , ,'-oul (o) o'+b2+c'-3abc
(b) 3ab
(a) 0 (b) at +b3+ c'-3abc
(c) Sabc (A @+b+cf (c) 3a + 5b
111 @0
3. I l-tr 1
0 a -b
117+E 9. a 0 c

(a) | (b) 0 b-c 0

(c) x (O xy (a\ -2abc (b) abc

(c) 0 (A o'+b2 + c2
1 a a2
4. I b b2 labcl
) ro. la ol=
1 c'
c
(o\ a'+b2 + cz
"
lrotl
(b) @+b)(b*cXcf a) (a\ Sabc + a3 + bz + cg
(c) @-b)(b- c)(c- a) (b) Sabc- a3 -b3 - c3
(d) None of these (c) abc-a'+b3+c3
111 (d) abc+ aa -b3 - c3
5. The determinant r23 is not equal to 7'l r 11
136 11 1 7+A 1

2L1 2rrl 1 I l-tz

223 3231
(a)
236
(b
4 3 6l (a) ,gr( *!*l+l)
L2t 311 (b) xgz
(c) 153 (d) 6 23 (c) 1+ r1 + 1
+1z
196 1036 v

lz+1 35 ra !+f,+ 1
6 rf x*2 5 :0,thenx: y-fz r !
| 3 3 x't4 12. rf zlrzr : k(r -r y + z)(r - zY,then k:
(a) 1,9 (b)- 1,9 r*yaz
(c) -1,-9 (o t,-9 (a) Wz (D) 1

(c) ryz (A ,'v'r'

 Determinonts 73.77
lsr z7 e2l (a) a+b*c:0 (6) abc:l
13. The value of the determinant lsr s8 zt I is (c) a+b*c:1 (c) ab*bclca:0
lsr ros zal lbc bc'*b'c b'c'l
(a) -2 (b) 0 tt
22. lca ca' I c'a c'or lis equal to
(c) 8l (d) None of these
lab ab' -t atb a'b'l
1 23
14. The value of the determinant 3 57 IS
(a) @b - a'b')(bc - b'c' )(ca - c' a')
8 t4 20 (b) @b* o;b')(bc-t btct)(ca* c'dt)
(a) 20 (b) l0 (c) (ab' - a'b)(bc' -btc)(ca' - cta)
(c) 0 (A 2s0 (4 @b' -t a'b)(bc' * b'c)(ca' 't da)
la b cl lka kb kcl
23. The sum of the products of the elements of any row
ls. rf l=1, E zl,thenl** n, Wl:
l, q ,l ln, kq krl of a determinant A with the co-factors of same row
is always equal to
(a) A (b) kL (a) | (b) 0
(c) 3,tA (A k'L
16. If a be a complex cube root of unity, then (c) lAt o ltet
lt -a'lzl
@ 24. If a-'+b-1*c-1=0 suchthat
li 1 1 l= Ita 1
l,-,
(a) o
o I

(b) 1
1 l+b
1 1 1*c
:
1

1 ,i ,then the value of ,i is

(c) co (d) a' 0

(a) (b) abc
la, rna, kl (c) -abc (/) Noneofthese
17. lo, *o, url
25. lf A, B, C be the angles of a triangle, then
lo, *o, arl
(a) o (b) maozat -1 cosC cosB
cosC -1 cos.A
(c) maozbt (d) truhazas cosB cos,4 - 1
18. If p*q+r:0= a-tb-tc,then the value of the
( a)l (6) 0
lpa qb rcl
determinant Iq" ,o pUl is ( c) cosAcosBcos? (d) cosA*cosBcosC
lru p" q"l 7la 7 bcl
(a) 0 (b) pa*qb*rc 26. tlbt cal:
(c) I (d) None of these Uc I abl
( a)0 (b) abc
la+b b+c c+al abc ( c) llabc (d) None of these
19. lb*c cta a+bl bca ,then K:
"l lg+z r-z r-yl
lc+a a+b b+cl cab 27. IflO- r r* r y- xl= k ryr,thenthevalueofkis
(a) | (b) 2
lr-E r-r r+yl
(c) 3 (44 (a\ 2 (b) 4
-1 1 1 (c) 6 @8
20. The value of the determinant 1 -1 1 is equal
28. Let m be a positive integer
to 1 1 -1 2r-l *C, 1
and

@) -a (b) 0 A": m'- l 2* m-t l 0<r<m)

sin2 (m2) sin2 (ze) sin2 (zr * 1)
(c) 1 (44
a a2 al-l Then the value of f A, i. given by
r=0
21. If a,b,c are different and b b2 b3-L : 0, then
(a) 0 (b) m2-1
c c' c3-l
(c) 2- (A 2*sin2(2-)
73.78 Mothemotics
7nn Difierention of determinants, system ol linear quations
29. If Dr: 2k n2+n+l n2+n and
36. The following system of equations 3r - 2y'l z : 0 ,
2k-l n' n2+n+l )r - l4y * l5z : 0, r I 2y - 3z : 0 has a solution
f or:56, then n equals other than t = y = z: 0 for ,1 equal to
(a) | (b) 2
@)a (D6
(c)3 (Os
(c) 8 (d) none of these
Minorc, cofadors ond product of determinonts 37. r + ky - z : 0,3r-ky - z : 0 and r- 3Y *z=0
30. The cofactor of the element '4' in the determinant has non-zero solution for k:
i351 (o) -r (b) 0
2342 IS (c) 1 (O2
8011
021L 38. The number of solutions of equations t * A - z: 0,
a)4 (b) l0 3r-y'z:0,r-3ytz=0 is
c) l0 (a -4 (a) 0 (b) I
la, b, crl (c) 2 (d; Infinite
31. If L:lo, b, "rl and Ar,Bt,Ct denote the cofactors
39. If r+g-z= 0,3r- 0E-32:0,r-3Y-fz: 0
lo, a, "rl has non zero solution,then d=
of ayh.,ct respectively, then the value of the
lA, B, crl (a) -r (b) 0

determinant l,q, a, Crl is (c) 1 (A -3

l,l, a, crl 40. If atr * ha * qz : 0, azt * bzY * czz : 0,
(o) A (b) A2
A'
(r) (O 0 la, b, c'
a**btAlczz:O and laz bt czl:0,
I

then the
given system has lar bs ca
32. rf a isacuberootofunityand A
I

A2 is equal to
)'r\l,,n., (a) One trivial and one non-trivial solution
(o) -a (b) a (b) No solution
(c) I (A co' (c) One solution
(d) tnfinite solution
,r. o,:l: 3l
*o o,:l: 3f
,n* AzAr is equar
I: 41. The value of k for which the set of equations
(a) ac r + W * 3z : 0,3fi + ky - 2z = 0, ?n + 39 - 4z = 0
has a non trivial solution over the set of rationals is
(b) bd
(c) (a) 15 (b) 3\tz
(b - a)(d- c)
(d) None of these (c) 16 (A nD
42. If the system of equations x-kg-z=O,
,, l'i:;:l' ff:31.1ff:i i:::il= lm-E-z:0 and a*y-z = 0 has a non zero
(a) 7 (b) l0 solution, then the possible values of k are

(c) 13 (A t7 (a) -1,2 (b) 1,2

(c) 0, I (A -\r
5 63
35. rf .4: -4 32 , then cofactors of the elements 43. n * 2xz* 3xs : Za,hl 3rz* h :
-4-73 \br * xz * ?.h : c , this system of equations has

of2od row are (a) Infinite solution (D) No solution

(a) 39, - 3,11 (b) -39,3,11 (c) Unique solution (d) None of these
(c) -39,27,71 (a -39,-3,11
 Determinonts 73.79
rbb 45. If y = sinm.r, then the value of the determinant
44. If Ar = arb and Az:
r b
are the given la u, url
a *n... u^:ffi. i"
l;';,;l
L
aa0
determinants, then lY6 E7 Y8l

(a) Ar:3(Azf Ai): 3Az

(o) mn (b) -'
@) drl( (r) m' (d) none of these

@) *(t):3(Azf (a L,:sL,'t'
L EXERC'SE - 2

Exponsion ond properties of determinants

Ir 4 2ol 7

1. The roots of the equation l, -, 5 | = 0 u." l,lt "4xl:

It 2r sfl (a) abc (b) llabc
(a) -1,-2 (b) -7,2 (c) ab't bc't ca (d) 0
(") 1,-2 (A \2 b2+c2 a' a'
It a oil 8. b2 c'+ a' b2
2. lf co is the cube root of unity, then l, ,' r l= c' c' a'+b'
(a) | (b) 0
lr' r ,l (a) abc (fi aabc
(c) 4a2b2c2 (d) a2b2c2
(c) ot (A a'
It 1 1l lt 1 1l la b cl
3. lf a*b*c = 0, then the solution of the equation 9. rf tu
la-r c b I
^=l:, 'ul'':l:',,', ::l'':lf,f, :',1
I " b-r a l:ois
I a o ,-rl then which relation is correct
(a) A:B (b) A:Q
(a) o
(c) B: Q (d) None of these
p7 *l{o'+b2+c2)
It*31
(c) 0t (a2+b2+c2) 10. rr t
lz -zl:0,then the value of t is
lz s -rl
(d) o,r'I?TFT7
(a) -r (b) 0
It+t t-t i I
(c) I @ None of these
4. lr-a i r+il: ll' If
I r l+i t-il l)'+il,i-l ,a+gl
(a)-4-Ti (b) 4+7i p)o + q)B +r)2 +sr1+, : | ,l * r 2- 41,
(c)3+7i (d) 7+4i I ,1-3 A++ ^ ^-
3,4 I

lx+l r-t2 r+ 4l the value of t is

f. lr+3 r*5 c+8 l: (a) t6 (b) 18

lr+7 r+10 r+lal (c) t7 (d) te
(o) 2 (b) -2
lzas z+o ztsl
(c) 12 -2 (d) None of these
12. The value of lz+o zzs t98 | ls equal to
lbz-ab b-c bc-acl lzro ros rar I

6. lob-o'a-b b2-obl:
lu"-o" ob-o'l (a) 0 (b) 67e
"-o
(a) abc@+ b + c) (b) 3a2b2c2
(c) 77e (d) 1000
(") 0 (d) None of these
73.20 Mothematics
L'+, r-l t r-2 1 a b aa-b
13. tf l2r'*zr-t 31 3r-31 : At - 12, then the 19. If b c ba-c :o and a+t,then
lr'+zr+J 2t-t 2r-Ll 2t 0

value ofA is (a) a,b,c are inA. P. (b) a,b,c are in G. P.

(a) t2 (b) 24 (c) a,b,c are in H. P. (d) None of these
(c) -12 (O -24 l(o'+o-Y (a'-a-'Y tl
a ai-b a*b-tc 20. l$'+u-Y O'-b-Y tl:
14. a- 3a 4a-t3b 5a*4bt3c where
l1r'+ r-Y G'- "-'f(b)tlZabc
6a 9a+6b lLa+9b+6c (a) 0
(c) a2b2c2 (d) Noneofthese
a = i,b : e, c = (D2, then A is equal to
h.' 2' z'l
(a) i (b) -ro' 21. The value of lz' * +'l i,
(c) a (O -i l* +'s'l
la, b, crl (a) 8 (b) -8
15. Suppose P:lo, b, c2land (c) 400 (ar
lar br csl
la a' an-l
lar+pbt fi-lqa s1+ratl 22. If a, b, c are all different and It # un-r 0,
P' =lor+ pbz bzl qcz cz+ r02 l, then l, ,' ,n-r
laz+ pbt fut qcz q* ratl of abc(ab -t bc * ca) is
then the value
(a) Dt: D (a) a+b*c (b) 0
(b) D' = O(L - psr)
(") a'+b2+cz (A o'-b2+c2
(c) D':D(l+p+q+r)
23. rf a'+b'* c2 =-2 and
(O D' : O(t + pqr)
I t+a'r 0+b2)r (1+c2)rl
lo p-qp-rl f(r):1:-*o'), t*b2r (t+c2)rl ,r,.n7ir; i.
I o. lq-p 0 q-rl lO+o\, 0+b2)r l+c2r
lr-p r-q o I
a polynomial of degree
I

(a) o @ (p- q)(q-r)(r-p) 3

(o) (b) 2
(") pq, (O 3pq, (c) I (40
a' b2 c' 1 + rin'd sin2o sinzo
I I

17. (a+LY (b+ly (c+lY 24. I cos20 l-tcos2l cos'l l:othensinad

(a-tY (b-1f (c-rY I arin+0 4sin40 1 + 4sin4d I

a2 b2 c2l la' b' c'l equal to

@)a a b "l
1 1 1l 'a'li i il (a) tt2 (D) I
(A
a
2
b' c'l (c) -tt2 -l
(c) 2 a u"l (d) None of these N nl5
1 1 1l 25. The value of l[J,, if Un: n' 2N+ 1 2N+1 1S

p158 n=L
n3 Blf 3N
18. If De: p'359 then D +D+Dj*Dt*h: (a) 0 (b) 1
pt 2s lo (c) - I (d) None of these
(a) o (b) 2s 26. If a,b,c are respectively the fh,qtu,rft terms of an
(c\ 625 (d) None of these l"prl
A.P., then lU q tl:
(a)l Il" , tlI (b)-1
(c) 0 (d) pqr
 Determinonts 73.27
Minors, cofactors and product of determinonts 33. The number of solutions of the equations
la, b, crl r* 4y - z = 0, 3r- 4y - z = 0,t -3y*z : 0 is
27. If in the determinant 6=lo, bz czl,At,ByCretc. 0
(a) (b) 1
lo, a, "rl' (c) 2 (d; Infinite
be the co-factors of a4bt,ct etc., then which of the
following relations is incorrect 34. lf the system of equations, r* 2y - 3z: I ,
(k+3)z:3, (2k* l)sl s: g is inconsistent,
(a) aAt+bl&lcrCt: A
then the value of I is
(b) azAz'tbzBz*czCz: L
(c) asAe*beBs+caG: A
(a)-3 (b) tt2
(c)0 (42
(d)
aAz* h,Bz* ctCz: A
28. If Ar,B4Ct .... are respectively the co-factors
35. Set of equations a*b-2c=0,2a-3b*c=0
of the elements a\bt,ct,...... of the determinant anda-5b*4c:a isconsistentfor a equalto
la, b, -'t
crl (a) |
o=11,
l-' _' lB, crl (b) 0
? ":|,tt., lr"c'|:
lat h ctl
(c) -l (d) 2

(a) arA, (b) arut\ 36. The system of equations h-12*frt:2,

(c) (u+b')A (d) Noneof these Sra- rz*2rz:- 6 and 3rr I rz* h:- 18 has

29. Let A:lui),,, be a square matrix and let cy be (a) No solution (b) Exactly one solution
cofactor of [Link] inA. If C: [cr7], then (c) Infinite solutions (d) None of these
(a) lcl=1.41 (b) lCl:1,41"-' 37. The number of values of k for which the
(c) lCl:1tr1"-z (d) None of these system of equations (k+I)r|-8y:4k,
h + (k * 3)y = 3k - t has infinitely many
30. The minors of- 4 and 9 and the co-factors of - 4 and
l-r-z 3l solutions, is
(a) 0 (b) I
9 in determinant l-4 -5 -6 lare-respectively
--r-
l-z 8 e I (c) 2 (d) Infinite
(a) 42,3 ; - 42,3 (b) 4\ -3 ;42, -3 t+u l-rbr tt-crl
I
(c) 42,3 ; - 42, - 3 (A 42,3; 42,3 38. If It * or, I + h, I * crrl, : As* Arr I Azr2 I
31. If a? + t? + c? : l(i: 7,2,3) and ua1-t brbl * ll+or, l+brt l+czrl
ctci=0 (i,+ j,i,j: 1,2,3) then the value of Aer3 then ,41 is equal to
aL a2 a3 (a) abc (b) 0
hbrk 1S
(c) I (d) None of these
C't Cz Cz

(a) 0 (b) tt2 39. If aba\ar,...,an,... ate in G.P. and ai> 0

(") I (Az for each i, then the value of the determinant

Dilferentiotion ol determinants, system of linear I loga, logan*z loga,*nl
equations
A : I logo,*o logo,*a log04+r0 | is equal to
I log a, * rz log a, - ra log a,* ro
32. If a > 0 and discriminant of on2 + 2br f c is negative,
I

(a) |
I a b ar+bl (b) 2
thenl b c brrclis (c) 0 (d) None of these
lar+b br+c 0 |

(a) Positive
(b) (a.c - b')(or' + 2bx + c)
(c) Negative
(d) 0
73,22 Mathematics
EXERC'SE _ 3

NumericalType 10. If (l + os + hr')n : aa* arr * azxz * ... I aatr8,

1. Let o,B,T are the real roots of the equation where a,b, 04, ar,..., as € .B suchthat na I h * az * 0
fi3 + an'+br+ c:0 (a,b,c eBand a*0). If the lan a, arl
system of equations (inu,v, and w) gven by *d lo, az anl= 0, then the value of 5f, is
ou* Ba-lYw:0 lo, orl
pu*yr:* aw:0 11. Number of ^ real roots of the equation
yu*ao*Bw:0 xll
l-x I :0 is
2.
has non-trivial solutions, then the value

The value of la I for which the system of equation

of a2 lb is
liiil.l'r I l-r
or*ylz: a-l 6*-*'x-l *-6
x*ay*z:d-l 12. tf 6* * ^E-l : axo + bx3 * cx2

rty* az= s-7 x-l 6-* x-l

has no solution, is_. +dx+ e and at c: p+ ,fi, then (p- q) is equal
3. The sum of values of p for which the to
equations x*y*z:1, r*2y*42:p, and cos(x*a) cos(x+6) cos(x+z)
r* 4y + L\z = p2 have a solution is 13. rf lG): sin(x*a) sin(x+B) sin(x+Z) and
sin(P-z) sin(r-a) sin(a-d)
4. If three distinct points P(3u2,2us);Q(3a',2a'), and 30

R(9u2,2w3) are collinear, then uu*txts*wu is

flo):- 2 then Illrll
r=l
equals

14. Ifthe equationpx + 2y - 3 : 0, x + 3y * 4 = 0 andpx2

equal to
+rP+3xy+(q-3)x- 3y-r:o (r+?) n*,
a b a-fb a c a*c unique solution then find the value of (p + q1.
5. Let .D: c d c*d and D.: b d b+d
aba-b a c a*btc It +sin'x cos2x 4sin?-r I

15. Let lG): I sin2x I *cos2x 4sri,?: l, then

then the value of
lft | *n*" b * 0 and ad + bc, I sin'x cos'x I +4sin2xl
1S the maximum value offlx) is
1 3cosd 1 16. GiVen 2x-y+22 : l; x-2y* z :- 4;
and x * y
6. If A= sind 1 3cosd , then the value of + )z:4. Then the value of z1 such that the given
1 sind 1 system ofequation has no solution is
(a^^)12 _.is 17. If M and m are maximum and minimum value,
It cosd I
Ir r+y r+y+z
I

I
respectively of lcosd I cosdl, *r., value of
7. ff | 2x 3r + 2y 4r + 3y + 2z l=
lu ar+zy tM+6y+Bzl
64, then the real
(M+ m)is
l-t cosd I I

value of x is _. loBr 512 log+ J logr3 logr3

8. If auaz,at,...,ap airo inA.P. and 18. The value of loB: 8 log+ 9 logr4 logr4
IS

&rA5 A1 A2 I azarc az asl

Ar: a2A a2 aZ l. A, :
I

lorou o, onl
19. If ,.lo,|7such that l(sinx+ corr)- € I

A\AT Ag A4 I I asarz aa asl + lr.i-rl*l zl< o, then the value of

then Ar:Az:
lsin4x cos'x I
lr*,t) z*sy' /+zl
I

lad2cl lr 2d el
9. Given d--la e zfl,n:lin u 2zzl, thenthe + l'.
It*znl l.2a bl ltn(r+
value of B/A is
 Determinants 73.23
20. If a, B,T *..T"f equation.f + x2+2x-4
xl _T
-3
:Oe
:othenvalueof I t 4-B' (where a 23' Let lU): 2 2l The minimum value of
;!o
1

isreal) | r I 4-Tt +
21. If p and q are real so that system of equations px + /(x) (given x > 1), rs
4y + 7 : 0, 2y + 3z : I and 3x - qz: - 2 has infinite
solution, tnen ,ff, f is equal to -2 5 -l
24. Inthe determinant, A: 47 0 , the absolute
5-3 I
22. trli ; f l= ,, then the varue or
value of sur. rf the minors of elements of third row
l*'r ,l is
x'- I o x-xa x*1 ;*l x*7
0 -r-xa x3-1 1S
25. tf x*4 x*6 x*10 =ax'+bx*c,then(a+
x-xo x'- l o x*8 x+10 x*14
b + c) is equal to

EXERCISE -4
Single Option Correct
a b-c c*b
| -s B+ 4i s-Til 5. If a*c b c-a :0,then the line
[Link] z:lz-u 6 g+Til,thenzis a- b a-tb c
ls+zt a-n e I ofi+by *c = 0 passes through the flxed point
(a) purely real which is
(D) purely imaginary (a) (1,2) (b) (l,l)
(c) a+ ib, where * 0,b * 0
a (c) (-z,t) (4 (l,o)
(A a+ ib, where b: 4 l*n *n+2 g+31
2. If o,B,y are the roots of pd + qr2 f r : 0, then the 6. If I na on+z on+tl = (x-v)(s - 4a- d(*+i*l),
a8 Bv ra lz" z"+z r"+tl
then z equals
value of the determinant Bv ro aB ls
Td oB Br (a) | (b) -1
(a) p (b) q (c) 2 (O -2
(c) o (d) r 7. If p,q,r are inA.P., then the value of determinant

cos2x sin2r cos4t o2 y o2n+t + 2p b2 a 2n+2 * lq c2 *p

3. When the determinant sin2r cos2r cos2r ls 2" *p 2"*'+ q 2q 1S

cos4r coszr cos2r a2 +2" +p 62 12n+t *2q c2 -r

expanded in powers of sinr, then the constant term (a) | (b) 0
in that expression is
(c) a2b2c2 -2" (d) (a'*b2 + c')-2"q
(a) | (b) 0
(c) -1 (d) 2
8. rf (a - rrY r(ar-y2f = oz
(rz-rzt+(yr-ytY:b'
4. If a = cosd 1- isin?,b: cos20 - isin2? ,
(xs- hY + (y, - urY = c'
abc fl atl
c : cos 30 + isin3? and if bca :
uzl :
0, then *
and T2 (o b + c)(b * c - a) (c + a- b)
cab t3 as7
(a) 0:2kr,keZ
x(a* b - c), then the value of ft is
(b) 0=(2h+7)tr,keZ
(a)| (b) 2
(") 0:(4k+L)v,PE2
@) a (d) none ofthese
(d) none ofthese
73.24 Mothematics
y' -w r' (a) @- 1)"-'(o+ n-L)
9. The determinant abc is equal to (b) @-1)"(r+n-r)
bt bt ct (c) (1 -rYt(c*n-t)
hr+ o,y m+by I
(d) none of these
(a)
btr* a'y c'r -l b'yl
+
raa
bx+ cy
(b)
o,0
I
bU I
ls. rf l@): ara :0, then
atr btE bb-l c'yl
aar
br+ cy on+ba I
(c)
btrl cty atr+b'yl (a) f@):0 and f'b)-- 0 hasonecommonroot
o.t+W tu+cEl (b)
(d)
a'rl b'y b'r * c'yl f@):0 and f@)= 0 hasonecommonroot
(c) sum of roots of /(r) = 0 is -3o
10. Let {D,D,DI,...,D,) be the set of third-order
determinants that can be made with the distinct (d) none ofthese
notzero real numbers ayaz,...ro4. T\et
rmnL
1a1 ion=t
i=L
@) fo,=o
t= I 16. Roots of the equation
a r nl 0 are
(c) Dr= Di,Yi,j (d) none of these
a b xI
b b cL
11. In triangle ABC, if (a) independent of m and n
1 1 1 (b) independent ofa,b and c
A .B
cotT C
cot
T cot
T (c) depend ol m,n and a,b,c
tant + tan$ tan$ + tan! tan,A +tan! (d) independent of m,n and a,b,c
_U, 17. The value of the determinant
then the niangle must be :f228242
(a) equilateral (b) isosceles 22 32 42 52
A_ IS equal to
32 42 s2 62
(c) obtuse angled (d) none ofthese
42 52 62 72
12. lf a,,b,c,d, e and f are in G.P., then the value of
(a) | (b) 0

depends on
(")2 (42
lzi\,.l 18. If A,B,C are angles of a triangle, then the value of
(a) r and y (b) r and z ezil e4 efr
(c) g and z (d) independent of x,y andz e4 e2B e4 is
efr e4 eza
13. If ath,q,a2b2cz, and arbecr are three-digit even
lc, a, brl (a) | (D) -1
natural numbers and A :1", o, h l, then A is (c) -2 (a -4
lcs ae bal
19. The value of
(a) divisible by 2 but not necessarily by 4 n-2Cr_z n-2Cr_t n-2Cr
(D) divisible by 4 but not necessarily by 8
i<-ry -3 11 n> 2) is
(c) divisible by 8 r=2
2-1 0
(d) none of these (a) 2n- 1+(-1f
14. The value of the determinant of n6 order, being (b) 2n+ 1+(-1f-l
r 11 (c) 2n- 3+ (- 1)'
I r 1
gr ven by

ii: 1S (d) none of these

 Determinonts 73.25
- ru (rt
- "') y')- rnru (r' rnyt (yt r')l (a) be(-r,*)
lyu
@) be(-*,n)
20. Ar:ly'r'(yu-zo) rz3(26-16) ,!r(*u-gt) I

ly'r' (rt - yt) rrt (r' - z3) ry' (y'-r') I

(c) b e (-?,r) (d) none of these
ry'z' M u ltiple Options Correct
and Az: ,n u' Then ArAz is equal to
"u 27. Which of the following has/have value equal to
s' y' ,n
(a) L8 (D AB
zero?

(c) Li (d) none of these

8 27 lfaa2bc
+c, I t rrr l* rr*l
l1 (o) 1235 (b) tlb b2 o,c
21. Value of +r, ltrzr ltrzr2l depend. upon 1643 Lfcc2ab
lt
l1+rl 1*r* l-trsx2l a*b 2a*b 3a*b
(a) r only (b) rr only (c) 2a*b 3a*b 4a*b
(c) zz only (d) none ofthese 4a'tb 5a-rb 6a*b
I ca-illl ) c -bl
a'+ )2 ab-r d 2436
22. rf lab- d
)2 bc+ illl-c )
b2 + 7354
lca+il bc-a) "'+fill u -a ,i"
I
@
I 3172
: (1 + a'+ b'+ r2f , then the value of zi is
sindcos/ sindsin/ cosd
(o) 8 (b) 27 28. rf A: cosdcos/ cosdsin/ -sind then
(c) I (d) -r -sindsin/ sindcos/ 0
23. If the determinant (a) A is independentof 0
b-c c-a a-b I la b cl (b) A is independent of /
br_ct ct_a, at_b, *.,i,, then the (") A isaconstant
bn _ c, cl _ a\t an _bn l: fl :;l'
value of ln is ra ffl=.,,:o
(a) o (b) 2
2+r ab ac a'
29. The determinant A - ab b2+r bc
(c) -1 (or IS
divisible by ac bc c'+ r
a7l
24. If the value of the determinant Lb7 rs positive, (a) r (b) ,'
11c (") ,' (d) none ofthese
then (o,b,c > 0)
(a) abc>l (b) abc>-8 12 + 4r-B 2r+ 4 tB
(c) abc<-8 (d) abc>-2 30. If A(r) = bz+sx-g 4r+5 26 = o,x3 +hr2
8r2-6r*1 162-6 104
25. If d,B,T are the angles of a triangle and the system lcrl d, then
ofequations
(a) a:3 (b) b:0
cos(a - B)r + cos(B - f)y +cos(/ - o)z = 0
(c) c: o (d) none ofthese
cos(a * B)r + cos(B + y)u +cos(7 + o)z = O
sin(a + 6)r+ sin(d + f)y +sin(7 + o)z : 0 sin2,4 cot.4 1

31. If A+ B + C: fi,then sin2B cot B 1 ?

has non-trivial solutions, then triangle is necessarily
sin2C cotC I
equilateral (b) isosceles
(a)
(a) tanA*tanB*tanC
(c) right angled (d) acute angled
(b) CotAcotBcotC
26. If c < I and the system of equations (c) sin2r4 + sin2B+ sin2C
0 + E - I : 0,2r- y-c : 0, and -br t 3by - c : 0
is consistent, then the possible real values of b arc
(40
73,26 Mot' ?hcs
,C, n-rC, nC, r L 1

32. T he equation '+l C, C, '+L C,

n
-0 39. If 0<r<1and/(r): -1 r1 ,then
,+2Cr n+LCr n+2cr -l -), r
(a) least value of/(x) is 0
(a) r= n (ot -: n* 7 (b) greatest value of/(.r) is 4
(c) r: n- I (d) r: n- 2 (c) f (x) has a local maximum at x:213
(d) f (x) has a local minimum atx= ll3
33. rf
Comprehension type
s Br 3a2 +2a2
I
f(r) : I g,
|
- 7 (Question. 40 - 42)
3r2 + 2a2 3a3 + 6a2 r
Possoge
l,
.then 3az +2a2
I
ga3 +Ga2r Jr4 +l2a2x2 +2anl lo'+ r ab ob
Considerthetunction f@)=l ab b2+r bc
(a)
(b)
fb):O
y: f(r) is a striaght line parallel to x-axis 40. Which of the following is true?
l* bc c2 +r
(a) l@):0 and fb)= 0 have one positive
Ol [' f@)dt = 32aa common root.
(d) none of these (b) f(r):O and /(r)=0 have one negative
lyr-r' zr-y2 r7-z2l lr' u' u'l common root.
34. If r" - y' ra - z2 Ez - 12 l:lu' r' z' , then
l |
(c\ f@):0 and f@):0 havenocommonroot.
lry-"' sz-* zr-y2l l"' u' r'l (d) none ofthese
(r) r':r*ytz (b) r':t'+y'+z' 41. Which of the folowing is true?
(") u' : yz+ zr* rU (d) u2 = ryz (a) f@) has one +ve Point of maxima.
(b) f@) has one -ve Point of minima
35. Thevalueof k e -B forwhichthesystemofequations (c) f@): 0 has three distinct roots.
x * lcy * 3z : 0,k0 + 2y * 2z : 0, 2r+ 39 + 4z = 0
admits of nontrivial solution is
(d) Local minimum value of /(r) is zero.
42. ln which of the following interval /(r) is strictly
(a) 2 (b) 5t2
increasing?
(c) 3 (d) st4
(a) (-o,o)
lcos(d+/) -sin(d +$) cos2$l
(b) (-o,0)
36. lf determinant I sind cosd sin/ |

| -cosd sind cos/ |

(c) (0,o)
IS
(d) none ofthese
(a) positive (b) indePendent ofP Possage - 2 (Question. 43 - 45)
(c) independent of / (d1 none ofthese
Given that the system of equations
37. System ofequation fr: cg +hz,y: az+ cr,z = ht+ o,y has nonzero
r*3y-l2z:6 solutions and at least one of the a,b,c is a proper fraction.
t+ )Y't2z:7 43- a2+b2+c2 is
r't3E*22: P has (a) >2 (b) >3
(a) unique solution if zi = 2, P * 6 (c) <3 (A <2
(b) infinitely many solution if z1 = 4,11= 6 44. abc is
(c) no solution if ,1 : 5, P : 7 (a)>-1 (b)>l
(d) no solution if ):3,P:5 (c) <2 (A'l
a2 a'-(b- cY bc 45. System has solution such that
38. The determinant b2 b2-(c-aY ca is divisible (a) r:y:z = (1 - 2a2):(l-2b2):(L-2c2)
by: c2 c'-@-bY oh 111
(b) r:yz==ArtT_ffit 14?
(a) a+b+c (b) (a+b)(b+c)(c+a) abc
(") o2+F+& \c) Tyiz= t ;rtT:Trt;;t
(A@-b)(b-c)(c-a) (d) x:y:z = ,E=7lfr:FrrT:7
 Determinonts 73,27
Passage - 3 (Question. 46 - 48) 49. The constant term in /(r) is
r*ylz:6 (a) 2 (b) I
Considerthe system ofequations x * 2y* 3z = 10
r*2E+ )z: P (c) -1 (A 0

46. The system has unique solution if 50. The coefficient of r in /(r) is

(a) )*3 (b) )=3,p:70 (o) 2'

(r) ): 3, p I l0 (d) none of these (b) 2a-3x2b +7
47. The system has infinite solutions if (") o
(a) )*3 (b) ):3,p=70 (d) none ofthese
(c) ) = 3, p { l0 (d) none of these
51. Which of the following is true?
48. The system has no solution if
(a) All the roots of the equation f(x) = 0 are
(a) )*3 (b)
^:3,p:L0 positive
(c) ):3,p*70 (d) noneofthese
Passage - 4 (Question. 49 - 51) (b) All the roots of the equation f(x):0 are

Consider the polynomial function negative

(7+rY $+2rY 1 (c) At least one of the equation /(r): 0 is

f(t): | (7+rY g+2rY ,o,b being positive repeating one.
(l+2r! 1 (1+r)p
(d) none ofthese.
integers

Matching Column Type

53. Column I Column II
52. Column I Column II
(o) The value of the determinant (p) I
(o) Cofficient ofx in (p) l0 s+2 x*3 z*5
r (1 *sinrf cosc s*4 x*6 c*9 ls
fi*l 1 log(1+r) 2
f(r) = ,_1 s*8 x* 11 z+ 15
fr2 L*r2 o
(b) Ifone ofthe roots ofthe equation (q)
-6
7 6 ,,-t3
(b) Value of (q) 0 2 tz-l} 2
1 3cosd 1
s2-13 I T l=,"
sind 1 3cosd is -2 then sum of all other five
1 sind 1 roots is

(') If a,b,c are inA.P. and (r) -12 (") The value of (r) 2

lx*a x2+L 1l I zi 8+/6 I

'/6rtr +,/at .

l@)=lr+b 2r'z-1 l,E u[z +,/atl rs

1l
l,R O*,Ei u +zt
Ir+c Bxz-2 tl I

then/(O) is @ If G) -2
(d) a
r2 fi G) cos20 cosdsind -sind
Lx 6 aa)=l cosdsind sin20 cos?

"l xxx*I sind -cosd

taen fQrlS)
0

: aqx4 I asrs I azx2 I

atfi*aq, then an is
73.28 Mathemotics
54. Column I Column II
(p) independent of a
(a) llc llc -@+b)lcz
-(b+c)la2 Lla lla IS

-b(b + c) I a2 c(a + 2b + c) -b@ + b) I ar2

(b) (q) independent ofb

sinocosb sinasinb coso
cosocosb cososinb -sino
-sinosinb sinacosb 0 l,'
(r) ofc
(c) 1 11 independent
;ilAaosE ;ile;ilE coso
-coso -cosa. sina
ri"%""tb ;i"'r.i"b co'';
sinb -cosb U
sln a sln'D
'iil"*%-
fiangle and A,B and C fts angles opposite to 4b, c (s) independent of a,b
@ If a,b,c and c are the sides of a are algld

I o' bsin/ csinA I

respectively,tlen 4=l6sin1 t cosr{ I

lcsin,4 cos.A 1 I

Archives: Least Attempted Question (LAQs) (lEE MA,N)

Numerical Type
4. If the system of linear equations
2x+2ay+ az:0
1. Ifthe system ofequations
Vs+3by+bz:0
la+y+22 = |
2x+ 4cy* cz:0,
3x-Y-22:2
where a, b, c € R are non-zero and distinct; has a non-
-2x-2Y-42:3 zero solution, then 120201
has infinitely many solutions, then ft is equal to
120211 (a) a,b,c are inA.P. @ +,+,+are inA.P.
2. If the system of linear equations, (c) a+b+c:0 (d) a,b,careinG.P.
y+y+z:6 5. The system of linear equations

x+2y+32:10 \,x+2y*22=5
3x+2y+ ).2: P 2 ),x + 3y + 5z:8

has more than two solutions, then p - tr2 is equal 4x+ l,y+ 6z: l0 has 120201
to-. 120201 (a) no solution when tr : 8

Single Options Correct (b) a unique solution when tr : -8

3. The system of linear equations (c) no solution when I' :2
3x-2Y- la = l0 (d) infinitely many solution when tr :2
2x-4Y-22:6 6. The system of linear equations
x*2y- z: 5m y+y+z:2
is inconsistent if l2o2ll 2x+3y+22:5
(a) k= l,*:t 2x+3y+(a2-l)z:a+l [20191

(b) k+3,meR (a) has a unique solution fot I a l: tE

(c) k*Z,m*t (b) is inconsistentwhen lol: ,E
(c) has infinitely many solutions for a :4
(A k:1m * ! (d) is inconsistent when a :4
 Determinonts T3.29
: g,3y
7. If the system of linear equations x - 4y + 7z (c) exactly two value of 2.
-52:h,-2x+5y-92:kisconsistent,then (d) exactlythreevalueof 21.
(a)s+2h+k:0 (b) g+h+k:0 [20191 13. Thenumberof distinctrealrootsof theequation,
(c) 2q+h+k:0 (d) S+h+2k:0 lcosr sinz sinrl
8. and
Let d e R, lsinr cosz sinr l: 0 in the interval l-+,+l*,
f-z 4+d (sin0)-2 I lsinrsinrcoszl
A:lt (sind)+2 d I Olo (b)3 (c)z (Or
t20t61

I s esino)-d _sino)+z+2dl ]

0 e [0, 2n].rrtheminimum value of det(li i. 8, ,h.n of z1 for which the svstem of

a value of d is
'-' ;5:"Jr:r*:#"tt
2(O +z) 2h-2rz*h: )rr
@) (b) -7 t20t9l
(c) -5 (d) 2(O +D 2n-3rz*2ts= )rz
9. If the system of equations -rl* = ,1rs has a non-trivial solution
2xz t20151
x+y+ z: 5 (a) is an empty set
x+2y*32=9 (b) isasingleton
x + 3y + uz: B 120191 (c) contains two elements
has infinitely many solutions, then B - o equals (d) contains more than two elements
(o) 5 (b) 8 (c)zl (d) l8
15. The least value of the product xyz for which the
l*-a 2x bl lr11l
10. If | 2.r x-4 2x l:Qq+a*)(x-AY,thenthe ,l irnon-negative,is:
I x 2x *-4|; - l, oi ,l
determinant
It r2olsl
ordered pair (A, B) is equal to : [2018] @)
_2,/, @)
_160
(a) (4,s) @) (-4,-s) (c) _8 (A _t
(c) (-4'3) (A e4,5) 16. IfAisa 3x3 [Link],thenfAl
11. If S is the set of distinct values of 'b' for which the is equal to:
orlinear equations t,) rt (b) r b (c) r 1
t20151

ta +
?'i?i'tfitem zls
17. If a,b,c are non-zero real number and if the system of
r -l ay * z :
I
equations (a-l)r:y*2,(b-l)y:zt-r,
an+W*z=O
is: k-l)z: r*u' has a non-trival solution' then ab
has no solution, then S l20r7l + bc + ca equals
(a) a singleton (b) an empty set l20l4l
(c) an infinite set
(a) a+ b+ c (b) abc

(d) a finite set containing two or more elements.

,[Link]) o',Sl 0, and y<nl9_)o^ | B, uno
r+)s-z:o
12. The system of linear equations

)*-y-z:o l,*],,, llill]

j*ytzll+/(3)
llilill
r+y-)z:0 r.;i;;l
:K$_ay|_0y@_By,thenKisequalto:
^ 12016r
ffil:X$Til';|1;*, @)t (b) -1 t2ot4l
of 2.
(b) exactly one value k) oB @h
Archives: Least Attempted Question (LAQs) (tEE Adv)

Multiple Options Correct

1. Which of the following values of a satisfu the
l$+ay o+2oy (r+eaf @) -a (b) 9 [201s]
I
(c) -9 (d) 4
equation lQ * oY Q + 2aY Q + SaYl:- 64Ba?
lre+oF G+2ay te+aof I
l, an tVtULI
L).JV i r-.L^^^*^-
rCt l rULtLJ

Subjective Type
4. Let ar be the complex number
"or!+ish!.
>, k i"cot? Then the number of distinct complex number z
2. Suppose det
,t=0 /c=0 :0 holds for some z'f 1 a @2
t
,t=0
i"cut
i"cuo ,t=0 satisffing a z*et2 1 :0 is equal to
(o2 L z*a
positive integern. fhen
k=0
i ffi "[Link]. t20191
[2010]
Numerical Type
3. Let P be a matrix of order 3 x 3 such that all the
entries in P are from the set {-1,0, l}. Then, the
possible value of the determinant of P is
iT:* [2018]

Answer Key
Exercise 7
r. (b) 2. (o) 3.(A 4. (c) 5. (o) 6.(4 7.(b) 8. (d) e. (c) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (6) M. (c) 15. @ 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (c) le. (b) 20.(d)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (a) 27. @ 28. (a) 2e.(A 30. (b)
31. (b) 32. (b) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36.(A 37. (c) 38.(d) 3e.(O 40. (A
41. (o 42. (d) a3. @) 44. (b) 45. @
Exercise 2
r. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6.(c) 7.@ 8.(c) e. (A fi.(A
11. (6) 12. (a) 13. (6) u. (a) 15. @ 16.(a) 17. (a) 18.(d) te. (b) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (c\ 25. (o) 26.(c) 27. @ 28. (a) 2e. (b) 30. (b)
3r. (c) 32. (") 33. (b) 34. @) 35. (b) 36.(c) 37. (b) 38. (b) 3e. (c)

Exercise 3
r. (3) 2.(2) 3. (3) 4. (0) 5. (2) 6.(s) 7. (4) 8.(l) e.(2) 10. (8)
11. (l) 12. (8) 13. (60) 14. (l) 15. (6) 16. (l) 17. (2) 18. (10) te. (12) 20. (40)
21. (4) 22. (e) 23. (4) 24. (23) ,( (0)

Exercise 4
1. (b) 2. (r) 3. (c) a- @) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7.(b) 8.(c) e.(A 10. (b)
11. (b) 12.(a 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18.(d) te. (a) 20. (a)
2r. (A 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (b) ,< (b) 26. (c) 27. (a,b,c) 28. (b,A
29. (a, b) 30. (6, c) 31. (d) 32. (a, 33. (a, b)
(a,b)
")
37. (b, c, A 38. (a, c, d)
34. (b, c) 35. 36. (a, b)
39. (a, b) 40.(a 41. @ 42. (c) 43. @)
44. (a) 4s.(a 46. (a) 47. (b) a8. (c)
4e. (a 50. (c) 51. (c) 52. a ---+ (s); b ---, (p); c ---+ (s); d-- (s)

53. a-+ (s);b---+ (r);c'-.(q);d-(p) 54. a'--+(p)(q)(r);b+(q);c- (s);d+ (p)(q)(r)

Archives: Least Attempted Question (LAQs) UEE MAIN)
r. (21) 2. (t3) 3. (A 4. @) s. (c) 6.(b) 7. (c) 8. (c) e. (b) fi.(a
11. (a) 12. (A 13. (c) 14. (c) rs. (c) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (a)
Archives : Leost Attempted Question (LAQs) QEE Adv)
t. (bc) 2. (6.20) 3. (4) 4. (l)
 Chnprrn

1,4

Mutrices
1. DEFINITION 2

Rectangular array of mn numbers enclosed by a pair of Construct the matrix of order 3 x 2 whose elements
brackers A= Unlike determinants it has no are givenby ari = 2i - i .
".s. [?-'rl].
value and are subjected to certain rules of operations. Solution:
att aL2 .....4b
In general 3 x 2 matrix is given or[:r'r\:1
azL ..... a2n
A_ 422
Now a;7 j
= 2i- latt aszl
Anil Anz ....,.
+ art:2(1)- 1:1
Amn
ap:)(l)-):Q
Abbreviated as: A:[oa]t i < m;l < j <2, i denotes
= s21:)())-l:3, s22:)())-):)
the row and j denotes the column is called a matrix of
a31:)(J)-1:5
order m x n. The elements of a matrix may be real or
complex numbers. If all the elements of a matrix are real, atz: 2(3) - 2 : 4 Hence the required matrix is
it is called a real matrix. till
Note: A mx n mafrx has mn elements.

EQUAL MATRICES

" [;: i';i1)= [l ;],

then nnd the va,ues or
Two matrices are said to be equal if they have the same
order and each element ofone is equal to the corresponding
0rgrztu.
5*lution:
element of the other.

l-- we have
l::" y:;]: [3 ,,,]
If a matrix has 8 elements, what are the possible Comparing the elements we have r+y: 4,2r * z : 7,

orders it can have? r-y:0 and 2z-tw:10. Solving these equations

we get x: 2 and U:2,2: 3,u: 4.
We know that if matrix is of order mx n, it has mn
2. CLASSIFICATION OF MATRICES

elements. Thus, to find all possible orders of a matrix

2.1 Row motrix
with A matrix having a single row is called a row matrix, e.g.,
8 elements, we will find all ordered pairs of natural
numbers, whose product is 8
u3s7l.
2.2 Column mdtrix
Thus, all possible ordered pairs are ( I ,8),(8,1),(4,2),(2,4)
Amatrix having a single column is called a column matrix,
Hence, possible orders are 1 X 8,8 x 1,4 x2,2x 4
,",lil Note: Matrices consisting of only one column or

row are called vectors.

 1' i r^tL^^^l--
tq.z ' tvruLilcriluLrL>

2.3 Squore mdtrix lahol

tt o ol
An mx z matrix A is said to be a square marix if m: n, Forexampte .lo o fl ,"0
l, 3 0 | [Link],
i.e., number of rows: number of columns. For example, [00c] [1 -54]
trzsl upper and lower triangular matrices.
Note:
,q:lZ g a J is a square matrix oforder 3 x 3.
[sasl C Diagonal matrix is both upper and lower triangular.
Note: The diagonal from left-hand side upper corner to
o A triangular matrix A=fai),** is called strictly
right-hand side lower corner is known as leading diagonal
a,,:0 for 1 < i < n.
triangular if
or principal diagonal. In the above example, diagonal o Minimum number of zeros in an upper or lower
containing the elements 1,3,5 is called the leading or triangular matrix of order n : I + 2 + 3 +......... +
n(n- l)
principal diagonal. ln - 11= ----r-
2,4 Diagonol motrix c Minimum number of cyphers (zeros) in a diagonal/
A square matrix all of whose elements, except those in scalar/unit matrix of order n: n(n - l) and maximum
the leading diagonal, are zero is called a diagonal matrix. number ofcyphers : n2 - l.
A:laiL**
For a square matrix, to be a diagonal matrix, Squtre Matrix

bj=0, whenever il7. Tridgulil Maaix

I

Diagonal Matrix
atl6tone,aij+0 &ai =0if ilj
A diagonal matrix of order nxn having d,r,d.2,...,d*
as diagonal elements is denoted by
lso ol
diag ldr,dz,...d-1. For
Upper rimgulu
mtrix
ifaij=ovi>j
[Link] tsiegulu
mtrix
ifaij=0Vi<j ir;:l
lo o o,J
'l 5 0
example,,4=10
xxx r
I, o=1"
[x 0
* ,l
0]
abbreviated m dia (dpd!q-d. )
0rx
]
r

lo o -tl 00x 1..-] Scala matix

ifd, =d, =d....=sr.g if
Unit mafrix
=E
is a diagonal matrix of order 3 x 3 to be denoted by dr =da... =1
a 0 ol l1 0
,4:diag[35-1]. 0 a ol lo 1 I^
0 0 t. 0 tl
2.5 Scolor matrix ".]

Adiagonal matrix whose all the leading diagonal elements 2.8 Null matrix
are equal is called a scalar matrix. If all the elements of a matirx (square or rectangular) are
For a square matrix A:
luif,*, to be a scalar matrix, zero, it is called a null or zero matrix. For ,4 : [a;i] to be

aij
0,i+j null matrix, oai:0,Y,i,j. For examPle,
m,i: j 000
where m, + 0. For example, .A :[l ,,",".,,, 000 ll -'nu" matrices
matrix. ;!] t 000 ]
[3
[ll
2.6 Unit matrix or identity motrix 3. TRACE OF MATRIX
A diagonal matrix of order r which has unity for all its The sum of the elements of a square matrix A lying along
diagonal elements is called a unit matrix of order n and is the principal diagonal is called the trace of A, i.e., tr(A).
denoted by /,. Thus, ifA :foaL,,, then
Thus, a square matrix A:loaiL*, is a unit matrix if tr(A) =i^: ar1* azzl ...t aon
i=1
Ir,i.:j - n =[3
tl 9 9l 3.7 Properties of trace of a matrix
"r:i;; i.s'i'o'examPle' I ?1,,, Let A:loniL,, and B:lbriL,* and ,i [Link],
2.7 Triongulor mdtrix (r) traA):
A square matrix in which all the elements below the (ii) 7@+ B): ^tr(A)
tr(A)+tr(B)
diagonal are zero is called upper triangular matrix and a
square matrix in which all the elements above diagonal
(iii) tr(AB): tr(BA)
are zero is called lower triangular matrix. 4. DETERMINANT OF SQUARE MATRICES
Given a square matrix A:faiL,,.For upper triangular
matrix, oai:0,i) ji for lower triangular matrix,
To every square matrix ,q:lorl of order z, we can
associate a number (real or complex) called determinant
anj -- 0,7 < i.
of the square matrix A, where aoi: Q,iY element of A.
 Matrices 74.3
This may be thought of as a function which associates each 5. ALGEBRA OF MATRICES
square matrix with a unique number (real or complex).If
M is the set of square matrices, K is the set of numbers (real
5.7 Addition
orcomplex) arrd f:M isdefinedby lG): &, where A + B : [ait + b,t ] where A& B are of the same
AeM andk e4 the-K/(A) iscalledthedeterminantofA. type . (same order). If A and B are square matrices
It is also denoted by lAl or det(A) or A . of the same type then, ! (A+ B) : t (A) + t, (B), where t
(A) = sum of diagonal elements ofA.
If A:[' dl'
1l . then determinant of A is written as
(a) Addition of matrices is commutative.
lc
i.e. A+B : B+A whereAandBmusthave
r1r:li""l:det(.4)
the same order

Note: @) Addition of matrices is associative :

o lf Ay,A2,...,Aa &r€ Seuor€ matrices of the same order (A+ B) * C = A+ (B + C) ProvidedA, B & C
then lArAz..A"; : lAr llAzl..lA"l. have the same order.
o If ft is scalar, then I kA l: k"l A l, where n is order of
(c) Additive inverse: If A+ B : O : B +A[A= z
the matrix A.
x n) and both A and B have the same order then
O If A and B are square matrices of same order then
A and B are said to be the additive inverse of each
lABl: lBr4l even through AB + BA
other where O is the null matrix of the same order
4.7 Singular and nonsingular matrices
as that of A and B. 'O' is the additive identity
A square matrix A is said to be nonsingular if I 1 | I 0, and element. and
a square matrix A is said to be singular if 1,4 I : 0. If A+B:A*C+B:C
gtw Il B+A:C*A+B=C cancellation laws hold good

I the values of a for which matrix

5,2 Multiplication
ls
"rod r-r 2l of a mdtrix by a scolar

I e -1 n+zlis singutar labcl lmmml

lr+3 -1 2 |
rr A=lu , ol,*=lru r" mli."i{A+B):kA+kB
Solution: lc a b) lkc ka kbl
Note: If A is a square matrix then t,(kA) : fr[t.(A)]
Given matrix is singular. Hence.
3r-l 2
5.3 Multiplicotion of motix:(row by column)

3 -1 t*2 -0 AB exists if, A: mx n and B: nx p

+3 -1 2
I 2x3 3x3
0r-r AB is matrix of 2 x 3
-l r*3
3 -l r+2 : Q[-Br h-
-1 2 -
Rz)
Note that, AB exists, but BA does not + AB * BA
(number of columns in the pre multiplier : of
0 r-rl rows in post multiplier)
number

-r 0 rl :0[fi2 -
"'l r*3 Rz- Rt] A : pre factor
-I 2l Note: In the product AB,
B : post factor
0 r 0l
-r
"'l r+3 O ,l: 0[G
-
Q+ Cz]
bl
bz
-1 1l A: (ayaz,...a^)UA
or -o[(-r)-r(r+3)]:0 or x(r2+b):0 bn

ot r:0,-4. Ixn nxl

49 =fath-t azbz* ...ub")
- of elements a..tl & aii are called
In a square matrix the pair
Conjugate Elements. lf A:[ut1A" mxn matrix and B:[b,7] be an
an
aLl ar2 nx p mafrx, then (r4-B), = t*,.b,, is a matrix of order
e.g. in the matrix
azr
,a^ and, an are conjugate
elements.
azz mxp.
74.4 Mathemotics
Proof: Let e: [a1iJ be an m x n matrix and B : [brJ be IfAB : - BA then they are said to be anticommutative
xp matrix. Then the m x p matixc :
an n
the product if C, = Afl
[cij] is called
where A, is the ift row of A and
es A:[; 3]
*": [; :] '*:BAl
B, is the jft column of B. Thus the productAB is obtained Note that multiplication of diagonal matrices of the
as follows: same order will be commutative.
crcz c1 ce
o For every square matrix A, there exist an identity
II I I matrix of the same order such that IA : AI : A where
Rt- at AD r,:.3... atj...au h,ftiz...h,i...he I is the unit matrix of the same order.
Rz- A2t 422 A29... Azi...Azn X
bzbzz...bzi...bze
o IfA : 0 then det. A : 0, however if det A : 0
Ri- Ai Ai2 r,l,3... Onj...Ai"
R^ Omt Anz 4A.,, Ani.,.Ann hthz...br,1 ...b6
| r'r:o
li nl
I

botbnz...b,rJ...b,rp
Matri.x Multiplication is Associstive
RtCt RrC2....... RtC 1 ......RrCe
If A, B &C are conformable for the product AB & BC
RzCr R2C2.......RzC1 ......R Co
then (AB)C:A(BC)
ReG RrCz .......RrC1 ....... &C, Thus (AB)u:AiB.; A: [aij] ism x n;B=[bu1 isn x p;C
:[.,: ] isp x q
Note:
R^Cr R^C2....... R*G....... R*C e (A B)C & A (BC) have the same order + comparable
p
bri (AB)C \{tD*c,
lu:
hr,

(AB)u: larra,r......a,n)
: fa,rb Sa rb 1.....+
a,,b,,7 =L (I*o)"" :i>,,*u*),o
r=l
:t p

io*(b-"ri)
r=1 s=1
(associativitY in R)

b,i
: i^fu*"o:ia^@c)a
(AB)i:: i@, us s=l r=1 6=1

=lA@C)ly
5,4 Properties of motrix multiplicotion .'.[(AB)c)il:lA@c)L1
Motrix Multipliation is not Commutstive
+ (AB)C = A(BC)
i.e. AB + BA (in general) Distributivity
In fact if AB is defined it is possible that BA may not A(B+C):AB+AC
be not defined or have different order
(A+ B)C : AC-r BC
(l) IfA: 3 x 2,8:2 x 3 thenAB isoforder3 x 3 and Provided A, B & C are conformable for respective
BA is of order 2 x 2 products
(2) IfA: 2 x 2,8:2 x 3 thenAB is of order 2 x 2 and A: m x n ;B: n, p ; c: n \ p
BA is not defined nn
[A(B+c)],: I un(B*C)., ! a,.(bo+co)

.d fqost Voluoble Points : i*,or+io*ca

o IfAB :0 / thatone ofthematrices is zero,however
r=1 r:\

if any one of eitherA or B is null matrix thenAB :0 : (s)i.] + (AC)u

provided the product exists. : (AB +AC)u

o IfAB : AC
r' B: C but if B: C + AB:AC Positive lntegral Powers Of A Square Matrix
A: (AA) : A3.
(AA) A :
O If AB : BA matrices A and B are said to be For a square matrix A, A2 A

commutative Note: For a unit matrix I of any order , Im: I for all
m €N.
 Motrices 74.5
It can be easily seen that Am. An : Am+T and (Am)" : 8. THE TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX :
Am,. (cxaxotuG Raws & coLUMNs)
In particular we define, A0 :In,n being the order ofA. : [a1J of order m x n
Let Abe any matrix . Then, A
6. MATRIX POLYNOMIAL
=,{orA:[a.;1 ]forl <i<n&l< j<mof
Ifl(x) : aof * arf - t I *n-2 + ......... + anro then we order n x m
Thus C is obtained by changing its rows into column
define a matrix polynomial
and columns into row.
f (A\: afi + arAbr + 4* *..... * &nln Properties of Transpose :

where A is the given square matrix. If / (A) is the If.{ & Br denote the transpose of A and B,
null matrix then A is called the zero or root of the matrix (a) (C)r : A
polynomial/(x). Proof: [(N)r]u : [,{]ji : A,j
Note that (A)0 is not defined ifA is a null matrix. (b) (A + B)r:,{ + Br ; note that A & B have the same

7. MORE DEFINITIONS order.

(a) Idempotent Matrix : A square matrix is idempotent Proof: [(A + g)r],j : [(A + g)]jr : a.;; + bji : (N), +
: A. For an idempotent matrix A, An
provided A2 (Br),:: (,{ + Br)ij
=A V n)2,r, e N + Ao=A,n ) 2.
(c) (KA)r: K,{, K be any scalar (real or complex)
@) Nilpotent Matrix: A square matrix is said to be
(d) (AB)r: Br,{, A & B are conformable for matrix
nilpotent matrix of index p, (p e N), if Ap : O ,
6o-r * 6 productAB

i.e. if p is the least positive integer for which Ap : Proof A: [aij] is m x n;

:
O, thenA is said to be nilpotent of indexp. B:[b,j]isnxp
e.g.
[(AB)']ir: (AB):i
tr 1 3l
(l) A: | 5 Z Ol Note thatA3:lbutAz * 0 :I nn
a,;bn :I (,{)o(B'),,
[-z -r sl
= index of nil potency: 3 : f @' ),, (/r ),i : (B' A' ),1
.|,, r=l
of l:l ob, o'. a nilnotentmatrix ofindex lllustrdtion 5
z. l-a' -ab)
(c) Periodic Matrix: A square matrix which satisfies -3-2
the relation AK+l : A, for some positive integer K lf A= and B= 1-5 , then find D =
then A is periodic with period K i.e. if K is the titl 43 t;;l
least positive integer for which AK+l = A then A is suchthat A*B-D=0.
said to be periodic with period K. If K: 1 thenA
Solation:
is called idempotent. Here ,4 'f B- D:0.
lz -3 -5 .'. D:A+B
e.g. thematrix l- 45 1 has the period I
lr -3 -4 -li:l li:1.[i
Note : (1) Period of a square null matrix is not defined. ,31
It-tz-zl l-z
l.
:[;ii;;:] :[l o

;
(2) Period of an idempotent matrix is

(d) Involutary Matrix: If A2 : I , the matrix is said to

be an involutary matrix. An involutary matrix is its

:D:t
own inverse e s A: I? l]tl l]: [l ?l r+]
74.6 Mothematics
lllustrotion 6 lllustrotion 9

tr A=[ ?] and B =ll;1 ,find 3A-28.

rr A=(; l), show that AE= ,"(#)
Solution: 01
Solution.

BA_28: r[3
;,]_ ,li ;l o':(t iXf, l) :(',*;'): (t' q(p + 1
1 )

:[3 -3-8 4 -Ll *; * .n)

T]-[ i^i):[f-,1 3-4 ]:I -5 -1 o' = (oo
l)(',
: P'
') ('r'
q Pq

W p' q(p' +p + 1)
01
lr z ol I 2-1 5
LetA+ zs:l6 -3 glroa Similarly,
u,-n=l 2-1 6
[-sgr]
)

t 012 A4
pn q(pt + p2 + p+ l) amd so on.
then find tr(A)-tr(B). 01
Solution: pr q(p'+p'+...+
Here to find the value of trA)
find the matrices A and B. We can find
- tr(B), we need not to
trG)- tr@)
A8:
01
1)
)=[f '(fi)]
using the properties of trace of matrix, 1.e.,
Ir z ol lllustrotion lO
e+ za :l 6 -s I + b(A-r 28):-
g 1
/r o\
[-s 3 1l lf A= (; ;l , show that A2 = 3-4' - 2-L Using this
or tr(A)+2tr(B):-l ...(l) result, show that As = 255A-Z5/J.
lz -r sl 5*lution:
2A- B= + b(2A-B): 3 10
[3 ,' i] A_ 12
) - o': (i ;)(l ;): (l l)
or 2tr(A)-tr(B):3 ...(2)
Now,
Solving (l) and (2), we get tr(A) : I and tr(B) : -1 3-2 0
* tr(A)- tr(B):2 3A- 2I: 3 (i;)-,(;?) 3-0 6-2
10
34
I -23 Here, A2 :3A-21
LetA= and B= , then find the
-425 t;il Now, ,4a :(ArY:(gl-2IY
product ABandBA. :9A2-tzu++P
Solution:
:9A2 -72A+ 4I
23
I -23 :
AB:
-425
45 9(3A - U)- tU+ A
21
2-8+ 6 3- 10+3 -- t\A-74
-4
-8+8+10 -12+10+5 t,t 3 AB : (ArY: (1b,4 - Wy
23
BA: 45
t -23 :225A2 - +ZO,qI+rcAP
2t -425 :225(3A-U)- 420A+ 196I
2-2 -4+6 6+15 22L :225A- 25A
4-20 -8+10 72+25 237
2-4 -4+2 6+5 l:[_# -2 \L
 Matrices 74.7
lllustration Lt lllustotion L3

Find the value of x for which the matrix product 113

lz o 7l[-r Mr T" ] Show that ,4 = 526 is a nilpotent matrix
l0 , 0ll 0 1
r -4r -2r)
0lequalsanidentir-vmatrix. of order 3. -2 -r -3
[1 -2 1l[
113
-x l4r 7r Let A: 526
010 -r
ti iill
r -4r -2r
-2
113
n2:4ytr: 526
-3
113
5r00 100 X 526
010 010 (given) -2 -t -3 -2 -1 -3
0 10r-2 5r ]:I 001 1+5-6 1+2-3 3+6-9
1 5+10-12 5+4-6 15+12-18
=5r:1,10r-2:0,.'.r: 5 -2-5+6 -2-2+3 -6-6+9
000
lllustrotion L2
339
-1 -1 -3
tr A=[i -l],show that Ak= L+zlc -4k
k t-zk ) 000 113
where /r is any positive integer. .A3 - A2xA= 339 X 526
-1 -1 -3 -2 -1 -3
0+0+0 0+0+0 0+0+0
We have, :I 3+15-18 3+6-9 9+18-27
,':[i -i][i -i]=[l -3]=[ 7+2x2 -4x2
2 1-2x2
-1-5+6 -1-2+3 -3-6+9
looo
and =lo o o -o
:1, [ooo
o'
-:][i -i]= [l -'J]: ['* 3" ' , -"L"] .'.A3 = O
Hence, A is nilpotent of order 3
Thus, it is true for indices 2 and3. Now, assume

,':['\T ,--Tr] lllustrotion L4

2 -2 -41
Thus Show that the matrix .4 = -1 g ali.
Ak+t
+2k -4k 3-4
idempontent
1 -4 -31
[' h L-2k It 1 -1
Salatian:
3+2h -4(k+t)
k+t -7-2k 2 -2-4 2 -2 -4
12:1vtr: -1 3 4 1 34
t+2&+t) -4(k+t) | -2-3 l"I 1 -2 -3
k+1 t-2(k+1) 4+2-4 -4-6+8 -8-8+12
-2-3+4 2+9-8 4+12-72
Thus, if the law is true for Ah, it is also true for ,4**1. 2+2-3 -2-6+6 -4-8+9
But it is true for k: 2,3, etc. Hence, by induction, the 2 -2-4
required result follows. -1 3 4 A
1 -2-3
Hence, the matrix A is idempotent.
74.6 MAmemOOCS

9. SPECIAL TYPES OF SQUARE MATRIX

Aso er: (l<e - e,f = |ta-eD': |r,+-rerr
9.7 Symmetric & Skew Symmetric Matrix
A matrix A:[or) is said to be,
: lr*-A):- |ro-o'):- a
Symmetric: square
symmetric if , ari: aiiY i and j, for e.g. Q is a skew symmetric matrix.
te -1 1l Thus A = P + Q when P is a symmetric matrix and Q is
l-r 2 sl a skew symmetric matrix.

Ir s -2] lllustration 15

= (A)i::(f)u = A:,{ + A-,{ :O Show that the elements on the main diagonal of
skew-symmetric matrix are all zero.
Skew Symmetric:A square matrix A: [aU] is
said to be, Skew-Symmetric il a,i : - aji v i & j Solution:
Note: Let ,q:larl be a skew-symmetric matrix. Then
(i) The pair of conjugate elements of a skew aij - - oa for all i, j (by definition). Hence,
symmetric matrix are additive inverse of each aii:- u; fot all values of i
other.
(ii) Max. number of distinct entries in a symmetric
= 2aat= 0
:
= oii 0 for all values of i
matrix of orde, i, d\! + a\= azz: a33:... = aon=0
(l +2+3 +...... + n):
'@+! lllustrotion 16
(iii) The diagonal elements of a skew square matrix 3a-l d3a
are all zero , but not the converse. 25 c issymmetricand B = b-a e -2b-c
(iv) For a skew symmetric matrix A of order (2p - b8 2 -26 -f
1), lAl : 0. Since A is skew symmetric hence
is skew-symmetric, then find B a;ndAB.
,{:-Athen l,{ I : | -A I : (DzP-t lAl :-
Al but l,{ I : lAl, hence lAl :- lAl + lAl
I

Salution:
:o. A is symmetric
(v) IfA is both symmetric as well skew symmetric +Ar:A
matrix then A must be a null matrix.
[3 2b! [ao-tl
Properties Of Symmetric And Skew Symmetric Motrix =[:,:;l=[;
P-1: If A be a square matrix then 3;l
(a) A +,{ is a symmetric matrix. a: 2rb:- 1,c : 8
=
(b) A-.{ is a skew symmetric matrix. B is skew-symmetric + Br :- B
(c) A,{ and ,fA are symmetric matrices. Veriff in d b-a -2 -d -3 -a
each case. 3e6 a-b -e 2b*c
P-2: Every square matrix can be uniquely
as the sum of a symmetric and a skew
expressed
symmetric matrix.
a -2b-c -f tl 2-6 f
= d,:_ d,f =_ f ande:- e
sor. A= i |te-,+l: P+ Q
to+c; + (say),
-[Link]
where P :
t ro+,{) & a : +(A-N) So
3 2-l 032
Now, A_ 258and B: -30-6
-1 8 2 -26 0
r': (|ta + A')f : i to + N)r t'.' (kA)r : k,{l 32 032 -43-6
1

+ AB: 258 -30-6 -3t 54 -26

: lro+(,{)r): }r*+A): }te*,+l:r -1 8 2 -26 0 -26 I -50
+ P is symmetric matrix.
 Matrices 74.9

a b+ii 3+34i 3-54i 5+2i

lllustration Ll
LetA"B,C,D be (not necessarily square) real matrices b-ic d rl 5-2i -2+i
:
such that Ar BCD;BT = CDA;d = DAB aind -2-i 2
Dr = ABC for the matrix S = ABCD, prove that are Hermitian matrices. A square matrix A:la1) is said
,S3 = S. to be skew-Hermitian if aai:- oi,,V,i,j,i.e., A0 =-A.
for example,
: ABCD: A(BCD):44r - 3-t2i
S ...(l)
-';'l,lrl ru -; -
'lr'.,
gt = ( ABCD)( ABC D)( ABC D)
'[1-i 2-4i 0 ^l]
= ABC
( )( DAB)(C DA)( BC D)
are skew-Hermitian matrices.
: DrcrBrAr Note:
= (BCDYAT = AAr ...(2) () IfA is a Hermitian matrix, then ari : aii = all is real,
From(1) and(2), S=53 V i. Thus every diagonal element of a Hermitian
matrix must be real
9.2 Unitary motrix
-) A Hermitian matrix over the set of real numbers is
A square matrix if TA: f since
is said to be unitary actually a real symmetric matrix.
lFl:1,41 and lTll=lA'llAl; therefore, if ZJA:1, J If A is a skew-Hermitian matrix, then oi =- a;r or
we have lT'llAl:1. Thus, the determinant of unitary ar; + au:0, i.e., ozr must be purely imaginary or
matrix is of unit modulus. For a matrix to be unitary it zero,
must be nonsingular.
.) A skew-Hermitian matrix over the set of real numbers
9.3 Hermitian and skew-hermitian matrix is actually a real skew-symmetric matrix.
A square matrix A:lrril is said to be Hermitian matrix if 9"4 Orthcgonal matrix
aai = ait,Y i,jri.e., A: Ao . For example, Any square matrix A of order n is said to be orthogonal, if
AAt : AtA: In.
INTEXT EXERCISE: L

1. Iffor
(a) AB: BA (b) AN:A2
any squaxe matrixA: [arJ, a, = 0, when f I j,
then A is (c) AB : 82 (/) None of these
(a) unit matrix (D) scalar matrix
s. rfA:t7 l] andflx) :2f 3x, thenflA) equals
-
(c) diagonal matrix (d) none of these
2. rr2A.r= *oo-r= ,, [,J _f]
(b)
[ ;']l
[3 -1,] [3 3],*.,o:
h+ -rl
li :') (b)
2 0
-3
tc)[o e] @)
[ ,l' -i]
^ 21
4
6. IfA+f:0thenCis
,n[i 3l
(d) None of these (a) orthogonal matrix
[Link] sina (b) symmetric matrix
3. IfA: I then A2 equals
[-sm4 cosd l (c) skew - symmetric matrix
cos2a sin2a lcos2a -sin2al (d) triangular matrix
(a) (b)
-sin2a cos2a l [sin2a "orZo ] lr -z -sl
sin2o -sin2o 7. ff A:12 t -21 ,thenAis
(")
sin2o cos2o 1,, It] [s 2 t)
(a) A symmetric matrix
4. IfA: 32 andB: statement
74 FI ?],*.o "oo"ct (D) A skew symmetric matrix
is (c) A singular matrix
(d) Non singular matrix
74.70 Mothematics
I cosd sindl (c) A symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix
8' If '4 = , then A.,{ is equal to
(d) A singular matrix and a non singular matrix
[-.ind "o.d]
10. If A is symmetric matrix and B is a skew symmetric

', [3 3]
(b )
iil mafix, then for aurty n e N, which of the following
is not correct ?
01
n' [l ?] @ 10 (a) A'is symmetric
9. Every square matrix can be expressed as, the sum of (b) A'is symmetric if z is odd
(a) Two symmetric matrices (c) B'is skew symmetric if n is odd
(b) Two skew symmetric matrices (d) B" is symmetric if n is even

a@a
1. (c) 2. (a) 3.(a\ 4. (O 5. (c) 6.(c) 7.(A 8.(c) e. (c) 10. (b)
/1
v
70. ADIOINT OF A SQUARE MATRIX
11
Let A : [a,,] be a square matrix of order z and let C, be Czt --.1
cofactor of a,, in A. Then the transpose of the maffix of -t2
cofactors of eiements ofA is called the adjoint ofA and is
u31
11 --4
denoted by adj A. Thus, adj A=lcuf or fudi A)a1: Cii - 1-3
la'. an anl -
lf A:lan an azsl. then G, =-ll -" 1: t
la' a, arrl
[C, C' Crrfr [Cu C^ Cr'.] G,:l; il:-'
---! C* Crrl :lC* C* Cul
adi A:IC^
lc, c* crrl lcu c* cul -t -4
of
A:[]l
ijll:li -3
in A. For example,
where Cr7 denotes the cofactor oraT
adj 45
o:ll1].r*", Q11= s,ctz:-r,czt:- q,czz: P' -1

17. INVERSE OF A MATRIX

rhererore, adj A:[-', 7l'=[:" ;] if
A nonsingular square matrix of order n is invertible
lllustration t8 there exists a square matrix B of the same order such that
lr 1rl 43- ln: BA
Find the adjoint of the matrix ,q,=l z I -31
Solution: [-r, Bl In such a case, we say that the inverse of A is B and we
wite A-r: B
Let Cii be a cofactor of a1 in A. Then, the cofactors of Also from A(adj A) :lAlI"= (adj A) A, we can
elements ofA are given by
conclude that A-1 : ,
I
o
r/-T'oJ
G,:ll ,'l:'
Properties of adjoint and inverse of a matrix
Cn
2-3
1 3 1. Let A be a square matrix of order n. Then A(adj A)
I
:lAII":(adj A)A.
lz 1
Ga: 5
A:latl, and let C., be cofactor of a,, in
l-r 2 Proof. Let
: Cjt:l< i,i < n.
Ir 1l [Link], (adj A)',
Crt:-12 3l
1
Now, (,4 (onj A)) oi: l{A)r(adi A),i

Czz:l_l
Ir 1
i: j
3
4
ia,c,: {' Al,tf
r=7 0,\fi+j
 Motrices 74.77
lAl 0 0 0 4. If A is an invertible square matrix, then Ar is also
0 l,4l 0 0
invertible and (Ar)-' : (A-'Y .
+ A(onj A): p gt{l q Proof: A is an invertible matrix.
.'-lAl+ o
0 0 0 01,41
: I AII" -l,qrl+o l...lt'l:l,4ll
Similarly, ((aai t) d)u, : f@i AL(A),, Hence, ,47 is also invertible. Now,
At|-t - In= A-1A
n
i: j Al,i,f
or (,q,q-'Y : Q,Y : (A-'AY
Ec*rr: {' 0,ifi+j
Hence, A(adj A):lAII":(onj A)A or (A-'Y (q') : In = Ar (A-tY
[by reversal law for transposel
2. Every invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse.
or (A'\t : (A-'Y [by definition of inverse]
Proof: Let A be an invertible matrix of order
nx n. Let B and C be two inverses ofA. Then, 5. IfA is a nonsingular square matrix of order n,then
AB : BA: In (l) ladj Al:lAl"-'.
AC: CA: In Proof:We have, A(adj A):lAlt"
e)
Now, Al 0 0 0
AB: IN 0 l,4l 0 0
+ C(AB): 97, [pre-multiplying by C] - A(adi A)= 0 0lAl 0

or (CA)B: 6J, [by associativity]

:
or I,B CIn
000 A
l'.' CA:1, from (2)]
Xn

orB:C l'.'I"B:B,CI,:C) 00 0

Hence, an invertible matrix possess

inverse.
a unique
A ( adj A ) :I lAl
O
0
IAI
0
0 :lAl"
3. (Reversal law) If A and B are invertible
matrices of the same order, then AB is 0 0 ... lAl
invertible and UBf': B-tA-|. In general, = l'all,ni Al=lAl"
if A,B,C,... are invertible matrices, then ['.'l AB I = I ,a llB l]
(ABC...)-t - "'C-t B-t A-t . > lodj Al:1tr1"-r
Proof: It is given that A and B are invertible 6. Reversal law of adjoint: IfAand B are nonsingular
matrices. square matrices of the same order, then adj (AB):
(adj B) (adj A)
.'.lAl+ 0 and lBl+0
= l,4ll Bl+ 0
7. If A is an invertible square matrix, then adj (,{) :
(adj A)r
-lABl* 0
['.'l da I = l-a ll B ll 8. If A is nonsingular square matrix, then adj (adj A)
Hence, AB is an invertible matrix. Now,
: lA1"-zo
(AB)(B-1A-1) : A(BB-L)A-| [by associativity] Proof: We know that B(adj B) : lBlI" for every
: (AI")A_1 square matrix of order n. Replacing B by adj A, we
get
['.'BB1 = I*)
= AA-t l...AI,: A1
= (adj A) [adj (adj A)] : lAl"-1r,
- In 1...fu11= I^) t':ladjAl= l/ l"-'l
Also, + e{(oai A)(onj adj .n)} = A{|AP-'I*}
(B- A")(AB) : B-t (A-'A)B [by associativity] [pre-multiplying both sides by A]
: B-I(I"B) [...AIA: I*7 (daai A)(adj adj A):lAl"-1(AI,)
: B-rB t... I,B: B)
=
-h l'.' BIB = I,l . [by associ'ativity]
Thus, (,48X B-'A-'): I,: (BlAn)(AB) + lAll"(adj adj A):lAl"-t1
Hence, GBfl - B-tA-l l'.'N":,4 and Aad,j A:lAV,]
74,72 Mathemotics
+ lAl(I,adj adj A) : I A f-t A lllustrotion 2O

= lAlbdj adj A)=lAl"-tA nonsingular matrix, and

) onj adj A=1A1"-zO O,thenfind p-l
5o/ufiel:
both sides.,
[multiplying #] We have I*p*p2l ...1f : O ...( I
9. If A is a nonsingular matrix, then 1.4-1 1:;.41-t,
Sincep is a nonsingular matrix,p is invertible.
i.e.,lA-11: lllAl.
Multiplying both sides of (l) by p-l , we get
Proof: since I Al + 0, ,4-1 exists such that
: I: A-tA p-r + I + Ip + ... oe-'
+ p"-r I :
AA-r
or p-t +\I+p* ...*p"-1): g
or 1,a,4-t | : lI
or p-r =- t(I + p + p' * ...* p"-'):-(-p"\: p"
I

or l,4ll A-'l:1 ['.' ABI=lAllBlandlI l= 7l

I

or l-4-'l:# ['.'lAl+o] lflt/F|lltHfiiff

10. Inverse of the kth power of A is the kth power of
tf A, B and C are n\n matrix and det (A):2, det
the inverse ofA.
(B) = 3, and det (O = 5, then find the value of the det
Proof: We have to prove ttrat (,4-rf : (Atf ' (A2BC-|.)
(AuY' :(AxAxA...xA\l
: (n-t 4-t Given that I Al: 2,lB I = 3,lC I
: [Link],
1-1 ..,4-t )
lAl'2lBl _ax3_12
= (A-'Y det(Az BCL):l A2 BC_t I -ldT ---il-5
19
By the method of matrix inversion, solve the system Illustration 22
Matrices A and B satisfy AB: B-r, where

ti r rltlfil [*ir] , =ll?].rinu (i) without finding B-r, the value

Solution: of I( for which KA - 2B-r * / = 0
Clearly lA I
:- 4 I 0. Therefore, (ii) without finding A-1, the matrix X satisfying
l-rz 16 -81 l-tz z A-rxA: B.
adj A:
l; r ll:lri
l-tz z
l' +l (i) AB=Bl or AB2:I
Now,.I(4-28tiI=O
#:-lti lT
2
...A-1 : + I(AB -28_IB + IB : O Or KAB _ U T B : O
> KAB2-28+82:O or KI-28*82=O
Now,
l-tz 2 -1 00
A_LB: *l[-8 ,u -3
2
= 4l ?1-,li;1.[; 2 0 ]:I 00 ;][
1 +lt+i1
-44
=[f ]l-ti 71.[i -:,]: tl sl
+[ -12 -8
-20 -4 l+?l
= [";' uo-,]= [3 3]
or K:2
From Eq.(l), we get
(ii) A-t){A: n
X: A'rB - + AA_IXA:AB ) D{A:AEJ
ly,?) [i?] ) XAB-792 a XAB=I
+ :tl : 7,lz : 3r,a : 5, yt :- l,yz : 2ryz =| +XAB2:B + XI:B orX:B
 Matrices 74.73
Equivolent Motrices of a square matrix of order 3 by using elementary row
If a matrix B is transformations.
obtained from a matrix A by one or more
elementary transformations, then A and B are equivalent Step I:Inffoduce unity at the intersection of first row
L234 and first column either by interchanging two rows or by
adding a constant multiple of elements of some other row
matrices and we write .4 - B. Let A= 2143 to first row
3L24 Step II: After introducing unity at (l,l) place, introduce
1 23 4 zeros at all other places in the first column.
Then ,4 - i -1 1 -1 [Applyrng Step III: Introduce unity at the intersection ofsecond row
3 72 4 Rz Az +(-l)Er l and second column with the help of second and third rows.
+.Bz + (- 1)& ]
- Step IV: Introduce zeros at all other places in the second
[Applying R2
tt 2z 1l column except at the intersection of second row and
second column.
-1, -, t -| [Applying c+-cs+(-l)G]l Step V: Introduce unity at the intersection of third row and
[s t2 2] third column
An elementary transformation is called a row Step VI: Finally, introduce zeros at all other
transformation or a column transformation accordingly as places in the third column except at the
it is applied to rows or columns intersection of third row and third column.
lllustration 23
Every elementary row (column) transformation of an
mxn matrix (not identity matrix) can be obtained Obtain the inverse of the following matrix using
by pre-multiplication (post-multiplication) with the 012
corresponding elementary matrix obtained from the elementary operations / = 123
identity matrix I*(1") by subjecting it to the same Solution: 311
elementary row (column) transformation.
012 lro 0
Let C : AB be a product of two matrices. Any We have,A: IA + t23 lor 0
elementary row (column) transformation of AB can be
obtained by subjecting the pre-factor A(post-factor B) to
311 [oo 1 F
0

+iil{t
the same elementary row (column) transformation.
0 A(Applying h Rz)
72. METHOD OF FINDING THE INVERSE I -
OF A MATRIX BY ELEMENTARY

i]:[i i
TRANSFORMATIONS
Let A be a nonsingular matrix of order n. Then A can be =[: ,,
reduced to the identity matrix I, by a finite sequence
i]^
of elementary transformation only. We have discussed
that every elementary row transformation of a matrix is
equivalent to pre-multiplication by the corresponding
=[i
i _,,]:tri i],
t-z 1
elementary matrix. Therefore, there exist elementary lt-rlo ol
matrices Er,Ez,..En such that ([Link])A: I,
=) (Efix-r...E E:)AA-| = InA-r (post-multiplying by =lor zl:l r o oh
A-t) [oo 2) [o -3r](eppryingEa-4+5fi2)
:
= (ErE*r...EzEr)I* A-r('.' Ir o -rl f-z 1 ol
I^A-:.4-r and AA-1 : I,) =[B
+ A-L : (ExEr_r..EzEr)1,
ALGORITHM FOR FINDING THE INVERSE OF A
I i]:[+ + if,^pp,y,ns n,_ra,)
Novstrtoutl.a MATRtx By ELEMENTARr Row
TRANSFORMATIONS
Let A be nonsingular matrix of order n
=[:i]:[+++
:
Step I: Write .4 InA
Step II: Perform a sequence of elementary row operations (fi, Rtt Rt [Link] Rz-2Rs)
1 -1- -
successively on A on the L.H.S and the pre-factor
the R.H.S till we obtain the result In: BA.
1, on
z-T,
Hence 4-t - -43-1
1

StepIII: Write .4-1 : B 5-3

The following steps will be helpful to find the inverse z-T, 1
74.74 Mothematics
lJ. SYSTEM OF SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR Multiplying both sides of Eq. (2) by the inverse
EqUATIONS matrix A-1, we get

Consider the following system of n linear equdtions in 'n '

O-r 1fi{) : A-r D or D{ = D l'.' A-U : Il
A-r

unknowns: lrl lA, A, A'l larl

atrr* autz* ...* anfin= k or x = A-'\D Bt Bz a,l"la,l
-lr l = il^lc, ..trt
azrrt* azztz* ...* azntn: bz lrl c, crl [a,]
where .4r,Br, etc., are the cofactors of ar, br., etc .,

aafin* arzh* ...* Qnnxn : bn in the determinant

This system of equations can be written in matrix form as arhct
an an Ah It A az Ltz cz at0)
azr 422 A2n x:2 as bJ ct
Most Valuoble Points
Ant OqZ "' Onn n\n Xn nxL [1l O If A is a non singular matrix, then the system of
orAX: B
:
Then n x z matrixAis called the coefficient matrix ofthe equations given by AX B has a unique solution
givenby X:A-LB.
system of linear equations.
Homogeneous and Nonhomogeneous System ol Lineor
c If A is singular matrix, and (adj A) D = O, then
Equations the system of the equations given by AX : D is
consistent with infinitely many solutions
A system of equations AX : B is called a homogeneous
systemifB = O. Otherwise, itis calledanon-homogeneous
C IfAisasingularmatrixand(adj A) D+ O, thenthe
system of equations given byAX = D is inconsistent
system ofequations
and has no solution.
Solution oI o System Of Equotions
Consider the system of equation AX = B. A set of values Solution of Homogeneous System of Linear Equa$on
of the variables rt,rz,...,xn which simultaneously satisfies : O be a homogeneous system of n linear
Let AX
all the equations is called a solution of the system of ifA
equations with r unknowns. Now is nonsingular, then
equations.
the system of equations will have a unique solution, ie.,
73.7 CONSISTENT SYSTEM trivial solution and if A is a singular, then the system of
If the system of the equations has one or more solutions, equation will have infinitely many solutions.
then it is said to be a consistent system of equations; lllustation24
otherwise it is an inconsistent system of equations. of equations
Show that the following system is
Solution Of A Nonhomogeneous System of Linear inconsistent
Equotions 2n+49*62=8
There are two methods of solving a nonhomogeneous r*Zy*32 = 5
system of simultaneous linear equations: n*yt\z= 4

a. Cramer's rule: Discussed in the chapter on

determinants 8
b. Matrix method:
Consider the equations
ao*fuy*ctz:dt
The given system is

246 t
ii'lli 8
5
4
orAX: B where

azr*b2Y*czz: d,z A_ t23 E and B: 5 Now, clearly

azr*b3g*caz:d'e
113 ]," 4
3 0 1
If A I: 0 is singular. adj A: -6 0 2
I
=l 0 0 0
...( 1)
^:l,l.]l,,=lr.,,"*,=w,1 G,B:[+
then Eq. (1) is equivalent to the matrix equation
AX: D ...(2)
adj
I i]til:[ir,
Thus, the system of equations is inconsistent.
 Motrices 74.75

a@O (a) -2 (b) t2

1. All positive integral powers of a symmetric matrix
(c) _E 1
@
1
are: 8
(a) symmetric (b) orthogonal
7. The inverse of the matrix ,4 :
t2 is
(c) skew-symmetric (d) none of these 2-1
2. If A and B be n -rowed orthogonal matrices, then AB (a) -r -21 (b)
101
and BA are. -2 1l 0 1l
-115 -215 115 215
(a) hermitian (b) necessary orthogonal (c @ 215
(c) symmetric (A none of these -215 1 -115
8. Ifthe equations ax + 4y * z : 0, bx + 3y t z : 0,
3. Given o:l;X),,:tl rr A- Ar isasingurar cx + 2y + z : 0 have a non-trivial solution, then
?] a, b, c are in
matrix, then find the value of zi
(a) AP (b) GP
(a)| (b) 2
(c) HP (d) None of these
(c)0 (44 9. Forwhat value oftthe following system of equations
r+kY+32:0
4. For any 2x2 mafrxA, if A (adj A) : 3x + kY -22:0
ttf $] 2x+3Y-42:0
then find lAl, i.e., detA.
possess a non-trivial solution.
(a) 100 (b) I
(c) 10 (A 0
(a) 33t2 (6) ls
(c) 32 (d) none ofthese
5. Find the value of x for which the matrix 10. Let a, 6 and c be positive real numbers. The follou,ing
lz 0 7l l-r 14r 71 1

a:lo t olisinverseora:lo 1 o t;:7, _2

r] y
5. # - C.
I

[r -z [ -u -zrl , system of equations in x, ardz

(a) tt5
(c) -tt2
(b) 2ts
(d) tt3
#-#+i:r,#*#.#:1
(a) no solution
has

6. If
is
A:
ll ?1 .:[ 2L
43 then Det((Adj AX2ABft)
(b)
(c)
unique solution
infinitely many solutions
(d) finitely many solutions
Answer Key

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (c) s. (a) 6.(d) 7. (A 8. (a) e. (a) 10. (A

 Unsolved Exercises
EXERC'SE _ 1

Types of Matrices and AlEebro of Motrices trzsl

1. In a skew symmetric matrix, the diagonal elements
8. rf A:l; ; il".o r:[l3l],'o."whichofthe
are all
[ozs]
following is defined
(a) Different from each other
(b) Zero
(a) AB (b) A+B
(c) A'B' (A B'A'
(c) One
(d) None of these
lo 2ol tr 2 3l
q. tr a:l o o 3l and s:lg 4 51. then the
2. rf A:[":'o -sina] and B:[":t{ -tt"fl. l-z z ol [s -+ o]
lsmd
cosa ] [smp cosp l- element of 3rd row and third column inAB will be
then the correct relation is (a) - 18 (b) 4
(a) : 82
A2 (b) A* B: B-A (c) - 12 (d) None of these
(c) AB : BA (d) None of these 1000
horl 10. If .4 =
230 0 then A is
3. rr A:lo , ll,thenAis 456 0 ,

[roo] 78910
(a) Symmetric (a) An upper triangular matrix
(b) Skew-symmetric (b) A null matrix
(c) Non-singular (c) A lower triangular matrix
(d) Singular (d) None of these

lr o ol 11. Square matrix lrr),*, will be an upper triangular

4. tr A:[: ,then A2: matrix,if
I _q,l (:a) ui I 0 for i,> j (b) [Link]:O for i> j
(a) Unit matrix (b) Null matrix (c) u,: 0 for i < j (A None of these
(c) A (a -^ 12. If A is a square matrix of order n and A: kB, where
I is a scalar, then lAl:
s. rr.4:[l 1l
,then A': (a) lBl (b) klBl
1 n nn (c) k"lBl (d) nlBl
( a)
0 1
(b)
0n 13. If A and B are two matrices such that AB : B and
BA:A, thenA2 + 82:
n 1 11
(")
0 n @ 0n (a) 2AB (b) 2BA
6. AB:0, if and only if (c) A+B (d) AB
(a'1 A*O,B=O (b) A: O,B f O 14. If A and B are two matrices such that A + B and AB
are both deflned, then
(c) A:OorB:O (d) None of these
(a) A and B are two matrices not necessarily of
lrs same order
7. If the rlrlZ + ^+2
8 is singular, then ,i :
^ [et 10
(b) A and B are square matrices of same order
(a) ( b)4 (c) Number of columns ofA: Number of rows of B
-2
(c) 2 (a -4 (d) None of these
 Matrices 74.77
15. If A and B are square matrices of order n x n, then x
23. IfA and B are 3 3 matrices such that AB = A and
(A- BY is equal to BA: B,then
(a\ A2 - 82 (b) A'-2AB+ 82 (o)A':A and B'+B
(") A'+2AB+ 82 (A A',-AB- BA+
82 (b)A'*A and 82:B
16. Choose the correct answer (c)A':A and 82:B
(a) Every identity matrix is a scalar matrix (A A'*A and B'+ B
(D) Every scalar matrix is an identity matrix Special Types of Matrices, Tronspose, Adjoint ond
(c) Every diagonal matrix is an identity matrix lnverse of Motrices
3 -2-7
(d) A square matrix whose each element is I is an 24. Inverse of the matrix -41-1 I IS
identity matrix 2 0 1 l
17. If matrix /:
0-1 then A16: t23 1 -t) 5
10 ,
(r) 337 (b ,I 7 4 6

r,[l;] ,, [? l] -2 -4 -5
t23
4
1
2

2
7

4
257 (d) -4
.,[,l ?] (c)
-2 -4 -5
8 5

'[l?]
18. Which is true about matrix multiplication 25. IfA
3

and B are non-singular matrices, then

5 2

(a) It is commutative (b) It is associative (a) GBY| - A-tB-l (b) AB: BA

(c) Both (a) and (6) (d) None of these (c) GB)'- A'B' (d) GBrt - B-tA-l
tr o -rl t-a -s -sl
19. Matrix ,l:lZ 1 3lisinvertiblefor
26. Adjointof thematrix lf :l f O f I is
[uo 1l Ia 4 3l
(a) k=l (b) k:-1 (r) N (b) 2N
(c\ k:0 @ All real /r
a
(c) -N (d) None of these
20. The value of a for which the matrix A :
2 ?) " 27. From the following find the correct relation
singular is
(a) GB)'- A'B' (b) GB)': BtAt
(a) a*1 (b) a:l
' . oniA
(r) A-'=T (A GByl - A-18-1
(c) a= 0 (d) a:-L
-1, Z 28. IfA is involutary matrix and I is unit matrix of same
21. rr r: :,, o: 00 ,then PQ is order, then (1-,4XI+A) is
[r, i)",0 I i-i (a) Zero matrix (D) A
equal to (") I (d) 2A

, Ii,1] , ljr i] 29. If k is a scalar and I is a unit matrix of order 3, then

adj(kl):
(a) k'I (D k'I
(c) -k3I (d) -k'I
n, (-', l') ,rll?31 30. If A is a nX z matrix, then adi(adj A):
[o o r,|
IT 2-L lr o ol (a) lAl"-1A (b) IAP-'zA
It r: 02 B :[l
22.
[i 50 l!]'*"*"
lrr a sl
(c) lAl"A (d) Noneofthese

Is 1 -31 3r. rr o:13 ,onlto:{1),then A-t:

r,l la 2 6l (b)11 2zl
Ira 5 ol [o B 3] (a)
i 0
(b) -i0
lorzl 0 il2 0 -2i
,[i ;sl 841
rols+sl
lrszl (c)
x

0 2i
0
@ 2i
0 L

0
74.78 Mathemotics
32. If A is a non- singular matrix, then A(adj A) : 39. IfA and B are non-singular square matrices of same
(a)A (6) I ordeq then adj(AB) is equal to

(c)lAll (A lAl'zI @) (ad,j d)(adj a)

I'r o ol @ (adj B)(adj A)
33. The inverse of the matrix I o r o I i.
@) (adj B-t)(adj A-1)
[o o r]
@ (onj ,t-')(aai a")
(a)
[l:i],Iii] 40. If /e is the identity matrix
(a) 0 (b)
of order 3, then /fl is

iil
3IJ

(c)
ti
,Hil (c) /s
41. Asquarematrix l,:lar)
(d) Does not exist
inwhich anj:O for i* j
and u1: k (constant) for i :7 is called a
(c) Unit matrix
34. Let ,: *" the adjoint orA is
[i, : i] (b) Scalar matrix
2 -5 321 -1 00 (c) Null matrix
(a ,I 0 1 -61 (b) -5-20 (d) Diagonal matrix
o o 2] 1-6 1
to E -71
-1 00 42. The-ut i* l-5 0 11 l i. kno*., u.
(c ,I -5-2 0
1 -6-1
(d) None of these lt -r1 ol
(a) Upper triangular matrix
35. The inverse of a symmetric matrix is (b) Skew symmetric matrix
(a) Symmetric (c) Symmetric matrix
(b) Skew symmetric (d) Diagonal matrix
(c) Diagonal matrix 43. For two invertible matrices A and B of suitable
(d; None of these orders, the value of (,48f1 is

36. If A is a skew symmetric matrix and r is a positive @) @AY\ (D n-tft

integer,then /n is (c) A-tB-t (A UB'YL
(a) A symmetric matrix
(b) Skew-symmetricmatrix
44' For any 2x2 matrix A' if A(adi 1):[;[tO 10.|
0I

then l'4 | is equal to

(c) Diagonal matrix (a)0 (b) l0
(d) None of these
@) 20 (d) loo
37. Which one of the following statements is true 45. If X is a square matrix of order 3 x 3 and ,1 is a
scalar' then adj ( 2x ) is equal to
(a) Non-singular square matrix does not have a
unique inverse @) ) adjX (6) ,13 adj X
(b) Determinant of a non-singular matrix is zero (c) 212 adj X (d) )a adix
(c) If ,4' :.4, then A is a square matrix Reldtion Between Determinants and Matrices and
solutionof Equotions
(d) If I Al+0, then [Link].j Al=lAl(' 1), where
A:1.ui7,,, 46. It A is a square matrix of order 3, then the true
statement is (where I is unit matrix)
38. If d is the determinant of a square matrix A of order (a) det (-,4) : _ det A
r, then the determinant of its adjoint is (b) det ,4:0
(a) d" (b) d"-' (c) det (A+I)= 1* det ,4
(r) d"*' @d (fl det 2A:2 det A
 Matrices 74.79
25 51. If A and B are square matrices of order 3 such that
47 If A: 37 a^d B=[l 11,'r"" then l1 I =- 1,lB I : 3, then 13,48 | =

(a) lABl: AIIBI (a) -e (D) - 81

(b) l,4Bl: AI (c) -27 (d) 8l
(c) lABl:lBl Itz 3l
@ lml:-lAllBl sZ. If , : l, n I I, then the value of ladj Al is
4-2 (a) 36U 8 27lr @) 72
48 rf 0-6 ,then (t,y,z) = (c) 144 (d) None of these

[i i i][il I -L2 lll 53. The number of solution of the following equations
(q (4,-2,-2) 72- rj : l,- rt I 2rz :- 2,h- 2rz: 3 is
@) (-4,2,2)
(a e4,-2,-2 ) (a) Zero (b) One
(c) (4,2,,2)
(c) Two (d) Infinite
1 0 1

49. The solution of the equation -1 1 0 54. The number of solutions of the system of equations
2r * y - z : 7,r - 3y + 2z = 1,r + 4y - 3z : 5 is
is (r,E,z) -- 0 -1 1 l[,]:[i]
(a) 3 (b) 2
1a)(r,r,r) (b) (0, -r,2) (") I (d) 0
k) G1,2,2) @ (-1,0,2) 55. Let the determinant of a 3 x 3 matrix A be 6 then B
50. LetAbe a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order, then is a matrix defined by B : 5-42 . Then det of B is
lAl is equal to (a) 180 (b) 100
(a) 0 (b) | (c) 80 (d) None of these
(c) - I (d) None of these

Types ol Matrices and Algebra of Matrices 200

6. If A= 020 ,then /5:
t. rf M:[1 :l
12 3l
,ro tu?',- - h: 0, then 2 =
002
^M
(o)-2 (b) 2 (a) sA (b) 10A
(c)-4. - @4 (c) t6A (A 32A
2. rf lm and m l n,then (m, n):
7. If I is a unit matrix, then [Link] be
^lT)=[25]
(a) (2,3) (b) (3,4) (a) A unit matrix
(4,3)
(c) (d) None of these (b) A triangular matrix
la 6 -11 lztl Isl (c) A scalar matrix
r. a=ls o z l,rl o rl,c:ltl, tnentrre
(d) None of these
lr -2 I l-12) l2l
5

l": [; ]l
1
expression which is not defined is 8. then X:
(o) A'+28-2A (b) CC', 'f [x 1

(c) B'C
ou, b'.
(d) AB
,,I-3 -1 ,l
14
4
(b)
[-i. ;f]
4. tf A=l I ura An : o, then the minimum
l-a'-ab)
value of n is u,I t43 fil @
1,1 ,1]
(a) 2 (b) 3 9. Which of the following is incorrect
(c) 4 (d) s (a) A'-82=(A+B)(A-B)
5. If AB: C , then matrices A, B, C can be
(D (ArY :,q
(q) Azrt,Bt*z,Cz*z (b) At"z,Bz,yCz"z
(c) GBY : A" El', whereA, B commute
(c) Az,z,,Bz,s,Cs*s (d) At"z,Bz"4C*s
(d) (/-I)(I+A): O e A2: I
74.20 Mathemotics
10
ro. rrr:[-tr 3] and B: ,' .!], ,0.,
[
18. If A-t B: 11
lrro, -2Et:[; -tr] ,thenA:
(a) A2:A (b) 82: B
(c) AB + Bt (d) AB: BA
(a)
lll 'l?"i"!'")
11. rf ,: Ll3 tl3 (d) None of these
then the value of ,4ao is c)
[j, ;] 213 tl3

(a)
01 (b)
101 19. If I is a unit matrix of order 10, then the determinant
1 0 0 1l ofI is equal to
(a) l0 (6) 1
a -1
1 1 1
(c) (,
0 0 0-1 (c) l/10 (O 9
0 0-1
[|l -
If A=U2ll,B: 20. Let A= 0-1 0
":[l i],**
12. which , the only correct statement
-1 0 0
of the following is defined about the matrix A is
(a) AC (b) BA (a) A2=I
(c) GB).c (A GC).B (b) A: (- 1)/, where I is a unit matrix
13. If the matrixAB: O , then
(c) A-' does not exist
(o) A:OorB:O
(d1 A is a zero matrix
(b) A: O and B: O
(c) It is not necessary that either or A: O or B : O Speciol Types ol Mofiices, Transpose, Adjoint ond
lnverse of Matrices
(oA+o,B+o
21. The element of second row and third column in the
14. If u:t$l_ 2j) and A:fouh*r, thenAisequal
Ir 2tl
to
inrerseof I 2 r olis
rl2 21
(a)
-rlz rl *,l''r' -',,'') [-r o r]
22 (a) -2 (b)
- I
(c)
1.12 -Ll2
(d) None of these (") I (42
3a coSt
ls. rf,4=[3 then the values of 22. tr.R( r ) = [ ""11, ,n., ,R(s)fi(,
[-sln, cosr]
) =
-',.] ^dtA:l:b 24
,

k, a, b are respectively (a) fi(s)+.8(l) (D) fi(sf)

(a)-6,-12,-18 (b) - 6,4,9 (c) fi(s + l) (d) None of these
(c) -6,
-4,-9 (a - 6,12,18 23. IfA and B be symmetric matrices of the same order,
l2+r
tt J 4 l then AB- BA will be a
16. lf
l1 -l 2 |
is a singular matrix. then x is (a) Symmetric matrix
lr 1 -51 (b) Skew symmetric matrix
(c) Null matrix
(a
13
E @-# (d) None of these
25
(") + @ ]t 24. If A is a symmetric matrix, then matrix M'AM is
(a) Symmetric (b) Skew-symmetric
110
17. For the matrix,4 : L27 which of the following
(c) Hermitian (d) Skew-Hermitian
2t0 25. An orthogonal matrix is
is correct
(a)
cosa 2sino (b)
cosd srna
(a) As + zA2 - I : o (b) At -3A2 - I : o -2sino cosa -sina cosa
(c) A3 + 2A2 - I : o (d) A' - A2 + I : o COSd SINd 1 1l
(")
sina cosd @ __t
I II
 Matrices 74.27

26. lf a matrix A is such that 3,43 +2A2 +5A* I:0, 34. If A2 _ A*I: 0, then ,4-1 :
then its inverse is (o) A-' (b) A+I
(a) -(3A' + 2A+ 51) (b) 3A2 + 2A+ 5I (c) I-A (A A-I
(c) 3A2 - U- il (d) None of these
1. -3 -4
lo -4 1l 35. The matrix ,4 : -1 3 4 is nilpotent of index
2t. Matrixl 4 o -sl is 1 -3-4
[-r b
o] (") 2 (b) 3

(a) Orthogonal (D) Idempotent k)a (o6

(c) Skew- symmetric (d) Symmetric 32 4
lorol 36. Ifmatrix .4 = t2-L and A-l = f,rai{il, t"o
28. Theinverseof matrix a:lt o Oll, Kis 011
[o o r] (a) 7 (b) -7
(a) A (b) A'
Irool lr o ol (c)
1
7 (an
."'[llll rolrool
[oro] 37. If A=
COSr
_SINT
SINU
,then A.(adj(/)):
COSU
29. lf Ais a singular matrix, then adj A is
10 0 1l
(a) Singular (b) Non-singular (a)
0 1
(b)
101
(c) Symmetric (A Not defined
(c)
1 1
( a -20
30. If matrix A:
1 -1
, then
0 0 0-2
11 1 -1 1 4 22
1 38. Let .4: 2 1 -J and (10)B: -50a If
(a A
1
_,,
]
1 1 1 1. -23
B is the inverse of matrix A, then a is
(b) A-t:
11 (a)5 (b)-l
-1 1 (c) 2 (d) -2
(c) ,I 1 1
2I 39. IfA is a skew-symmetric matrix of order n, and C is
order nx l, then CrAC is
1 1
a column matrix of
_ )l (a) A Identity matrix of order n
(d) AA *n... z1 is a non zero scalar
^1 -i
| (b) A unit matrix of order one
31. Adj. @B) - (Adi.B)(Adi A) : (c) A zero matrix of order one
(a) AdjA-AdjB (b) I (@ None of these
(c) 0 (d) none ofthese Relation Between Determinants and Motrices dnd
32. For any square matrix A, A,{ is a Solution of Equotions
(a) Unit matrix 40. The equations
(b) Symmetric matrix r* 2y * 3z : l,2r * y -f 3z = 2,5r * 5y * 9z : 4
(c) Skew symmetric matrix have
(d) Diagonal matrix (a) Unique solution (b) Infinitely many solutions
-tildl,,n.n (c) Inconsistent (d) None of these
33. rf A:1"?"2 which of the foltowing
lsln, cosa I 200 123
statements is not correct 41. rf A: 020 and B: 013 ,then lABl is equal
(a) A is orthogonal matrix to
002 002
(b) A' is orthogonal matrix
@)a (b) 8
(c) DeterminantA: 1 (a
(c) l6 32
(d) A is not invertible
74.22 Mathematics
42. Equations o* y:2,2n+2y: X will have
(a) Only one solution (c) @
(b) Many finite solutions t+l Ii]
(c) No solution (d) None of these 45. Let a,b,c be positive real numbers. The following
43. If A be square matrix of order n and if lAl = D and system of equations inx,y andz
:
ladj Al D' , then ,' *a' -z' -,, r' -a' -"' -,
(a) DD', : D (D) DD' : Du-l Ar'b, C2-1,A2 62t
"2-tt
(c) DD' : Dn (d) None of these 12 u2 ,2
-eT+:,+2T=1has
a- D- c-
If tLv]:[i] *'[i] (a) No solution
44.
it: isequa'I'l.
(b) Unique solution

(a)
[i] ,[+]
EXERC'SE -3
(c) Infinitely many solutions
(d) Finitely many solutions

Numerlcol Type 5. Let A:fai)r,, be a matrix such that AAr:41

and aa t 2cq :0, where c,7 is the cofactor of a;7
t. A:[3 l] * (,{8+.46 +A4+A2+0v=[
11
0
and I is the unit matrix of order 3.
(where I is the 2x2 identity mafiix), then the
larr+4 aL2 aB I la11+1 an dn I

product of all elements of matrix V is _. I azt azz*4 ax l+S,i I a", a.. +l a^. l=o ';,
| ,r, a32 orr+ 4l I ,'r, orr' * tl
,- 1* an idempotent matrix and
"lZ, r] and bc then the value of 10zi is
f(r):r-xz =L/4, then the value of 6. If A is a diagonal matrix of order 3 x 3 is
is_.
Uf@) commutative with every square matrix of order 3 x 3
3. If A is an idempotent matrix satisffing, under multiplication and tr(A) : 12, then the value
(I-0.4AYr: I- aA, where I is the unit matrix of of I Al'/' is _.
the same order as that ofA, then the value of l9a I is 7. IfA is a square matrix of order 3 such that lAl= 2,
equal to_. tnenl(aai,r,f'l i. _.
4. Let :['j] B:fa,b,cl, and
A: :
8. Let
[], 'rl " r, - 4As + BA4 - rzA3 + t4Az

(r+2Y 5r2 2r o A+ 8I (o & 0 are integers) .Find, o +B .

C dr2 2r @+2Y be three given

2r @+2Y 5r2 e. If for the matrixA :l;'.), fi l= t2Lthen find the
matrices, where a,b,c and r e R. Give that value of a2.

tr(AB):tr(C)r c-8, where fr(/) denotes trace 10. If matrices A and B satisfu AI! : A, BA: B, A2 :
ofA. If f(r) : ar' + hr + c, then the value of /(1 ) kA, 82 : /B and (A + B)3 : m(A+ B), then find the
is valueoft+l+m.
 Motrices 74.23
3 4-3 17. If X is a non-zero column matrix, such that lX
11. Let A 1
2 B and C,: : where ,1 is a scalar and the matrix I is
1 2 -22
lq^X6 6l
l't' ,'!''rr"] o" given matrices' I r t , l, then sum of distinct values of z1 is
50
[-l -s -2]
lf Ztr.((ABC,)): 3 * a.3'bwhere rr.(A) I,E l0
r=l
denotes trace of matrix A, then find the value of 18. Let ,l:l t -60 and d: det(2Ar + AAr + adj
Io 02
[Where a and bare relatively prime.] A) then ^[i
W. is

lz 0 7l l-r t4r 7r I 19. If A denotes the value of the determinant of the

[Link]:lo olanas:lo 1 o lu."r*o
1 inverse of the matrix
[-+ -sl
2A isequalto
[r -z r] [ , -u -zr] I 0 2
lz z ltt'tn
matrices such that AB : (ABfr then find the value
20. Let A = 2 0 1 , thendet ((A-If-4A) is
I I 2
"r( )

13. LetA: I
cola ti'ol
una matrix B is defined
,, [l ll'[l i I'[l il' [l '?'f'
:[l i],
[-sln4 cosal
such that B : A 4A2+6A3+4A4+A,. If det(B) :1,
+ then absolute value of a + b is

in 22. LetA be a square matrix of order 2 such thatA2 - 4A

then find the number of values of a [-Zr,Zrl.
+ 4I = O where /is an identity matrix of order [Link] B
14. Ir *=lL3) -o rtf -^M-h:0,then zl must : As + 4A4 + 6A3 + 4A2 + A,then det (B) is equal to

I c 3l
be.
23. tf I 3 3l is the adjoint of a 3 x 3 matix Q and,
244)
15. Suppose a matrix A satisfies A2 - 5A* 7/: 0 .If det. (p):4, then c is equal to
A5 : aA+ bd then the value ,f must be.
W 24. If Ais a 3 x 3 matrix with real enties such that det.
(adj A) = 16, then det.(adj(adj l))
It
is equal to
16. If mafrx A: +l and B is a matrix such
25. Let M be a 3 x 3 matrix with real entries. If nIrM:
.E EI
: Ar and KBr :
Ir, where 1, is a 3 x 3 identity matrix, then find the
that BrA 2Ar - ^/i t. lwherelis unit value of [Link][2 - \).
mafiix of order 2 and, K eR*) then the value of ia
is

EXERC'SE -4
Single Option Correct (i) itnisodd, a:L,b:0
1. The number of diagonal matrix A of order n for
whichA3:Ais (ii) if n is odd, a:- t,b:0
(a) | (b) 0 (iii) if r is even, a: 7,b:0
(c) 2 (A 3" (iv) if r is even, a:- l,b: 0

2. rf A: is nthrootof1r, thenchoosethe correct

(a) i , li, iii (b) ii, iii, iv
[; l] (c) i, ii, iii, iv (d) i,iii,iv
statements:
74,24 Mathemotics

3. Theproductofmatrices, : *:r'ril'] 10. If Z is an idempotent matrix, 15q Q+ ZY =

[""!ojrf, , (a) l+2"2 (b) I+(2"-1)Z
cos{sind] (c) I-(2"-l)Z (d) noneofthese
*a a=[ "o:'! , is a null matrix if
lcospsmP sm'P I 11. Let A be an nth order square matrix and B be its
0-d: adjoint, then I AB + KI,l is lwhere K is a scalar
quantity)
(a) 2ntr,neZ (Q nff,neZ
xY-'
(a) (l Al+ (b) (l/ l+ K)"
(c) Qn+ 1)[,n e Z (O nr,n e Z
k) lAl+n*2 (d) noneofthese
4. LetA, B be two matrices such that they commute,
611
then for any positive integer n, 12. lf matrix A is given by A- 24 , then the
(i) AB": ffA(ii) (/Bf :A"ff
(a) only (i) is correct determinant of A2m5 - 6A2m4 is
(b) Bottr (r) and (ii) are correct (o) 2'* (b) (-11)22m5
(c) only (ii) is conect (c) -22N5.7 (d) ?g)z'pon
(d) none of (i) and (ii) is conect 13. IfA and B are two nonsingular matrices of the same
2, when i,: j order such that B' : I, for some positive integer
5. lf A:lani)n,n such that ar7:
0, when i17' r> 1, then tr-rgr-r1-A-rB-rA-
(a) I (b) 2I
tn""
{@PD} i. {*t... {.} represents
(c) o (d) -I
fractional part function)
(a) tt7 (b) 2t7 14. rf a=lo*o?."*(1
+ xd a-
una a2+b2+c2+fl2:1,
l-c ?,01

(c) 317 (d) none of these

then A-1 is equal to
6. If A is a square matrix such that A2 : A, then
(I+Af -TA is a*ib -c-id. (u)
I a+ib -c+ id1
(a)
3I
(a) (b) o -c*i.d, a-ib l-c + td, a- h I

I
(c) (A 2I
(",
a- ib -c- i.d (d) none ofthese
-c-il, a*ib
7. Letr:[3 fi] ""0(r+Dso -50/:[: 3] ,n", 15. If A is order 3 square matrix such that lAl :2, then
thevalueofa+b+c+dis ladj(adj(adj A))l is
(a\ 2 (b) 1 (a)512 (b) 2s6
k) a (d) none of these
@) 6a (d) none of these
8. A is an involutary matrix given bY
lo 1-11 16. For each real r,-71r(1. /(r)
Let be the

:l
I I -Z 4 I. then the inverse of N2will be
matrix (1-rr'[:" ;] and z
_ r+y Then
[, -, 4]
(a) 2A @) + (a) AQ): n@)A(y)

@+ (aA' (b) AQ):t@)-A(E)

(c) AQ):e@)+A(Y)
9. Ifboth ,4 - t t ^a d + | lare orthogonal matrices, (d) AQ):,q@)lA(y)l'
then
1 tanr then
(a) Aisorthogonal t7. rf A: A TA IS

(D) A is skew-symmetric matrix of even order

1 -tanr
-cos?n sin2x cosZr -sin2r
(a) (b)
@) A'z:f;t -sin2r cos2r sin2r cos2x
(d) none ofthese cos2r cos2x1
(.) (d) none ofthese
cos2r sin2rl
 Motrices T4'25
18. If A and B are square matrices, of the same order 25. Which of the following is an orthogonal matrix?
and A is nonsingular, then for a positive integer lalz 2lT 417l
n,(A-tBAY is equal to @) lzlt zll 6lT I

(a) A-PA" (b) A"ErAn lztt -atz 2tT l

A-|B"A (A n(n-Lan) lalt 217 BIT l

@) (r) lzlz -zlz 6lT I

19. Let aandb be two real number

a0
such that a> l, b>1. lstt 6lT -217l
If A= 0b then n-@
lim A-" is -617 -2lt -317
) (c) 217 317 617
(a) unit matrix (b) null matrix
-317 617 217
(c) 2I (d) none ofthese 617 -217 317
1r- _317
20. Let fb) = t= If A is matrix for which A3 : O, @ 2lt 2lt
_617 217 317
then /(,4) is
26. Elements of a matrix A of order l0 x l0 are defined
(a) I+A+A2 (b) I+2A+2A2 zs a4:?ri+i(where w is cube root of unity), then
(c) I - A- A2 (d) none of these trace (A) of the matrix is
(a) 0 (b) I
lcosr -sinr 0l
21. lf F(r) : sinz cosu 0 I and
I
(c) 3 (d; none ofthese
[o o 1] Icosa sina 0l
cosgr 0 sing 27. lf A(o,B) =l-sina cosa 0l, then A(o,pfl in
G(v): 010 then [,F'(u)G(y)l' i' [o o "B]
terms of function of A is
-sinE 0 cos3r
(a) A(o,- B) (D A(-o,- B)
equal to
@) A(-a,$) @ none of these
(a) F?r)G(-y) (D G(-y)Fed
(c) F(r-')G(a-') 61 G(y-l)F(r-') 28. IfAisnonsingularand 6-21)(A-41): O, then
is equal to
22. If A,B,A + I, A + B are idempotent matrices, then uLd+fdt
AB is equal to (a) o (b) I
(a) BA (b) -BA (c) 2I (A 6I
(")I (Ao 29. Matrix A is such that A2:2A-1, where I is the
lr 2 01 [z-rsl identity matrix, then for n) 2,A" is equal to
23. LetA+ 2a =l6 -3 3land u-B=lz -r ol. (a) 2"-1A-(n- 1)/ (b) 2"-1A-I
[-s31] [ot2] (c) nA-@-r)I (A nA-I
Then lr(.A) - fr(B) has the value equal to m. rr [1 {.l t.,obethe squarerootoftwo-rowedunit
LT -d]
(r) o (b) I matrix, then o,B, and 7 should satisS the relation
(c) 2 (d) none
1231
(a) l-o2+BY:g (b) o'+BY-7=0
24. Let A: 2 0 5l and B: Which of the
(c) 1+o'+87:g @) l-o'-BT:O
Multiple Options Correct
o 2 1l t+l 31. If A is unimodular, then which of the following is
following is true?
unimodular?
(a) AX = B has a unique solution
(o) -A
(D) AX: B has exactly three solution (b) A-'
(c) AX: B has infinitely many solution (c) adjA
(d) AX: B is inconsistent (A ctA, where at is cube root of unity
aa ,r-LL---!^-
^?

32' tf o:l; -t-

f r rt
and ('4 + aY : A' + 82
}': [, -^l ] which of the following is/are true?
+2AB,then @) DD is a diagonal matrix
(a) a:- 1 (b) a= t
(b) DD:DD
(c) b:2 (d) b=-2
@) D? + D? isadiagonal matrix
33. IfAB :Aand BA: B, then which ofthe foll0wing
(d) none of these
is/are true?
(a) A is idempotent (b) B is idempotent
4l' A skew-symmetric matrix A satisfies the relation
A2 + I: o where I is a unit matrix thenA is
(c) Nis idempotent (d) none of these '
| -,- g icos1l (a) idempotent (6) orthogonal
34. If AG\=Iy,cosl.t'"'^ ':ot:|. then wh
which of the
sird l' (c) of evenorder (d; oddorder
following is not true? 42. IfAB : A and BA: B, then
(a) A@)-t : tr1tr - 0) @) A2B: A2 (b) B2A: 82
(b) A@)+A(r +d) isanullmatrix (c) ABA:A (d) BAB:B
(c) A(0) is invertible for all 0 e R It Z Zl
(A A@ft:A(-|) 43. Let ,q:lz t 21. rrren

35. If A is a matrix such that A2+A+21=o, then lz z tl

which of the following is/are true? @) A' - 4A- lle: O
(a) Ais non singular A-'=f,tn- Ur)
@)
(b) A is symmetric
(c) A cannot be skew-symmetric @) A' is not invertible
. - 1 (d) A2 isinvertible
(A A-' =-;(A+, I\,. 44' which of the following statements is/are true about
36. If B is an idempotent matrix, and A: I - B, then
square matrix A of order
(b) A2 : I
n?
(a) A2 = A
(c) AB : o (d) BA: o @) ( AY. is equal to -,4-1 when r is odd only

37. lf A = (ui),,^ and f is a function, we define (b) If A" : O, then

0 \
f(A): A(u))",".ret A- lrlz-0 \ -' r 12- 0 l'
l+A+A2+...+A"-t:(I-Al1
Then (c) IfA is skew-symmetric matrix of odd order, then
(a) sin A is invertible (b) sin A: cos A its inverse does not exist.
(c) sinAis orthogonal @) (Arr' : (A-tf holds always.
(d) sin(zA): 2 sinA cos A 0001
38. If Ais an invertible matrix, then (onjAfl is equal
to
45. If ,, =
0010
0100 1,,: l ;,
[l1000 I
[-eo o
I i] ,,",
@) onj.(A-') @) #a
ol
/6,$7,* ArAr is equal to
(c) A (d) (det. A)A
(a)2Iif i:k (b) oif i+k
39. rf s: ll I ll ,". (c) 2I if i+k (d) Oalways
[rro] 46. lf C is skew-symmetric matrix of order r and X is
lb+c c+a b-cl n X 1 column matrix, then Xr CX is
,q:lr-b c'rU a-Ul(a,b,c { 0), then ,S,4,S-1 is
(a) singular (b) non-singular
lu-" o-c a+bl
(a) symmetric matrix (b) diagonal matrix (c) invertible (A non-invertible
(c) invertible matrix (d) singular matrix
 Motrices 74,27
47. Suppose ap a2;...real numbers, witha, S [Link] a,a, 1
aT...
- are in A.P. then
la, az atl
A5ou1: 25 =[i]''-'' =[i]
(a) A = lon o, ao I is singular
25 ]''"''
Then answer the following questions
lo, o, on)
(b) the system of equations arx * ay + arz : O,aix 53. The value of of l.4to I equals
+ ay + auz : 0, ap + ag * u{ :0 has infinite (q) 0 (b) 1
number of solutions (c) -1 (d) 2s
a, I iarl
";lis
(c) B:
l;; non singular where
'
i: 11 54. Trace oflso equals

(d) none ofthese (a)0 (b) 1

48. Which of the following is/are true : (c)2 (A3

(a) If A and B are two singular matrix then their 55. The value of lul equals
productAB is null matrix.
(a) 0 (b) 1
(b) If AB is null matrix, where A & B are non-zero
matrices then A and B are singular matrices.
(c) 2 (A -L
(c) A is a non-singular square matrix of order n x n
Possoge - 3 (Question 56 - 58)

and t is a scalar, then ladj ltAl= 1t"'-"1A1"-r . LetAbe a square matrix of order 2 or 3 and I be the identity
@) | adi
(adiA) |
: 1 4 1"'
-r
matrix of the same order. Then the matrix A - is callled
49. The singularity of matrix
characteristic matrix of the matrix A, where^Izl is some
[taa'
fcos(p- d)x cospr cos(p+ d)x depends upon complex number. The determinant of the characteristic
lsin(p d)x snpx sin(p+ d,)x
- matrix is called characteristic determinant of the matrix A
which of the following parameter
which will of course be a polynomial of degree 3 in zl .The
(a)a (b) p
equation det (,4 - :0 is called characteristic equation
(c)x (Od of the matrix A and^I)its roots (the value of 2 ) are called
Comprehension Type characteristic roots or eigenvalues. It is also known that
Passage - 7 (Question 50 - 52 every square matrix has its characteristic equation.
UlO"a
LetA =l'
Lc a)
marrix of order 2 x 2 such thatA2: O. 271
56. The eigenvalues of the matrix .4: 234
50. A2 -(a+ d)A+(ad-bc)I is equal to are -1 -1 -2
(a) I (b) o
(c) -I (d) none ofthese
(a) 2,1,1 (b) 2,3,-2
(c) -1,1,3 (d; noneofthese
51. tr(A) is equal to
(a) | (b) 0 57. Which of the following matrices do not have
eigenvalues as I and -1?
(c)
-1 (d) noneofthese
52. (I+Alw:
(a) t00A (b) 100(1+.4)
(a)
Il;] (b )
[? ;'] (wherei : ^[1)
(c) 1001+4 (A I+10DA (c) @
Passoge - 2 (Question 53 - 55) [ -"] tl?l
l.r o ol 58. If one of the eigenvalues of a square mafrix A of
Let A=lr o r I satisfies 1n-1n-2+A2-I for z>3 order 3x3 iszero,then
[oro] (a) detAmust be nonzero
And trace of a square matrix X is equal to the sum of (6) detAmustbe zero
elements in its principal diagonal.
Further consider a matrix U with its column as
(c) adj Amust be azero matrix
Ut,Uz,Us suchthat (d) none of these
74.28 Mathematics
Passage - 4 (Question 59 - 61) 63. Column I Column II
(a) If A is an idempotent matrix (p) 9
Consider two matrices A =

I b-a -l
B: al2
ti i)
and

where a, b e domain of the function

and I is an identity matrix
of the same order, then
the value of n, such that
(A+IY:I*L27Ais
flx): '-,o*rltr,n-'(+)1
( b) If (q) l0
[Note: Tr.(P) denotes of the trace of square matrix P and 'Q
- AYt : I i A + A2 + ...* A' ,

adj. (P) denotes the adjoint matrix of square matrix P.l then .An : O, where n is
(c) IfA is matrix such that (r) 7
59. If a, b e ,I (set of all integers) then the number
: (i j)(i - j),
a.j + then A is
ordered pairs (4, b), is
singular if order of matrix is
(c) 8l (b) 64
@ If a non singular matrix A (s) 8
(c) 100 (A e0
is symmetric, .4-1 is also
60. If Tr. (BA) is maximum then the value of det. (BA) symmetric, then order ofA
is equal to
can be
(a) 630 (b) 714
(c) 603 (d) 741
61. If Tr. (AB) is minimum then the value of det. (adj' 64. Column I Column II
(BA)) is equal to (,a ) tf ll (p) I
l = 2, then l2A-11=
(a) te6 (b) s6
(where A is of order 3)
(c) 28 (A A
(b) If (q) 4
l.q I = 1/8, then
Matching Column Type
ladj(adj(21))1
: (where A
62. Column I Column II is of order 3)
(ar) (I-AY (p) 2n_r (I _
is ifAis (c ) lf : A2 + 82 and
(A+ BY (r) un-
idempotent A)
: :
lAl 2, then lBl (where A
defined
(b) (I-AY is ifAis (q) I -nA
and B are ofodd order)
involutary
@ lAz"zl:2,lEh,zl: 3 and (s) 0
(c) (I - AY is if A is nilpotent (r) A
of index 2 lCual:4, then lABClis

I_A equal to
(d) IfA is orthogonal, then (s)
Qq,Y,

Archives: Leost Attempted Question (LAQs) UEE MAIN)

Numerical Type
1. Let M be any 3 x 3 matrix with entries from the set 2. The number of all3 x 3 matricesA, with entries from
{0, t,Z}. The maximum number of such matrices, the set {-1, 0, l} such that the sum of the diagonal
for which the sum of diagonal elements of the matrix elements of AAr is 3, is
tvf U is seven, is ........... [2020]

l202tl
 Matrices 74.29
Single Options Correct
_TT
^/i 1
tr rl
3. Let A and B be 3 x 3 real matrices such that I 8. If P: A_ uno Q : PAP' , then
is a symmetric matrix and B is a skew-symmetric -t22 ,/i Lo ,l
matrix. Then the system . of linear equations PT g20ts P 1S l20t6l
(A2 82 - 82 A27X: O, where X is a 3 x I column
0 201 2015 1
matrix of unknown variables and O is a 3 x I null
(a )
00 '] ( b)
0 2015
matrix, has: l202ll 2015 0 1 20151
(a) no solution
(c)
1 2015
( a 011
(b) exactly two solutions 5a b
(c) infinitely many solutions 9. If A= andAadj A=AAr, then 5a + 6 is
3 2
(d) a unique solution equal to [20161
(a) -I (b) 5
4. rrthematrices r:[i ,B:adjAandc: (c) 4 (A
i, 1]
t3

adjB 10. If , = ,n", the determinant of the matrix

I
[-r^ ,'],
' then _
I

34, 120201
lcl (lzoto - 2A2ot5 - A2ot4) isi t2ol6l
(a) 72 (b) 8 (a) 2014 (b) -r75
(c) l6 (42 (c) 2016 (d) -25
5. rf A:l cosdd -sindd , then the matrix l-so when
sin cos
11. LetAbe a 3 x 3 matrix such that A2 - 1A-t 7I: O.
o= is equal to
Statement r: A-t :lW- al
rzL [201e1
Statement II: The polynomial A3-2A2-3A+I
l,E l I _E_ can be reduced to 5G- 4I).
,, zt;
ITE
lz -T
b
_T
!J 1
z
2
Then:
(a) Statement I is true, but statement II is false
12016l

I'E -hI I _T
(b) Statement I is false, but statement II is true
T ^5
G'l1 @ ,tr I
(c) Both the statements are true.

l)) --T z (d) Both the statements are false.

6. If
It z 2l
12. If ,q =lZ 1 -21is a matrix satisffing the equation
l"' e-tcos, e-rsin, I l"z bl
A :let -e-tcos/- e-'sin t -e-t sint* e-tcosrl
AAr :91 , where I is 3 x 3 identity matrix, then the
l"' 2e-t sint -2e
t
cos t l ordered pair (a,b) is equal [2015] to:
then I is l20l9l (2,-1)
(a) @) (-2,1)
(a) invertible only if t: n (2,1)
(c) (O e2,-r)
(b) invertible only if t: nl2
13. Ir ,=[l
(c) not invertible for any / e R ?], ,r* which one or the following
(d) invertible for all r e R correct?
statements is not [20151

7. If the system of linear equations x + lE + 3z:0 3x +

(a) An-I=A2+I (b) A'-I=A(A-I)
lry - 2, : 0 2x + 4y : (") A' + I : A(A2 - I)@ A3 + I : A(A3 - I)
- 3z 0 has a non-zero solution
: 14. If A is a 3 x 3 matrix such that lS. aai,l l: 5, then
(x, y, z),then $v is equal to t201Sl
lAl is equal to: [20151
(a) 30 (b) - l0
(c) l0
(o) tt 1

@) 15
(d) -30
(c) t1 @ t*
74.30 Mathemotics
15. If A is an 3 x 3 non-singular makix such that 312 321
,4At: AtA and B: A-LA', then BE equals: (a) 302 (b) 320 l20t4l
120141 101 110
(a\ E' (b) (a-')'
013 L23
(c) I+B (A I (c) 0 2 3 011 w
@
16. If B is a 3 x 3 matrix such that 82 = O, then det. 1 1 1 023
[(f+aP-508] isequalto: l20l4l o3
(a) | (b) 2 18. If P= 33 is the adjoint of a 3 x 3 matrix A
(c) 3 (A s0 44
1231 [OO and lAl :4, then a is equal to [2013]
17. LetAbea3 x 3matrixsuchthat ,I (a\4 (D) ll
Then A-1 is: s?il=[t? tl (c)5 (40

Archives: Leost Attempted Question (LAQs) (tEE Adv)

Single Option Cored 4. For any 3 x 3 matrix M, let lMl denote the determinant

r. Let ,:lri';$, -'.;.#"] :ar+BM-,, of M. Let I be the 3 x 3 identiff maftix. Let E and F
be two 3 x 3 - En is invertible.
mafices such that (I
where a = a(0) and P = B@) are real numbers, If G: (I-En-', then which of the following
and .f is the 2x 2 identity matrix. a is the If * statements is (are) TRUE ?
minimum of the set {a(0):0 elo,ar)} and B* (a) lFEl:1t- FEIIFGEI l202tl
is the minimum ofthe set {B@1,0 el},zr)} ,then (b) (I - FE)(I + FGr:1: 1
thevalue of a* *B* is [20191 (c) EFG: GEF
rd-# -i*
(D) (o (I - FqQ - rcq: 1
rq-# @-# 5. Let Mbe a 3 x 3 invertible matrix with real entries
and let ldenote the 3 x 3 identity [Link] luft : adj
2. How many 3 x 3 matrices M with entries from
(adj luj,then which ofthe following statement is/are
{0,1,2\ are there, for which the sum of the diagonal
entries of l,lr M is 5? l20l7l ALV/AYS TRUE ? 120201
(a) 13s (b) 1e8 (a) M: I
(c) 162 (O 126 (b) detM: I
M u lti p I e O pti o n s Co rre ct
(c)W =I
3. Forany 3 x 3 matrix M,let lMldenote the determinant
of M. Let
(d) (adj M)2: I
tl 231 tl 001 tl 3 21 lotal -l I -l
n=lz r + Lr:lo o rlana r:ls 18 13l 6. Let ru:h z ll andadj M: 8-62
[srrral [oroi [44 3l [r a rl -5 3 -l
If Q is a nonsingular x 3, then
matrix of order 3 where c and b are real numbers. Which of the
which of the follwoing statements is(are) TRUE ? following options is/are correct?
l-l 0 0l (a) (adj M)-t + adj t4-r :-M I2019I
(a) F: PEP and r' :
lo r o I1zoztl
[o o ,j ,"4ir=[il then o- B+T:3
(b) IEQ+ PFQ4 l:lsQl+IPFQ-t I

(c) det(adj l,I\:81

(c) l(EF)'l>lEFl'
(d) a+ b:3
(d) Sum of the diagonal entrirs of P-|EP+F is
equal to the sum of diagonal entries of E + P-1 FP
 Motrices T4'37
[f f ll lz x x] k) -x+2y-52=bv2x-4y+l0z:brandx-2v
7. LetxelR andlet p:10 z zl,e=lo + 0land +52:bt
[, , ol
[o o l] (A x+2v+52:br,?sc+32:brandx+4v-52:
R: PQP-|. Then which of the following options b3

is/are correct? 10. Which of the following is(are) NOT the square of a
[201e1
3 x 3 matrix with real entries?

(a) For x : 0, if .R : ,[;] ,thena + b:5 10 0 1001

[;] (a) 01 0 (b) 0 1 0l l20t7l
(b) Forx: l,thereexistsaunitvector oi + gi +yi 00 1 o o 1l
-1 00 10 0
rorwhich (") 0 -1 0 (d) 0-1 0
t; I [o]
^[;l=[3] 0 0-1 00-1
lzxxl 3-r-2
(c) detR:det *8,roran xeR 11. Let P - 20 a , where a e lR. Suppose
[: I l] :
3-5 0
(d) There exists areal numberr suchthat PQ QP Q:lqoi) is a matrix such that PQ:bI, where
lrool [ro ,t e lR,k I 0 and I is the identity matrix of order 3.
8. Let R:r:lo r ol.a=lo o
to o rl [o , it ":[ili] If qrr:-L and det(Q) :$, ra"n
(a) a:0,k:8 (b) Aa-lc*8:0
p0l6l
0l0l to 0 ll 01
Pt- o o tl,4= o ol,4 = l0 (c) det(P rnj@))=zn (A det(Q [Link]@)):2t0
l ool I
r0l ti 00 12. Let X and Y be two arbitrary 3 x 3, non-zero,
3 skew-symmetric matrices and Z be an arbitrary
X:IB,
and
k=l
li, 2
I
where Por denotes the transpose of the matrix Po.
[201e1 3 X 3, non-zero, symmetric matrix. Then which of
the following matrices is (are) skew symmetric?
(a) Yszn - z4Y3 [2015]
Then which of the following options is/are correct? (b) x44 +Y44
(a) X- 301 is an invertible matrix (c) X4zz - Z3X4
(b) Xis a symmetric matrix 1dy x23 +Y3
(c) The sum of diagonal entries ofXis 18 13. Let M and N be two 3 x 3 matrices such that MN:
NM. Furtheq if M +,AP and lvf : Nn, then [2014]
(d) tr xli]:"[i],.n., a:30', (a) determinantof (lyf +M f ) is 0
(b) there is a 3 X 3 non-zero matrix U such that
' [b,l (ttf + tutM)U is the zero matrix
9. LetSbe the set ofall column matrices lDz I suchthat
bt, b2, b, e R and the system of .qrktJn (in real (c) determinantof (Itt+MN)> L
variables) (d) for a 3 x 3 matrix U, if (Ivf + MN)U equals
-x+2y+52:b, the zero matrix then U is the zero matrix
2x-4Y+32:b,
14. Let M be a 2 x 2 symmetric matrix with integer
x-2Y+22:b,
entries. Then M is invertible if l20l4l
has at least one solution. Then, which of the
(a) the first column of M is the transpose of the
following system(s) (in real variables) has (have) at
second row ofM
least one solution for each [8;l , t20181 (b) the second column of M is the kanspose of the
[hJ =
first column of M
(a) x + 2y + 3z : br, 4! + 5z : brand x + 2y + 6z :
b^J
(") M is a diagonal matrix with nonzero entries in
(b) x + y + 3z : br, 5x + 2y + 6z : brand, -2x - y - 3z the main diagonal
:bt (d) the product of entries in the main diagonal of M
is not the square ofan integer.
74.32 Mathematics
15. For 3 x 3 matrices M and N, which of the following 18. LetMbea 3x3 matrixsatisfuing
statement(s) is (are) NOT correct? [20131
(a) Nr M N is symmetric or skew symmetric, ,[i] : : *,[il :
according as M is symmetric of skew symmetric. t?l-t+l [j,] [l]
(b) MN - NM is skew symmetric for all symmetric Then the sum of the diagonal entries of M is [201U
matrices M and N
19. Let K be a positive real number and
(c) MN is symmetric for all symmetric matrices M
lztr-t z,[E z,lEl 0 2k-t
1-2k 0 q)
t
I zrfr_ t -2kl ana r
and N
A =
(A @dj M)(adj N): adj(MN ) for all invertible l-zr/tc 2k -1 I
|
t -,[E -2,/E
matrices M and N If det (adj A) + det (adj B): 106, then [fr] is equal to.
Numerical Type
[Note: adj M denotes the adjoint of a square matrix
16. The trace of a square matrix is defined to be the sum M and [fr] denotes the largest integer less than or
of its diagonal entries. Ifl is a 2 x 2matix such that equal to frl [20101
the trace of I is 3 and the trace of 13 is -18, then the
I _
value of the determinant of is 120201
17. For a real number o, if the system
lt ao'l[r] ttl
l:,: r]lrl=h'l
of linear equations, has infinitely many solutions,
then 1 *atd2: l20l7l
 Matrices 74.33
Answer Key
Exercise 1

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) a. @) 5. (o) 6.(A 7. (b) 8. (c) e. (b) 10. (c)
11. (D) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (b) ls.(d) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (b) D.(A 20. (b)
2r. (b) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (a) 2s. (d) 26. (a\ 27. (b) 28. (a) 2e. (b) 30. (b)
31. (6) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (A 3s. (a) 36.(A 37. (c) 38. (b) 3e. (b) 40. (c)
41. (b) 42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (b) 45. (c) 46. @) 47. (a) 48. (a) 4e.(a 50. (a)
sr. (6) 52. (c) 53. (a) s4. (a 5s. (a)
Exercise 2
r. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) a. @) s. (a 6. (c) 7. (c) 8.(o) 9. (a) 10. (c)

11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (c) re. (b) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (a) 2s. (b) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (c) 32. (b) $.(a 34. @) 3s. (a) 36.(A 37. (a) 38. (a) 39. (c) 40. (a)
aL @) a2. @) 43. (c) 44.(d) 4s. (b)
Exercise 3
1. (0) , (4) 3.(e) 4. (7) s. (4)
6. (8) 7. (4) 8.(1) 9. (e) 10. (6)
11. (4) 12. (3) 13. (4) 14. (4) ts. (2)
16. (4) 17. (3) 18. (8) 19. (l) 20. (8)
21. (s0s0) 22. (26244) 23. (ll) 24. (2s6) 2s. (0)
Exercise 4
r. (d) 2.(a 3. (c) 4. (b) s.(o) 6.(c) 7. (a) 8.(a) e. (b) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (c) M. (a) ls. (b) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (c) te. (b) 20. (b)
21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (a) 26. (O 27. (D) 28. (b) 2e. (c) 30. (b)
31. (b, c) 32. (a, d) 33. (a, b, c) 34. (a, b, c) 35. (a,c,d)
36. (a,c,d) 37. (a, c) 38. (a, c) 39. (a, b, c) 40. (a, b, c)
41. (b, c) 42. (a,b,c,d) 43. (a,b,d) 44. (b, c, A 45. (a,b)
46. (a,d) 47. (a, b, c) 48. (c) 49. (a, c, A s0. (b)
sl. (b) 52. @ s3. (b) 54. @ ss. (b)
s6. (c) 57. (d) s8. (D) 59. (") 60. (b)
n.(a 62. a ---+ (s); b
- (p); c
- (q); d ---+ (r)
63.a+(r);b---+ (s); c--+ (p,r);d---+(p,Q,r,s) 64. a---+(q);b---r(p);c-- (s); d- (r)
Archives: Leost Attempted Question (I/.Qs) UEE MAIN)
1. (540) 2. (672) 3. (c) (b) s. (c) 4. 6.(A 7. (c) 8.(d) e. (b) 10.(d)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (a) ls. (d) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (b)
Archives : Least Attempted Question (LAQs) (tEE Adv)
L (A 2. (b) 3. (a, b, d) 4. (a, b, c) 5. (b, c, d)
6. d)
(a, b, 7. (a, c) 8. (b, c, d) e. @,4 10. (a, c)
rt. (b, c) 12. (c,d) 13. (a, b) 14. (c, d) 15. (c, d)
16. (s) 17. (l) 18. (e) te. (4)
 U chopr.o

15

Vectors
7. INTRODUCTION Sense: The sense of IB is from A to B and that of
Vectors represent one of the most important mathematical B-A is from B to A. Thus, the sense of a directed line
systems, which is used to handle certain types of problems segment is from its initial point to the terminal point.
in Geometry, Mechanics and other branches of Applied 3. TYPES OF VECTORS
Mathematics, Physics and Engineering.
(1) Zero or null vector: A vector whose magnitude is
Scalar and vector quantities: Physical quantities are zero is called zero or null vector and it is represented
divided into two categories - scalar quantities and vector by [Link] initial and terminal points of the directed
quantities. Those quantities which have only magnitude line segment representing zero vector are coincident
and which are not related to any fixed direction in space and its direction is arbitrary.
are called scalar quantities, or briefly scalars. Examples of
scalars are mass, volume, density, work, temperature etc.
(2) Unit vector : A vector whose modulus is unity, is
called a unit vector. The unit vector in the direction
A scalar quantity is represented by a real number along of a vector a is denoted by 6 , read as "a cap". Thus,
with a suitable unit.

of quantities are those which have both

Second kind
fil: t'
ct Vector a
magnitude and direction. Such quantities are called u- * - Magnitude of a
lal
vectors. Displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum,
weight, force etc. are examples of vector quantities. o Unit vectors parallel to x-axis, y-axis and z-axis
are denoted by i,7 and t respectively.
2. REPRESENTATION OF VECTORS (3) Like and unlike vectors: Vectors are said to be like
Geometrically a vector is represented by a directional when they have the same sense of direction and
line segment. For example, i: AB . Here A is called the unlike when they have opposite directions.
initial point and B, the terminal point or tip. (4) Collinear or parallel vectors : Vectors having the
Magnitude or modulus of is expressed as same or parallel supports are called collinear vectors.
(s) Co-initial vectors: Vectors having the same initial
The magnitude of a vector is always a non-negative
point are called co-initial vectors.
real number.
(6) Co-planar vectors : A system of vectors is said to
B
be coplanar, if their supports are parallel to the same
plane.
a
. Two vectors having the same initial point are
A always coplanar but such three or more vectors
may or may ot be coplanar.
Every vector ffi' has the following three
characteristics: (7) Coterminous vectors : Vectors having the same
terminal point are called coterminous vectors.
Length: The length of ffi will be denoted bV lffi I

orAB. (8) Negative of a vector: The vector which has the same
magnitude as the vector a but opposite direction,
Support: The line ofunlimited length ofwhichAB is a is called the negative of i and is denoted by -i .
segment is called the support of the vector ffi. Thus, if PQ = 7, then QP :-; .
75.2 Mathemotics
(9) Reciprocal of a vector : A vector having the same The scalars x, !, Z are called the components or
direction as that of a given vector i but magnitude resolved parts of 7 in the directions ofx-axis,y-axis
equal to the reciprocal of the given vector is known and z-axis respectively and ordered triplet (x, y, z) is
as the reciprocal of 7 and is denoted by ar. Thus,
known as coordinates of P whose position vector is
if lil: o,lai-l:+ r
o Aunit vector is selfreciprocal.
(10) Localized andfree vectors: A vector which is drawn Also the magnitude or modulus of
parallel to a given vector through a specified point
r r + +
in space is called alocalized vector. For example, a
force acting on a rigid body is a localized vector as 7
Direction cosines of arethe cosines of angles that
its effect depends on the line of action of the force.
Ifthe value ofa vector depends only on its length the vector 7 makes with the positive direction of
and direction and is independent of its position in the
space, it is called a free vector. x, y and z-axes. coscx,: u !:-ft:-tr-
' Gli'i' Fl'
(ll) Position vectors: The vector OA which represents
the position of the point A with respect to a fixed cosp: :4 and
point O (called origin) is called position vector of \/ x- +Y- + z- lrl
the point A. If (x, y, z) are co-ordinates of the point cos Y n
z z
A,then OA:xi +yj+zk. t7T
(12) Equalityofvectors:Twovectors 7 and F aresaid
to be equal, if v' zl

(i) l;l:lrl
(ii) They have the same or parallel support and x
(iii) The same sense.
z
4. RECTANGULAR RESOLUTION OF AVECTOR
* :
Clearly, + mz n2 l.
IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONAL 12

SYSTEMS Here cr : ZPOX,$: ZPOY y: ZPOZ and i, j, k

(1) Any vector V can be expressed as a linear are the unit vectors along OX, OY, OZ respectively.
combination of two unit vectors i and j at right
angle i.e., 7= *i + yj lllustratian 7

The vector xi and yj *" called the perpendicular LetV = li + zi -

sfr,i = zi - i + is,i = i + si - zi
component vectors of ttre scalars x and y are
i. and 7=- zi +i-3i.7: Ai+ pfr+vi, then find
called the components or resolved parts of in the i )+ p+v.
directions ofx-axis andy-axis respectively and the
Solution:
ordered pair (x, y) is known as co-ordinates of point
whose position vector is . i ti + 4 - si : ?"(zi -j + ir) + p(i + z1 - zfr)
Also the magnitude of r: ,ll/+V
and if 0 be the +v(-zi +i -tic)
inclination of r with the x-axis, then 0 : tan-t (ylx) : (2)\" + St - zv)i + (-I + 3p + v)j + (I - 21t - 3v)k
Y
vl Equating components of equal vectors
2)u+ 3
1t-2v = ...(i)
j
-1" + 3p t v:2 ...(ii)
)'-2tt- 3y:- 5 ...(iii)
on solving (i), (ii) and (iii)
(2) If the coordinates of P are (x, y, z) then the position
vector of r can be written as i: xi + yi + z*. weget l,:3,1l:l,v:2
The vectors *i , yi and zi are called the right so I+p*v:6
angled components of i .
 Vectors 75.3
5. PROPERTIES OF VECTORS
Find unit vector of f - Zi + li 5.7 Addition oI vectors
Solution: (r) Triangle law of addition : If two vectors are
i:i -4+ltc represented by two consecutive sides of a triangle
if i: o,i + afi + ,,i, then their sum is represented by the third side
of the triangle, but in opposite direction. This is
then li e {A+4+A known as the triangle law of addition of vectors.
.'.lil: rfara;a, Thus, if ffi:;,Be =6
and ad: then7
AB+ B-e : e-e i.e., i +t = i.
^ ; I r 2 ^., 3 i
o:fi:@,-@tt frZ-K

lllustrotion 3 c=
b
Find values of x & y for which the vectors
/=(x*z)i-(x-y)i+i A

I = (x- l)i + (zx+ y)i + 2ft areparallel. (ii) Parallelogram law of addition : If two vectors are
represented by two adjacent sides of a parallelogram,
Seiution:
then their sum is represented by the diagonal ofthe
i andF areparallel'tf #+=ffi:+ parallelogram whose initial point is the same as the
initial point of the given vectors. This is known as
*:- 5r! =- 20
parallelogram law of addition of vectors.

4
Thus, if Of : aO-E:t :7 and Oe

Then OE+ OB = O-e i.e., i+t:i, where oc is

If i and 6 *e non-collinear vectors, then find the
a diagonal of the parallelogram OABC.
value of x for which vectors: d=G-2)i+fi ma
B
E = G + zx)i - 2l arecollinear.
Solution: b

Since the vectors & and $ are collinear.

.'. there exist scalar l, such that d = lF a

(iii)
= (x-2)i +l : X{(3+2x)1\
Addition in componentform :Ifthevectorsare defined

+ (x- 2- X (3+2i); +(1+ 2Dl :o interms of i, j and fr,i.e.,if i:ari+azi+azk

andt: ti + tzi + bzt, thentheir sum is defined as
= x-2- l. (3 +b):0and I +2X:0 i +t: (ar + h)i * (az* bzD + @t + b)k.
x -2 -)"(3 + 2x) : 0 and )t : -+
Properties of vector addition: Vector addition has
= x-2* L O+2x):0 + 4x- l:0 r: |ar..
I
the following properties.
=
(a) Binary operation : The sum of two vectors is
lllustotion always a vector.
IfA = (zi +3j),n = 6i +l j1andC = (i -i) (b) Commutafivity : For any two vectors i and I ,
are collinear, then the value ofp
is :-
t +6:6 +i
ttz
(a) (b) 3t2
(c) Associativily: For any three vectors i , t and
(cl7t2 (O stz 7,t +11 +i):(i +61+7
Solution: (d) Identity : Zero vector is the identity for addition.
ffi : (p - z)i + 6j,Ae, :- i - 4j Foranyvector i,6 : ; : 7+d
+n
NowA, B, C are collinear (e) Additive inverse: For every v ector i its negative
vector- 7 exists suchthat i * (- i I : f- i 1+ i
[Link]* +=+ep=7t2 :-0 i.e., ? n ) is the additive inverse of the vector
Ans. [c] a.
 7E , Ata+A^*^+i--
lJ.t tYtwLrt9rttqLtg)
5.2 Subtroction of vedors
:.4: z0
If a and D are two vectors, then their subtraction a - D Hence, the angular bisector of two unit vectors a and
is defined as a - b : a + (- D) where - D is the negative
of D having magnitude equal to that of D and direction D is along the vector sum a + 6.
opposite to D.
d
B

a+ b R.
-.1
0

P
--t
a+(-b)= 3 - 5 O b s ervatio ns A nd Resul*
B'
O The intemal bisector of the angle between any two
lf a: ati+ azi + atk and b: hi* b2j + hk vectors is along the vector sum ofthe corresponding
Then a - b - (q - br)i + (az- b)i + (at - bt)k. unit vectors.
P rop erties of v ecto r su btractio n O The extemal bisector ofths angle between two vectors
(i) a-b*O-a (ii) k-b)-c*a-(b-c) is along the vector difference of the corresponding
(iii) Since any one side of a triangle is less than unit vectors.
the
sum and greater than the difference of the other two p(a - b) p(i + 6)
sides, so for any two vectors a and b, we have
(a) la+ bl<la l+1, | (b) lu+ bl>lal-lbl bisector bisector
(c) la- blslal+lbl (A la- bl> lal-lbl o
5.3 Multiplicotion ol o vector by o scolar:

If a is a vector and la is a scalar (i.e., a real number) then lf i= i + 4 +38 and i = zi + 4j -5[ represent two
mu is a vector whose magnitude is m times that of a and adjacent sides of a parallelogram, find unit vectors
whose direction is the same as that of a, if n is positive parallel to the diagonals of the parallelogram.
and opposite to that of a, if m is negative. Solution:
.'. Magnitude of mu =lmal= la (magnitude of a) : Let ABCD be a parallelogram such that AE: 7 and
mlal se:6.
Againif a = qi + azj * atk then ma = (ma)i + (maz)i Then, :[e
AB+Be
+(mat)k
Properties of Maltiplicarton of vectors by a scalar : - [d:i+l:zi +ei-ztc
The following are properties of multiplication of vectors tFe t: 9+36't4:7
by scalars, for vectors a, b and scalars m, n
AB+ED: ffi
(i) mGa): (-m)a:-(ma)
(ii) tm)(-u): ma =BD=AD-AB=F-i:i+t-ai
(iii) m(na): (mn)a: n(ma) IBDI: l+4+64 : ^[69
(iv) (m * n)s: ma * na [d :
(v) mb+ b): ma* mb
... unit vector along
ffi ](ri + ai - zE) =

andUnitvectoralong UD : :
5.4 Resultant of two forces
ffi ht, + U - sk)
R:F+Q D
a
c
lR l:4 : P'+ Q'*2Pecos\
b b
where lF l= P,lQ l: Q,tana:7fffi
Deduction : When lp I
: lQ l, i..., P : Q,
A
a
B

.
[ano
Psin0: sinO:
: PTPcosO an 2t
0
I + coso
W
ABCDE is a pentagon. Prove that the resultant of
sw
ABCD is a parallelogram whose diagonals meet at
Vectors 75.5

the forces AB, AT, B-C, D-C, ED and ,ld is r f,d. P. If o is a fixed point, then Of + OB+ O-d+ OD

Solutian: equals :-

Let R be the resultant force (o)OF @)2 @

.'. If : ffi+ ffi+ B-d+ D-d+ ED+ A_C (c)3 O-f (O4 OP
=R
: (A-E + B-d) + (FE + ED + D-C) + Ae Solution:

=R=[C+trd+A_C Since, P bisects both the diagonal AC and BD, so

* R: 3[d. .'. OA+ o-d = 2O-F and oB+ OD : 2OF
Hence proved.
= 0E+ 0B+ Od+ 0D: 4oF Ans.[d]

70
Prove that the line joining the middle points of two
A sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and is
of half its length.
I Solution:
A, B, B Q, R are five points in any plane. If forces Let the middle points of sideAB andAC of a AABC be
D and E respectively.
AF, A0, AR acts on pointAand force PE, 08, ffi
acts on point B then resultant is :-
BE : 2DA and 7id :2fr,
Now in AABC, by triangle law of addition
(a) AE
3 (r) 3 Bf BE+ e-d: ed
(c) 3p0 (4 3PR
zD-A+ 2fr,: ed - DA+ AE: In--c
Solution: l.......-
DE:7BC
From figure Hence, line DE is parallel to third side BC of triangle
and half of it.
AF+ PB = AB

AQ+ QE: AE
c
AR+ ffi: AE B

so (AF+ A-Q+ AR) + (PE+ QB+ ffi) : 3AB

6, POSITION VECTOR
If a point O is fixed as the origin in space (or plane) and
so required resultant: 3IB. P is any point, then O-F is called the position vector of P

Ans. [a] with respect to O.

A P P

Origin
o

B R
If we say that P is the point r , then we mean that the
position vector of P is r with respect to some origin O.
75.6 Mothematics
(1) VE in turms of the position vectors of points A 17

and B : If a and D are position vectors of points A and B If L, M be the middle

ABCD is a parallelogram.
respectively. Then, OE : a,6B = b
In LOAB, we have O[+AB:08
Af, and ,tM in terms
point of BC and CD, express

=ffi=OE-di.:b-a of AB and lff. Alsoshowthat Af,+AM= |le.

= ffi = (Position vector of Bf{Position vector ofA) Solution:
- [E : (Position vector of head) - (Position vector Let the position vectors ofpoints B and D be respectively
of tail)
B
6 and I refenedto A as origin of reference.
:AD+Dd:AD+AB I'.'ilC=AEl
rhen Ae
b
-Ee, =7+6 '.' AB: f,ffi =7
i.e. position vector of C referred to A is 7+ F
o
.'. Af : p.v. of L, the mid point of Be.
(2) Posifion vector of a dividing point :i r [[Link]+[Link]]:7$+d+b) = AB =]AD
I l-

(i) Internal division : Let A and B be trvo points with l l-

Similarly - d+ b) = AD+iAB
AM: 7U+
position vectors a and b respectively, and let C be a point
l* l*
dividingAB internally in the ratio m : n. .'.AL+Al\4: b+id+d+ib
Then the position vector of C is given by
: *i * |a: |tt *a t: |xe
Ol,:## B
.

n
a@ L
c
b c

o A
a

(ii\ Exernal division: Let A and B be two points with n@

G)
position vectors a and b respectively and let C be a point
dividing AB externally in the ratio z : n.
Then the position vector of C is given by lllustration 72

oe=# If ABCD is a parallelogram and E is the mid point of

AB. Show by vector method that DE trisect AC and
B
is trisected by AC.
c

Sa!ution:
o A
a
LetAE:i and AD:l
,d t4ost Valuoble Points Then Bd-AD-i and ffi:ffi1ffi:i+6

Also let K be a point on AC, such that

o Positionvectorofthe mid point ofAB is +
AK:AC: 1:3
Q If a,b,c are position vectors of vertices of a triangle, I

then position vector of its centroi dis sl+t9 = AK: iAC

L*
O If a,b,c,d are position vectors of vertices of a -AK=iQ+b) ...(i)
tetrahedron, then position vector of its centroid is
a* bt c'f d
4
Again E being the mid point ofAB, we have fr: +;
 Vectors 75.7

:2 [Link] + z.6D l.a * 2. l+7) i+l+7

=3-
Let M be the point on DE such that DM : ME :I OG: t+2 l+2
AM:{{F:ry (ii) Similarly, the position vector of the middle points of
the other two medians, which divide the mgdi4ns in the
From (i) and (ii) we find that
ratio2: I will comes out to the ,u i$2, which
I .*
R : {t7+ F; : 69, and so we conclude that K and is the position vector of G. Hence,
"the medians of the
M coincide. i.e. DE trisect AC and is trisected by AC. triangles meet in G i.e. are concurrent.
o
Hence proved.

B
D
c

oQ) lllustrotion 74
'G) If the middle points of sides BC, CA & AB of triangle
Jfittt!firfi;Ff- ABC are respectively D, E, F then position vector
of centroid of triangle DEF, when position vector of
Prove that the medians of a triangle are concurrent. A,B,C are respectively i + j, j + k, k + i is -
(a)
1

i(i+j+k) (r)(i+j+k)
Let ABC be a triangle and position vectors of three
(c)2(i+j+k) OIO+j+k)
vertices A, B and C with respect to the origin Obe i,6
and i respectively. .'. 6f : 7,08: t,oe :i
Again, let D be the middle point of the side BC, The position vector of points D, E, F are respectively
fi+i
so the position vector of point D
-
is OD : =i: +*k,i++ !+i ana

[ '.' Position vector of the middle point of any line:ll2 So, position vector of centroid of ADEF
(Sum of position vectors of end point of line)]
Now take a point G, which divides the median AD in
: +[++ k+ i++.*.,1= I li+i+ *]
the ratio 2 : 1 . Position vector of point G is Ans. [{

INTEXT EXERCISE: 7
4. If ABCDEF is a regular hexagon, then
1. If a is a non-zero vector of modulus a and m is a AD+ EB+ nd:
non-zero scalar, then m a is a unit vector if
(a) m:+ I (b) m:lal
@)d zffi
@)
(c) 3AB @ 4ffi
(") *=fr I
(d) m=+2
5. The unit vector parallel to the resultant vector of
2. For a non-zero vector a
, the set of real numbers, 2i+ 4i - 5/r and i+2j + 3k is
satisffing 1(5-x)al<lZal consists of all x such
that o1 l$i+6i-2k) *r,#
(a)0<x<3 (b)3<x<7 rct Xi)ZL
,/6
ra fut_t_t+S&)
(c)-7(x(-3 (d)-7<x<3
6. If the sum of two units vectors is a unit vector, then
3. The direction cosines ofthe vector 3i- 4j * 5k are
the magnitude of their difference is
..3 -4 ,5
\a)
l \o)
,. 3 -4 I
5, 5 iE,aE,T2 @) ,[i (D ^E
n) 3 -4 l.^ 3 4 @E
| I
td) @)l
o-2,8,{r-2 [Link]-.72
75.8 Mothematics
7. The length oflonger diagonal ofthe parallelogram 9. The vector c, directed along the intemal bisector of
constructed on 5a * 2b and a - 3b, it is given that the angle between the vectors a = 7i- 4j - 4k and
lol= 2O,lD l= 3 and angle between a and b is [ , b=-2i-j+2k with lcl=5/6, is
is (4) i(r- 7i +2k) (b)
i(sr+ 5i +2k)
(a)ls (D ,ft3
t'l |{;+ 7j+2k) O tt-si+si+2k)
k) nEx @ ,t56e
10. If position vector at2b and a
of a point A is
8. The sum of two forces is 18N and resultant whose
divides AB in the ratio 2: 3, then the position vector
direction is at right angles to the smaller force is
ofBis
l2N. The magnitude of the two forces are
(a)2a-b (b) b-2a
(a) s
13, ( b) 12, 6
(c) a-3b (A b
(c) 14,4 (A 11,7

Answer Key

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (O s. (a) 6.(b) 7. (c) 8.(a) e. (a) 10. (c)

7, LINEAR COMBINATION OF VECTORS a:Orb:0

A vector r is said to be a linear combination of vectors or

a, b, c etc, if there exist scalars x,

Obviously xa* yh: 0 = x: Lry: 0
!, Z etc., such that
or
r: xa'f yb * zc't ...
allb
Examples: Vectors h : 2a't b * 3c,n : aI 3b + O" (ii) If a : ari-t azj -t atk and b : bri * bzj * btk
are linear combinations of the vectors a, b, c. then from the property of parallel vectors, we have
(1) Cotlinear and Non-collinear vectors : allb+ Ch At A\
b,: br: ,,
Let a and D be two collinear vectors and let x be the unit (3) Test of collinearity of three points :

vector in the direction of a. Then the unit vector in the

Three points withposition v ectors a, b, care collineariffthere
direction ofD is n or -x according as a and D are like or
:
exist scalars x, y, z not all zero such that xa * yb * zc 0,
unlike parallel vectors. Now, a = la I i and b:+lbl i.
where x-ty-fz:0. If a:ari*azj,b=hi+baj and,
, = (]#)t, I i -, : (r#)o +a: )vb,w h e r e c: qil czj, then the points with position vector a, b, c
. ,lal la, a, ll
^--rrr' witl be collinear irlu, U I l:0.
Thus, if a, b are collinear vectors, then a = l,D or lr, ,, rl
b: )va for some scalar 1". (4) Test ofcoplanarity ofthree vectors :

(2) Relation between two parallel vectors Let a and D two given non-zero non-collinear vectors.
Then any vectors r coplanar with a and D can be uniquely
(i) If a and D be two parallel vectors, then there exists a
expressed as r : xa * yb for some scalars x and y.
scalar k such that a: kb.
(5) Test ofcoplanarity offour points :
i.e., there exist two non-zero scalar quantities x and y
sothat xa*yb:0. Four points with position vectors a,b,c,d are coplanar
iff there exist scalars x2 !1 Zt z not all zero such that
If a and D be t'wo non-zero, non-parallel vectors then
xa * yb * zc t ud : 0, where x * y I zI u: 0.
xa-tyh:0+.x:0 and y:0.
 Vectors 75.9
:
Four points with position vectors a ari * azj * atk,
b: bti* bzj r btk,c: ei* czj * cak, d: dti-l dzj + dtk
Prove that the vectors Si+el+l7,li-St+qi
la, a, at 1l
and 37+ ZOI + Si are linearly dependent, where
wi, be copranar, _llr,ri,; ;,1,7 being linearly independent vectors.
i l:, Solution:
8. LINEAR INDEPENDENCE AND
We know that if these vectors are linearly dependent ,
DEPENDENCE OF VECTORS
then we can express one of them as a linear combination
(1) Linearly independent vectors :
of the other two. Now let us assume that the given
A set ofnon-zero vectors ar,az,...an is said to be linearly
independent, if xral xzaz* ...1x,a,: 0 + xt: x2:... vector are coplanar, then we can write
:Jr:0' si + al + 77 : t(li - at + si ) + m(3i + 20t + s; )
(2) Linearly dependent vectors : where l, m are scalars
A set of vectors aya2,...a, is said to be linearly dependent Comparing the coefficients of 7,F and i on both
if there exist scalars x1,x2,...xn not all zero such that xra,
-l xrar* ... * xran:0 sides of the equation

Three vectors a : ai -l azj -t atk,b : bti + bzj + btk 5 3m

:71+ ..........(i)
and c = qi + c2i + c:* will be linearly dependent vectors 6: -81+ 20 m ..........(ii)
Ot Oz At
itr b'r bz bt -0 7=91+5m ..........(iiD

Cr C2 Ca
From (i) and (iii) we get4: 8/
Properties of linearly independent and dependent vectors + l: t: * 1

which evidently satisfies (ii) equation

(r) Two non-zero, non-collinear vectors are linearly
too. Hence the given vectors are linearly dependent.
independent.
(ii) Any two collinear vectors are linearly dependent.
(iii) Any three non-coplanar vectors are linearly w
tf t = i +i + i,fi = ti+ 3i+ 4i nd t = i + + gi,
independent.
",i
(rv) Any three coplanar vectors are linearly dependent. are linearly dependent vectors and i= /: tnen -
(r) Any fourvectors in 3-dimensional space are linearly (a) a= 1,8=-l (r) 0 =1, B:+1
dependent. (c) a =-1, B =+1 (O a =*1, p =l
75 Solution:
Given that position vectors of points A, B, C are lf i,l,; are linearly dependent vectors, then 7 should
respectively i- zl + li,zi+ lfi- +i, -ll+ toi
then prove that vectors [E and Ad are linearly be a linear combination of i and l.
dependent. Let;: p;+ qi
i.e. i+ qi + Pt' : p(i +i+f)+ q(qi + y + +t )
Solu6on:

Let A, B, C be the given points and O be the point of Equating coefficients of i j,k we get I : p + 4q,
reference then oA : i - zi +3aOE : 2; + lt - +7 a : p + 3q, F : p + 4q fromfirst and third, P : 1.

and Od :- 7t+ 107. Now AB :p.u. ofB _p.v. ofA Now 7= /3

= OE - OE : (i+ Si - 7;) and 7iC : p.v of C - p.v. .'. I + a2 + 92:3
ofA : :-(i+st-ti):-ffi
o-C-Of + l*cr2+l:3 {UsingB:l}
:t
.'.Ae :)"ffi where I:-1. Hence ffi and [e + C[ I

are linearly dependent

Hence, cr :tl, p: l. Ans.(/)
75.70 Mothemotics

Find a vector 7 in the plane of t=zi +j-i and I pror. that the points with position vectors
t*
t=-i+i+ic such that i is perpendicular to fr I
o=r-Zi+3k,b=2i+3i-4k & -7i+tok are
collinear.
and?.(-zi+3i-f)=-t
Solutian:
Solution:

Any vector in the plane of i * t can be written as

If we find, three scalars l, m & n such that
*i+yt i: xi+yl [by tundamental theorem in
let
li + *l+ ni = 0 where I * m * n: 0 then points are
collinear.
planel Now, given that i.t: O = (xi+ yi ).6: 0
t(t - U+ 3ic) + m(2i + y - +tc) + n(-tj + t0[) : s
*i.l+ yt' : 0 = xt2+ I - 1)+y(3) = 0
+ (l + 2m)i + - 7n)i + (31 - 4m + l}n)i : 0
t2t + 3m
-2xI3Y:0 .....(i) *'7n : 0,31 4m* 10n : 0
= I * 2m: 0, - 2l + 3m -
Arso (.ri+yn).Gzi +i -f ):- t : 2,m :-
Solving, we get I l,n :- |
= - t) + yt.(-zi + i
fr .(-zi + 3j -f) :- r Since /* m* n:0

-x(-4+3+ l)+y(2+3- l)=- I Hence, the points are collinear.

., __ 1 Aliter:
.v4
3y
AE:6-;=(zi +i -qi)-(i -zi + 3[):1* si-fi
x 2 --E se :
7- 6 : (-7j + roi) - (zi + y - +i)
Hence the required vector
=- zi - t$ + t+i :- 2(i + si - tt )
c: -*t i +i - t)-ll-i +i + i) .'.ffi:-2Bd Hence i,fi * i arecollinear.
: t[-u;- zi +tic+zi -U -ztl t-
:t[-a -v+tl 27

Prove that four points zi+ll-7,i-zl+57,

li + li - 27 and i- ai + 6i arecoplanar vectors.
lllustration 79 Sol utl on
Show that the vectors zi-6+li,i+fi-2i , and Let the given four points be R Q, R and S respectively.
i+l- 3i are non-coplanar vectors. These points are coplanar if the vectors P0, PR and
Solution: PS ar" coplanar. These vectors are coplanar iffone of
them can be expressed as a linear combination of other
Let, the given vectors be coplanar. Then one of the
two. So let PQ: xPR+yPS
given vectors is expressible in terms of the other two.
--i- s6+ q7: x(i+t-i)+yGi-96+ j;)
Let 2i _t + ti : x(i + _ 2;) + y(a +l _ ti), for
--i - si + +i : (x - y)i + (x - ey)i + (-x + zy)i
6

x andy.
- X - y :- l,I - 9y :-5, -x* 7Y : 4
some scalars

- -
2i 6+ ti : (x + y)i + (x + y)i + (-?-r - 3y)i
[Equating coeff. of A$,; on both sides]
= 2 : x t- y, -l : x + ! and 3 : - 2x - 3y.
Solving the first two equations of these three equations,
Solving first and third of these equations, we get x : 9 we get x
ll
:-z,y = z.
andy: -7 . Clearly these values do not satis$ the second
These values also satisff the third equation. Hence the
equation. Hence the given vectors are not coplanar. given four points are coplanar.
 Vectors 75.77

6. Let a, b and c be three non-zero vectors such that

l. Let cr,p,y be distinct real numbers. no two of these are collinear. If the vector a + 2b
The points with position vectors
is collinear with c and b + 3c is collinear with a
cri+p i t y k,0r+y j * u k,y i-t a i +p k ( l. being some non-zero scalar) then a + 2b + 6c
(a) Are collinear equals

(b) Form an equilateral triangle (a)0 (b) )\b

(c) Form a scalene triangle (c) ?,"c (A )"a
(d) Form a right angled triangle 7. If the vectors 4i+lli+mk,7i*2i+6k and

2. The position vectors of the vertices A, B, C of a i+ 5j + 4k are coplanar, then z is

triangle are i - j - 3k,2i + j - 2k and - 5i + 2i - 6k (a) 38 (b) 0

respectively. The length of the bisector AD of the (c) l0 (O -10
angle BAC where D is on the segment BC, is
?.- r
8. The value of )'" for which the four points
(a) l,lt0 (b) I 2i + 3i - k, i + 2j + 3k,3i + 4j - zk,i - ?,,j -r 6k are
coplanar
. . ll
(c) (d) None of
t these
8
(a) (b) 0
3. The median AD of the triangle ABC is bisected at E, (c) -2 (O 6
BE meetsAC in F. ThenAF :AC: 9. lf a:i*jlk,b:4i*3j+4k and c:i+aj+gk
@) 3ta (D u3 are linearly dependent vectors and lcl: rE,
(c) tt2 (A U4 then

4. The points with position vectors (a) a:1,0:- I (b) cr = l,p:+ |

60i+3i,40i-Bj,ai- 52j are collinear, if a: (c) o:- 1,0:t I (d) 0 =* 1,9: I

@)-a0 (b) 40 10. If A(4, 7, 8), B(2, 3, 4), C(2, 5, 7) are the position
(c) 20 (d) None of these vectors of the vertices of AABC. Then length of
angle bisector ofangle A is -
5. If the position vectors of A, B, C, D are a_ )-
2i+j,i-3j,3i+2j and i+Xj respectively and (o) tr/t+ (b) i^/34
t_
ABtteD, then ). willbe
@ t,/v @ +^84
(a) -8 (b) -6
(") 8 (d) 6
Answer Key

1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) s. (6) 6.(a) 7. (c) 8. (c) e. (A 10. (b)

9. PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS (l). Scalar or Dot product of two vectors :

Product oftwo vectors is processed by two methods. When If a and D are two non-zero vectors
the product of two vectors results is a scalar quantity, then and 0 be the angle between them,
it is called scalar product. It is also known as dot product then their scalar product (or dot b

because we are putting a dot (.) between two vectors. product) is denoted by a.b and is
When the product of two vectors results is a vector defined as the scalar I a ll D lcos 0, A
o a
quantity then this product is called vector product. It is where la I and lD I are modulii of a-
also known as cross product because we are putting a andD respectively and 0 < 0 < a.
cross (x) between two vectors.
75.72 Mathematics
(iii) LetaandDbetwonon-zerovectors a.b:0 e a .J-b.
,d ttttost Voluoble Points
As i, j, ft are mutually perpendicular unit vectors
O [Link] along the co-ordinate axes, therefore i.j : j.i : 0;

o a.b slallbl i'k: k.i : 0; k.i: i.k: 0

O a.b > 0
(rO :
For any vect or a,a.a I al2 . As i,j, /r are unit vectors
= angle between a and b is acute. along the co-ordinate axes, therefore i.i:l
i 12 l, :
o a.b < 0 + angle between b and b is obtuse.
ji :l i l' : I and k.k:lklz : I
O The dot product ofa zero and non-zero vector is a
scalar zero. (v) If z is a scalar and a, D be any two vectors, then
(ma).b : m(a.b): a.(mb)
(i') Geometrical Interpretation of scalar product :
(vi) lf m, n are scalars and a, D be two vectors, then
[Link]: mn(a.b) - (mn a).b : a.(mn b)
Let a andD be two vectors represented by O-A and OB
respectively. Let 0 be the angle between and OB. Of (vii) For any vectors a andb, we have
Draw BL L OA and AM OB. I (a) t? :-(a.b) : (- a).b
b)
From As OBL ar,d OAM, we have OL = OB cosO (D) (-a).(- b): a.b
and OM: OAcosl. Here OL and OM are known as
projection of D on a and a on D respectively. (viii) For any two vectors a and b, we have
(a\ | a + b l2 : I al' +l o 12 -t 2a.b
(b) la- =lal'+ltl'-2a.b
bl2
b
(c) (a + b).(a- b):lal'-lbl'
A (4la+ bl:lal+lbl- allb
: lal@L) :lal2 +lblz = a L b
Now a.D :lallb lcos0: lal@B cos0) (e) la+ bl2
: (Magnitude of a)(Projection of D on a) ...(D U) la+ bl:la- bl+ a L b
Again, a.b :la :
ll, lcos0 l, l(l a lcos0) = Q) Scalar prodact in terms of components.: 'o

lbl@A cos0): lbl@M) If a: ai-t azj * atk and b: bri-f bzj * btk, then, a.b
a.D: (Magnitude of D) (Projection of a on D) ...(ii) : [Link] + arb, + azby Thus, scalar product of two vectors
Thus geometrically interpreted, the scalar product of
two vectors is the product of modulus of either vector and is equal to the sum ofthe products oftheir corresponding
the projection of the other in its direction. components. In particular, a.a:lalz : a? + aZ + a4 .

(ii) Angle between fii'o vectors :

lf a, b be two vectors inclined at an angle 0, then,
glw
a.b:la llD lcos0
Find the value ofp for which the vectors
i=3i+i+9i f=i+pi+li re
:
fffil= o : cos-r (trfil)
and
= coso
(i) perpendicular
If a : ari* azj -f atk : bti* bzj * btk;
and h
(ii) parallel
arh* azbz* atbt \
u:cos'l-'I bi+ Solution:
\^/ ai + a? + a? J o? + b? I
(2) Properties of scalar product (i) aa 6 =i.t: o = (:i+ U +gic).(i +pj +3,e): 0

(i) Commutativity: The scalar product of two vector is +3*2p+27:0 =p:-15

commutative i.e., a.b: b.a.
(ii) vectors i: 3i + 2j + 9k and t : i + pj + 3k arc
(iD Distributivity of scalar product over vector addition:
1)9^22
i =; =t +3: i - p: t
The scalar product of vectors is distributive over parallel iff
vector addition i.e.,
(a) a.Q * c): a.b t s.c (Left distributivity)
(b) G + c).a : b.a * c.a (Right distributivity)
 Vectors 75.73
23
- AB2 : AD2 + DB2 + 2AD.D-f ...(i)
rf i+t+i=Gl7l=3,1tr1=5 and lil=7, fina
Alsowehave [d:AD+DC
the angle between i md I .
+.,
Solution: + AC': (AD + DC f
We have, i+fi+t:6 * AC : ADz + DCz + [Link] ...(ii)

=i+t:-i * (i+i).(i+t)= (-i).(-i) Adding (i) and (ii), we get

:
- li +l l' : 17 l' - li l' +lF + zi.l :lt l'
1'
AB2 + Ae zAD2 + 2BD2 + 2ffi. (DE + D-C )
:
- li l' +lt l' + 2,; llt lcos o : i l' l
+ AB2 + ACz 2(AD2 + BDz)'.' D-E+ D-d = 0

= 9 t- 25+2(3)(5)cos0 : 49 = .ore : t 26

-0:? lf i=i+j+i and i=2i-i+lit, thenfind

(i) Component of F along 7.
W
Find the values of x for which the angle between the
(ii) Component of F in plane ot
a
t * F bot l- to
vectors i=tr,i+eai+ic and F= li-V+xE x Solutian:
obtuse.
(i) Component of F along i is ( ;.t
Solution: I GP );
Herei.6:2-l-t3:4
The angle 0 between vectors i and F is given by
cosu^:
i.i lil':s
E llil Hence
;.n
A2 ;: +a: tti *i * t)
<O=ffi<O lal
Now,0 isobtuse +cosO
(ii) Component of F in plane ot i *6
-;.i<o ['.'l7l,lFl>o]
but r to i ist 1*), :!Qi-ti+src)
= l4x2-8.r*.r(0 +7x(2x-l)<0
=x(2x-l)<0 + 0<*.2L
Hence, the angle between the given vectors is obtuse if W of
x e(0,112) ;,i,;,1 are the position vectors four
coplanar points A, B, C and D respectively. If
lllustrdtion 25
(;-V).(l- i) = o = (tr-il.(7-i), tnen for the
AABC, D is :-
D is the mid point of the side BC of a AIBC, show
that AB2 + AC:2 (AD2 + BD2)
(a) incentre (i) orthocentre
(c) circumcentre (d) centroid
Sotution:
AB: ffi+ D-E
We have Solutian:
+.,
+AB,:(AD+DBf (;*7).(t-i): o -(i-v) L(i-;)
A
=ADrB-C
Similarly (t -il.(; -i) : o = BD r A-C
.'. D is the orthocentre of AABC. Ans. [b]

B,
75.74 Mothemotics
lllustrotion 28 30

The vector i, directed along the internal bisector lf p'n, g'h, fh terms of a G.P. are the positive
of the angle between the vector 7i - 4j - 4ft md numbers a, b, c then angle between the vectors
-zi-j+2it with l7l:s/o is- ft and (q - r)i + (r - p)j +
\,^ \ -
(a) t\i -ij +2k) (D) i(5, + sj +2k)
togazi +logb2j +logcz
(p-qX is:-
(c) i(;
Solutian:
+7j +2k) (d) none of these
<,tI @+

:-
(c) sin-r (#) t4 ooo" orthese
Let i: 7i - - 4i
4j and, 6 2i - j + z* internal Selufion:

bisector divides the BC in the ratio of lffi l:lAC l, Let xo be first term and x the common ratio of the G.P.

i. $: : xox' I
lTiE l: e,laf l: 3 o - xgyP-l, xgxq-l, c

= loga = logxo +(p- I )log.r;

rffir:(W)=+ log b : log "ro +@ - l) log x; log c : log xo+ (r - l) log.r

lf i = loga2i +logb2j +logc2k and
,:*(ffi)sla =*f( i -ti+zic)
I: (q - r)i + (, - p)j + (p - q)i
...i.6 =lz(toga)(q - r) =
b c z)(logxo +(p- t)togx)(q *r)=o- zi,t:t.

A B
lllustration 37
a

Ans.[A] Find the distance of the point B(i +i+S[) from

W the line which is passing through

which is parallel to the vector

,e(li + 4 + Zfi) ana
e = 2i + $ + Aic.
If modulii of vectors a rb, c are 3, 4 and 5 respectively

and 7 and F+i,t anil 7+i,7 mt t+fr are

perpendicular to each other, then modulus of
lA:uE+f:fiO
i+l+7 is- AM :ffi.i: (-3i * [Link] + tj + oi)
@) so @ 2,8 :-6+6:0
(c) 50 (O20
Btu?:AB2-Alrt
Solution:
'.'i t(t+t)*i.i+i.i:o So, BM: trg: rf\
Similarly t t (7 +i) - l.t +t.i : o ,2,3)

and 7r (i+t)-7.i+7.t:o
.'.i.1+1.7+t.i: o
Now l i+6 +i l' :li l' +li l' +l7 l' +
z(i.t +t.7+i.i) : e * t6* 25 : 5o
A M +c
.'. li+ t+i l: 5A Ans. [A]
 lr^^+^-^ aE aE
VCLLUIJ TJ.'J
llluslration 32
... [Link] :rt, .rr-t): !{", - t )
Prove that the medians to the base of an isosceles
: l{de - ABz): o {bv (i)}
triangle is perpendicular to the base.
.'. Median lP is perpendicular to base BC.
Solution:

The triangle being isosceles, we have

AB: AC ......(i)
Now
6+7 where P is mid-point of .BC.
--T
A-P =
Also Be =t-l
A(0)

t. k.i)i+(aj)i+6.1511,: X.+
(a) 0 < @) )"> \Ee
(a)a (b)za @-+<I<0 (d)Nullset
(c)3a (40 7. In cartesian co-ordinates the point A is (tr,n)
2. If lal:3,lbl= 4 then a value of 1" for which where xr: I on the curve !: x2 *x* 10. The
a -t )vb is perpendicular to a - )"0 is tangent at A cuts the x-axis at B. The value of the dot

ett6
(a) (b) 3t4
product 0-4.78 is
520
(c) 3t2 (A 4t3
(o) -T (D) -148
(c) 140 (A n
3. A unit vector in the plane of the vectors
2i+i + k,i- j + k and orthogonal to 5it 2j + 6k 8. If a: ati+ a2i+ a3k,
three non-zero vectors are
is b: hi* bzj + btk and c: 0i* czj -f ctk. If
. , 6i-5k
-
'', , 2i-5j
'[^--
*r# c is the unit vector perpendicular to the vectors a
and 6 and the angle between a and D is f;, then
2i+ -2k qr q2 A3
lcl -------- @
\/29 br bz bt is equal to
4. If 0 be the angle between the vectors a : 2i * 2j - k qc2ca
and b: 6i- 3j + 2k, then (r) o (b)
:(I,iXIat)(t't)
4
(a) coso:fi (b) coso:$
,( (c) I
(I,'XIri)
@
(c) cos0:f (d) cosO:ji 4
9. The vector perpendicular to the vectors
n
5. Let a, b and c be vectors with magnitudes 3, 4 and i: 2i + i - k and 6 : i - 4 + ltr and satisffing
5 respectively and a + b + c :0, then the values of
the condition [Link] -i +[):- 6 ls
a.b * b.c i c.a is
@) a7 (b) 2s (o) -i +i + tc (b) 3(-i +i + ir)
(c) s0 (d) -2s @) z(-i +j + ic) tal i -j + ic

6. :
Thevectors a 2)"2 i + 4A + k and b 7i - 2j + )\k : 10. If l7l : S.l;-i l: 8 and li+61 = 10, then lF I

is equal to
make an obtuse angle whereas the angle between D
and ft is acute and less than nl6 , then domain of l, (a) | (D ,lsl
is (c) 3 (d) None of these
1a 12 ir^.L^-^d^-

(4) Componrort of
another vector :

If a and D be two vectors represented by 0-A and OB.

: (t rffi) (#)fr : (#)'
u : (*^) u :
Let 0 be the angle between a and b. Draw BM L OA.
ln L)BM, wehave OB=OM+MB=tr:OM+MB .'. D: OM+ffi= ME: D-OM : o-(#),
Thus, OM and MB are components of D along a and
perpendicular to a respectively. Thus, the components of 6 along and perpendicular to
B
, *" (#)a and b -(#), respectively.

A
Ma

1. The projection of a : 2i + 3j - 2k on 6 : i + 2j + 3k
6. A unit vector is orthogonal to 5i +2j+ 6k and is
is
coplanar to 2i +j + ic and i -j +/c then the vector
" 4: +
(a\ (b\
,/14 " ,/14 is-
nE4 3i-fr zi+si
k) @)
fi4-L @16 (b)
,129
2. Let u, v, w be such that lu l: l, I v l:2,lwl: 3. If .. ai-si 2i+
the projection u along z is equal to that ofw along kt"ff @)
k

u, and v, w are perpendicular to each other then

7. If vectors ffi:- l7+ +l and Ad = 5i - 4 + +t
lu-v*wlequals are the sides of a AABC, then the length of the
v
@) (u ,[1 median through A is-
G)fia (A2
@) [4 (b) /r8
3. Let b:3i*4k,a: i+j and let b, and b, be
@,/m (As
component vectors of D parallel and perpendicular
S. lf ; and I are two vectors of magnitude I inclined
[Link] or:|i+|i, then bz:
at 120o, then the angle between I and l-i
s1 |i+|i++* 1u1 -|i+|i+* is

g -|i+|i (d) Noneofthese @+ (D+

4. A vector a has components 2p and I with respect to @+ @+
a rectangular cartesian system. The system is rotated 9. A vector of magnitude 3, bisecting the angle between
through a certain angle about the origin in the anti- thevectors i :Zt+j_ kandt :i-2j +/rand
clockwise sense. If a has components p + I and I
making an obtuse angle with F is
with respect to the new system, tlen
(a) p:0 (b) p: f or -t
. . 3i-j
\q) t=
vo
(c)p:-lor, (d)p:lor-l
1

i+ -2k
(b)
5 Given the three vectors i :- 2i +i + ie,t: i + 5j 4

and 7: ni + $ -zic. The projection of the vector .. :(;+3i-2k)

\c) ---:tr-14
zt-zl onthevector 7 is
(a) 11 (D) -ll @H
(c) 13 (d) None of these
 Vectors 75.77
10. When a right handed rectangular Cartesian system 4. The components of 7 in the oxyz coordinate
OXYZ is rotated about the z-axis through an angle system are
4 in the counter-clockwise direction it is found (a) 5, -1, 4 (b) 5,_1,40
tfrat a vector 7 has the components zO,ZO ana
(c)-1, _5,4 rn (d) none of these

Answer Ke

r. (b) 2.(c) 3. (b) 4. (b) s. (b) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8.(c) e.(c) 10. (d)

70 VECTOR OR CROSS PRODUCT OF TWO system. Hence a X D represents the vector area of the
vEcToRs. parallelogram having adjacent sides along a andb.

Let a,b be two non-zero, non-parallel vectors. Then the Thus, area of parallelogram OACB = lax bl.
vector product aX b, in that order, is defined as a vector Also, area of LOAB : I area of parallelogram
whose magnitude is lallDlsin0 where 0 is the angle
)ACB : Ll rx, I : |t OX )(-OB
between a and b whose direction is perpendicular to the
I

plane of a and D in such a way that a,b and this direction (2) Properties olvector product
constitute a right handed system.
(r) Vector product is not commutative i.e., if a and b
In other words, ax b = la llD lsinO i where 0 is the are any two vectors, then a x b + b X a, however, a
angle between a and b,fi is a unit vector perpendicular to xfi=-(bxa)
the plane of a and D such that a,b,fi form a right handed
system.
(ii) lf a, b are two vectors and m is a scalar, then
max b-- m(ax b): axmb
(iii) If a, b are two vectors and m, n are scalars, then
maXnb: mn(a x D): m(ax nb): n(max b)
(iv) Distributivity of vector product over vector addition.
0
a Let a, b, c be any three vectors. Then
(a) ax(b+c): axb*.axc
(l) Geometrical interpretation of vector product : (Left distributivity)

lf a,h be two floll.Z€ro, non-parallel vectors represented (b) (r+ c)xa- bxa*cXa
(Right distributivity)
by OE and OB respectively and let 0 be the angle
between them. Complete the parallelogram OACB. Draw (v) For any three vectors a, b, c we have
BL L OA. ax(b-c): aXb-aXc
In LOBL,sinO: 8b = BL: oBstno : lD lsin0
(vi) The vector product of two non-zero vectors is
.(i) zero vector iff they are parallel (Collinear) i.e.,
Now, a x D : la llD lsinO fi: (OA)(BL)fi a\b:0 <+ a ll b,a,b are non-zero vectors.
: (Base x tteight) ir:(axea of parallelogram OACB) i It follows from the above property that a x a : 0
: Vector area of the parallelogram OACB for every non-zero vector a, which in turn implies
T B
that ix i:ixj:ftxlj=$
(vii) Vector product orthonormal triad of unit
of
b
vectors i, i, k using the definition of the vector
product, we obtain ix j : k, i x k: i, kx i: i,
jxi:-k,hxi:-i,ixk=-j
Thus, a x D is a vector whose magnitude is equal (viii) Lagrange's identity: If a, b are any two
to the area of the parallelogram having a and D as its vector then laxbl2=la'llbl'1-@.bY or
adjacent sides and whose direction r is perpendicular to
the plane of a and D such that a, b, fi form a right handed
lux bl'+G1Y :lal'lbl2
75.78 Mothemotics
(3) Vector product in terms of components :
Thus,
axb is a unit vector J- to the plane of a and
lf a: ari* azj* atk and b: bti*bzj*bzk l;;;T
D. Note that
axb is also a unit vector J- to the plane
Then, a x b : (afit - atbz)i - (arbt - atbr)j + axb
li j kl of a and D. Vectors of magnitude '1,' normal to the plane
(arbz- azbr)k =lo, o, nrl. ofa and D are given tv,
It, u t,l nfui#.
(7) Area of parallelogam and Triangle
(4'l Angle between two vectors :

If 0 is the angle between a and b, then sin0 : lax bl (i) The area of a parallelogram with adjacent sides a
lallbl and D is lax bl.
:
Expression for sin0 : If a ati+ a2j + a3k,b = hi (ii) The area of a parallelogram with diagonals a and D
+bzi+btk and 0 be angle between a and D, then is llaxtl.
-: _2n _
(azbt- atbr)'* (atbt- atb)2'f (arbz- azbr)2
sln-u: (iii) The area of a plane quadrilateral ABCD is
1.------*
- AC x BD l, where AC and BD are its diagonals.
(5) (i) Rrgrr, handed system of vectors z
il
(rv) The area o13 6iangle with adjacent sides a and D is
a,b,c form a right
Three mutually perpendicular vectors
handedsystemofvectoriff ax b = c,bx c: a,cx a: b llox tl
b (v) The area of a triangle ABC ir lm'x[dl or

f r-e xB-AIo. |letrxdAI

a
(vi) If a,b,carepositionvectorsofvertices of a L,ABC,
then its *"u ll{ox ,)+ (tx c)+(cx a)l
Example: The unit vectors ij,k form a right-handed a Three points with position vectors a, b, c ate
system, ixi :
k, i x k:
i, kx i: i collinear if (a x b) + (b x c) * (c x a) : 0
Y
lllustrotion 33
lf irir; are three non zero vectors such that
k
x
ixfi=i and ixi=i, prove th* i,8,7 *e
mutually at right angles and lf I = I and I 7 I = li l.
Solution:
(ii) Left handed system of vectors :
Weix t:t andi:txt
The vectors a, b, c mutually perpendicular to one
another form a left handed system of vector itr
-7 ti,i ti andi tt,i ti
cxb: a,axc: brbxa: c -i tl,t ti andi ti
- i ,t ,i are mutually perpendicular vectors.
b
a
Again, ixt:i aurrdtxt:i
=ixt:lZland lxi:lil
= lT ll6lsn!: li I and ll llZ. lsin+:l; I

(6) Vector normal to the plane ottwo given vectors : ('.'ir I anal ti)
If a, b be two non-zero, nonparallel vectors and let 0 be - li llt l:l7l and lt ll; l:l; I

the angle between them. a x , : la llD lsinO fi where fi =lt l' la l: la I

is a unit vector I to the plane of a and D such that a,b,fi

-lll2:1
from a rightJranded system.
-lFl= I puttingin l;lltrl=lAl
+ (ax b):la x bln + fi = axb
T;'il - lil: l7l
 Vectors 75.79
34 37

Find a vector of magnitude 9, which is perpendicular Let i & F te two non-collinear unit vectors. If
to both the vectors ni + 3i and -i -zi +i - zi;. i:i-G$)n & i= (txi), then lil is
@) li I ( b) li l+li.i I

Let i: +i -i + 3k and I :- 2i +j - zt. tnen

(c) 17 l+li.i I i+i.(i+t)
i ii' @
ixl: 4-r3 :(2-3)i-(-8+6r+ Solution:

-21-2 i.;:;.;-(;.il(;.T)
(4-2)k:-i+ 4+Ztc : t -lil'lFl'cosrO
=lix6l= J?tf +2'+22 = 3 (where 0 istheanglebetweeni arrdi )
.'. Requiredvector =* 9 (#):r?(-, +4+zt) :1-cos20:sin20
:t(-3i +ai+ei) lil:lixll:sino lietmr-----.=-=5
- a.a -2(;.1 + lt = r/l -(a.b I : sin0
lllustration 35
.'.lil=l7lalso i.l:0
For any three vector s i ,fi ri , show that
Hence, li : li l:l; l+li.t I Ans. (a, c)
I

i * (f +i) + Fx (i+ 7) + 7 * (i +F) = 0.

38
Soiation:
joining
we have, i, +i) +t x (i + I )
(l + 7) + 6 x (7
Show that the area of the triangle formed by
the extremities of an oblique side of a trapezium
: j xt +i xt +l x, +t xi +7 xi +7 xi
to the midpoint of opposite side is half that of the
[Using distributive law] trapezium.
= i xl +i xi +t xi -i xi -i xZ -t xi = 6
t'.' F* i =-ixt etcl
$;:ir:::*r'i:

Let ABCD be the trapezium and E be the midpoint of

36 BC. Let A be the initial point and let F be the position

For any vector 7, prove that vector of B and 7 that of D. Since DC is parallel to
AB, tl is a vector along DC, so that the position vector
lixil' +lVxil' +ltx i'l' = 2li l' of c is V+ t6.

+ thepositionvectorofEi tE +E:fu$fr
Let i: ori + o4 + a3k. Then
ixi : (o'i + ori + atk)xi a,(i x : i)+ or(i xi)+ AreaofAAEr: +l blTE"rl
at(tx i):- ari+ ai : |tr * t)llxl I

^.,
+laxil':ai-lai Area of the trapezium : Area (AACD) + Area (AABC).

ixj = (o,i + ori + af)xj : o,i- ,ri : Ll6"(l+ tt)l+ll<a* fi)xd I

=lixil':"?+"? : llt"a I tltxl l: lo + t)li xl l:2 L AED

i x k: (o,i + ,ri + a*) xi:- oj + ari D c
=l7x tl2:ql+aj
:.li x i l' +li xi l' +li x tl
:a?*al+a?+a?+a?+a}
(b)
: Z(a? + ai + a?): 2lt l' A B
75.2A Mathemotics
lllustration 39 1,.
1 p: iltroi+26)x(6-i)l
Let Of = a,0B= 104+ 2l and 6e =rt where o
is origin. Letp denote the area ofthe quadrilateral
: |lrot;" F)- ro(ix i)+z(txi)-ztlxi)l
OABC and q denote the area of the parallelogram
with OA and OC as adjacent sides. Prove thilp = 6q.
- p = llrc{i xi)-o + 0 +2Gx 6)l= elixF l....ti I
and q : Area of the parallelogram with OA and OC as
Solution:
adjacent sides
We have,p -Area of the quadrilateral OABC
I..- l,-.....* - q :lO-Ax O-dl = lixll ....(ii)
* p=
tlOB x AC I = TlOB x (OC-OA)l From (i) and (ii), we getp: 6q

1. If a is any vector, then (c x iI + (oxiY +bx kY 7. lf a=i*j-lk,b:i*3j+5k and c:7i*9j*

is equal to I lft,
then the area of the parallelogram having
diagonalsa+b andD+cis
(a) lal'z (b) o
(c) 3la f (g 2lal'z @) arT @ +{21
2. (ax bY +@.bY
(a) a2+b2
is equal to
(b)
t") T
J6
@,re
a'?bz 8. The position vectors ofthe verticesofa quadrilateral
Za.b
(c) (A I ABCD are a, b, c and d respectively. Area of the
quadrilateral formed by joining the middle points of
3. the unit vector perpendicular to the vectors its sides is
6i+2j f 3/r and 3i-6j-2k, is I
, ,2i-3i+6k 2i-3j-6k (4 tlax b-t bx d+ dx al
-----7-
\a) (b)
7
@) +lbx c+ cx d-r ax d* bx al
2i+ -6k 2i+ 3j + 6k
(c) @
7 7 trl |f ax b-t bx c* cx dt dx al
4. The sine of the angle between the vectors
: @
a 3i1-i -t k, b : 2i- 2j + k is +lbxc'rcxd-tdxbl
lf i: i +j + [ and
l: i - 2j + k, then the vector
@)tR @tE 9.
i such thati.t:2 and,ixi:l is
m
\ctlEq u\-L
..,/41 | .^
(a) |(i -t+i) (b) i(-i +4+si)
I

5. t: xil yj * zk and D :f are such I _^ I

tc) |(i +4 - sfr) @ +(-i +zi - si)
The vectors c,
that a, c, b form a. right handed system, then c
is 10. A unit vector perpendicular to the plane passing
(a) zi-xk (b) 0 through the points whose position vectors are 2i - j
(c) yi (d) -zi-r xk + 5k,4i + 2j + 2k and2i + 4j + 4k is
6. The area ofatriangle whose vertices are A(1,
B(2,1,- l) and C(3,- 1,2) is
- 1,2),
(a)
6i+ +5k
62
*, 1X#
(a) 13 (b)
^/13 -6i+ i + 5k
(c\ -------#- 9i+ -5k
@
(c) 6 (d) ,/6 \/62 107

Answer Key

r. (O 2. (b\ 3. (c) a. @) s" (") 6.(b) 7. (a) 8. (c) e. (b) 10. (a)
 Vectors 75.27
77. SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT. (iD If a:arl*azm*a3n,b:hl*bzm*btn and
If a, b, c are three
vectors, then their scalar triple product c: c = crll czm * caz, then
is defined as the dot product oftwo vectors s and bx c. at az'atl
It is generally denoted by a.(bxc) or [Link] is read labcl: br bz btkt*rl
as box product of a, b, c. Similarly other scalar triple cr cz al
products can be defined as (Dx c).a,(cxa).b. By the
properfy of scalar product of two vectors we can say, (iir) For any three vectors a, b and c
a.(hxc)=(axb).c (a) la + b b * c c t af : Zla b el
(l) Geometrical interpretation of scalar triple product : (b)la-bb-cc-af:Q
The scalar triple product of three vectors is equal (c) la x b b x c c x af : la b c)2
to the volume of the parallelopiped whose three
coterminous edges are represented by the given vectors. (4) Tetrahedron :
a, b, c form a right handed system ofvectors. Therefore
(a x b) .c = labc): volume of the parallelopiped, whose A tetrahedron is a three-dimensional figure formed by four
coterminous edges are a, b and c. triangle OABC is a tetrahedron with LABC as the base.

(2) Properties of scalar triple product OA,OB,OC,AB,BC and CA are known as edges of the
tetrahedron. OA, B C ;OB,CA and OC, AB are known as the
(i) If a, b, c are cyclically permuted, the value of pairs of opposite edges. A tetrahedron in which all edges
scalar triple product remains the same. i.e.,
(a x b).c : (, x c).a : (c x a).b or
labcl : lbcal :
are equal, is called a regular tetrahedron.

fcab)
(ii) The change of cyclic order of vectors in scalar triple
product changes the sign ofthe scalar triple product
but not the magnitude i.e.,labcl: - lbac): - fcha)
: _[acbl
8(b) c(c)

(iii) In scalar triple product the positions ofdot and cross Properties of tetrahedron
can be interchanged provided that the cyclic order of
the vectors remains same i.e., (a x 61.": a.(b x c)
(i) If two pairs of opposite edges of a tetrahedron are
perpendicular, then the opposite edges of the third
(iv) The scalar triple product of three vectors is zero if pair are also perpendicular to each other.
any two of them are equal.
(ii) In a tetrahedron, the sum of the squares of two
(v) For any three vectors a, b, c and scalar opposite edges is the same for each pair.
),,,[)',abc)= )ufabcl
(iiD Any two opposite edges in a regular tetrahedron are
(vi) The scalar triple product of three vectors is zero if perpendicular.

any two of them are parallel or collinear. Volume of a tetrahedron

(vii) Ifa b, c,d are four vectors, then [(a + b)cd)= [acd] (D The volume of a tetrahedron
+ fbcd]
: I

|(area of the base) (corresponding altitude)

(viii) The necessary and sufficient condition for three non-
zero non-collinear vectors a, b, c to be coplanar is : I x
L:AB A-d llED I = *f ag x eC llAD lcos0
thatfabcl: 0 i.e., a, b, c are coplanar +labcl: 0. for AB x A-e lJ ED
(ix) Four points with position vectors a, b, c and d will : | ....- I .....*._......._
be coplanar,if ldbcl + ldca) + ldab) = fabc). 6
(an x AC).AD: t[ns AC AD]
I _......*-=.
(3) Scalar triple product in terms of components :6[ee AC AD]
(i) If a: ari* azj * a3k,b: hi+ bzj -l btk and c: Because AE,Ld,EE are coplanar, so
qi + c2j + ctk be three vectors.
tAB fC EAI : o
ar bt cr
(ii) If a,b,c are position vectors of vertices A, B and C
Then, labcf: az bz cz
with respect to O, then volume of tetrahedron
az bt t_
Ct
OABC ilabc):
75.22 Mothematics
(iii) If a, b, c, d are position vectors of vertices A, B,
C, D of a tetrahedron ABCD, then its volume
Find the volume of the tetrahedron whose four
:tto-ac-ad-a) vertices have position vectors i ,rt ri and I.
(5) Reciprocal system ofvectors :
Solution:
Let a, b, c be three non-coplanar vectors, and let
Let four vertices be A, B, C, D with position vectors
o,=ffi,b,=ffi,r'=ffi. i,l,; and I respectively.
a',b',c' are said to form a reciprocal system of vectors
forthevectors a,b,c. DE.: (A-7)
If a, b, c arrd a',b',c' form a reciprocal system of DB: (l-l)
vectors, then
De :G-v)
(i) a.a' : b.b' : c.c' : I
(ii) a.b' -- a.c' : O;b.s' : b.a' :O;c.a' : c.b' = 0 Hence volume Y=tli-v n-7;-al
(iii) [a'D'c'] :
I
-6 (;-i).i(6-V)x(7-l)l
_1
Etd
(v) a, b, c are non-coplanar iffso are a',b',c'.
_l [Link] -txV+txV)
40
-6
Find the volume of a parallelopiped whose sides
: *tE i ;l-r; i vl+td; al-tn t a\
are given by -3r'+ li+si,-sf + li-li and : t{t; i ;l-t; 6 a\+ti; ll-tt ; 7i)
ti-V-tf,
Sa!ution:

Let i:-li +lj + 5i,6 =- si +ti - 3[ and simprify l;-6 6-A;-;)

Solu6on:
i:7i-si-tt.
Let i :- li + tj + 5ic,i :- si + li -3it and
We know that the volume of a parallelopiped whose
i:7i-5j-3k.
three adjacent edges ure i,t,7 is lt7 F ill.
l-r 7 sl Wehave l;-in-;;-;1
Now [i t i): l-s 7 -31= -:1-zr-rsy = {(A- l)x(t -;)}.G- i) tsv definitionl
-31 l7 -5 : : (ix I -i xi -t xl + t x;).(; -;)
-7(15 + 2r) + s (2s4e) 108 - 2s2 - 120 : -264

So required volume of the parallelopiped [By distribution law]

:fiA 6 all : I -2641: 264 cubic units : (ix i+ixi+ix;).(;-;) ['.'Fx F= 0]
lllustration 47 : (ix t).t - (i x t).i + G xi).t - (7 xi) .i +
Show that the vectors t =- zi + 4i - 2i,6 = 4i -U xi).i - (6 xi).i [By distribution law]
(fi
-2* and 7=-2i-4+4fr arecoplanar.
:lA I ;l-G 6 il+li n;\-l;; Al
Solution:
-24-2
+t6 ;71-li;;l
ti t;l: 4 -2-2 :- 2(-8 - 4)- 4(16- 4) :li t;l-16 a;l
-2-2 4 When any two vectors are equal, scalar triple
['.'
-2e8- 4) product is zero]
:24- 48* 24:0 :l;6 a-G l7): o ['.'t, i il:lA i;l
So vectors i,6,; are coplanar
 Vectors 75.23
lJlrHI,r,arrftErt slwwwxfiE
i,fi,i prove that
For any three vectors
rri,=m,r,=m,;,=# then
li+fi t+i 7+i)= zlt I il shown that; ix i'+lxrt'+ix7'= o where
Salutian: irlri are non-coplanar vectors.
: {(i+l)x(t+i)}.(7+i) Salation:
: {i xl +i xi + I x t + t x ;}.(; +A) Here ix ;'=;>:4\i)
{'.'lxl:0} labcl
: {ixt+ix7+txV}.{i+i)
(;.i)t-(;.il;
ct^ct:---Gi7l
: (i x t ).7 + (i x i ).7 + (F x 7 ).i + (i x o).i
+(ixi).i+ (txi).i
Similarty ix6':@HI
"
:lil +o+Itiij
Al+o+o+o cX c' _
(;.ili - (;;)t
{'.'fa;71: o,lt;;): o,lA I il: oli 7 il: o} t; t;l
:l; i il+li t 7)= 2lA tr A. ixi'+ix6'+ixi'
_ (i .V )t - (i .t )i + (t .i )i - (t.t )i + (i .6 )i - (i .i )fi
t; l;1
EG@ffi l'.';.1:t.i etc.l :0.
If irfr are non-zero and non-collinear vectors then
show ix I =li n ifi +fi n ili +ti i i,li, 12. VECTOR TRIPLE PRODUCT.
S*il,tfirr: Let a, b, c be any three vectors, then the vectors a x (b x c)
Let ixt: ,i + yi + zic and (a x D) x c are called vector triple product of a, b, c.

(ixt).i :(xi +yi + rt').i Thus, a x (, x c) : (a.c)b - (a.b)c

(ixl).i: * (l) Properties ofvector triple product
aho (7x l)j : y & (ixl).i,:,
(i) The vector triple product ax(txc1 is a linear
.'.ixl:li t ili +[i t ib +G n ilft combination of those two vectors which are within
brackets.
W (iD The vector r :
a X 16 x c) is perpendicular to a
tr'ind a set of vectors reciprocal to the vectors i,F and lies in the plane of D and c.
ma ixl .
(iii) The formula a x (b x c) = (a.c)b - (a.b)c is true
5sfffff*il; only when the vector outside the bracket is on the
Let the given vectors be denoted by i,t and 7 where left most side. If it is not, we first shift on left by
7:ixl using the properties ofcross product and then apply

.'.li t il: (ix 6).;:(ixl).(ixl):(ixlf the same formula.

and let the reciprocal system of vectors be i'l' and i o:-{o x (, x c)}
Thus, (6 x c) x
: -{(a.c) n - Q.b) c} : (u.b) c - (a.c) b
'' u l;6xi
.;,-
i;l -6x(ixl).
lixi l' (iv) If a : ati * azj + a3k,b : bri -t bzj -t bzk and
(ix
" ln 6;l lixtXa
;-, cXa
c: qi+ c2j+ c:ft then
*,- ixt - ixl lijklet
' lA l;l lixl l' ax(rxc):l ct2 a3 |

.'.i',t',7' are required reciprocal system of vectors for I br, - bt cz bt ct - bt ct br cz - bzctl

i,t and,ix6. . Vector triple product is a vector quantity.
. aX(bxc)*(axb)xc
75.24 Mathematics
48 51

For any vector 7, prove that Prove that

i, (; ri) +i x (Z-xj)+ ft , (i rl) = zt Iixt 6xi 7x;l:li 6;)'

Solution:
Leti=ai+a;+a3k. We have,[ixi tx7 ixil
Then r' x (7x i)+i x (a xj)+ t'x (i x t') : {(;x 6) x (Fx i)}.(ixi)
: {(i.i);- (i -i)i} + {(i il; - G -n)i} + :{]x(lxi)}.(ixi) (where, 7:(ixl))
{(k.i');-G.;)E} : {(a.7 )6 - (7.6 )i} .(7 xi )
: {(; - (i.a)i} + {n- G.;b} + {i - &.; )t) : {((r, i ).; )n - ((i x 6 ).t )7} .(7 x i )
: 3A - {(i .; )i + (i .i )i + G.; )k
: zi - (a,i + a,i + a' i) :{[;67]6-o].(7xi) ('.'Gn il= o)
= 3i -i: 2i :li I il{6.(7x;)}:[; l;\n 7;]
49
:[;6;)l; i;]:l; t;1'
Let t=c.i+4-3i,1=i+zqi-2rt nd 7=2i-
oq + fr. Find the value(s) of o,, if any, such that
Show that
{(7x F) x (Fx i)} * (a* i):6. (lx r).(ixI)+(ixi).(6xl)+(ix F).(ix I): o
Salutian:
S*lutien:
{(ix F) x(tx i)} >< (i, il:[; t 7]tx(7xi) Let lx7:i,7xi:i,ixd:fi
:li l;l{(;.il;-([Link]} ... L.H.s : i.(A xl) +i.(t xd) + (i xl).i
: (t.; )A : 1i x i ) .V + (i x t ).7 + 7.(t x fi )
which vanishes if (i) ([Link])A
: [(6 x 7 ) x il.d +lG x i ) x t].V+ [Link] x(ax 7)l
(ii) ta 6 7l: o
: l(t .; ); - (; .; )t 1.7 + l(; .iln - (i .t )Z 1.7 + i .

O (; .6 ); : (6 .r; leads to the equation 2 a3 + l0 u l(t.v)7-(n.;)ll

+ 12 :0, cr2 + 6cr : 0 and 6cr - 6 : 0, which do not
have a common solution.
: {(;.t )(7.V )} - {(;.; )([Link]} + {(t .t )(;.7 )} -
il: {(;.il(;.7 )} + {(i.i)(F.h} - {(n.a)(F.7)} : o :
(ii) t; t o
R.H.S
2 -3
cr, lllustrotion 53
l2u-2 :0+3G:21a": 2
-4-
J
2-a I Solve for i satisfying the simultaneous equations
o i is
wa
Prove that
Vxi =ixfi,i.i=
perpendicul* to fi.
provided not

i x {6 x(ix 7)} : (i .V)(i xi) - (l .t)G xl) Solution:

Solution:
(;-;) x F:0 * 7- i and F are collinear

We have, i x {F x (; x il) : i x {(t.7 };.(6.; )A } .'.V-i: kt

: i x {(t .l)i} -i x {(l .AA} -V:7+tci ...(i)

.'.7.i: o = (i+ kt).i: o

[by dist. law]
: (t.V )(i x ; ) - (t.; )(A x A ) + k :-4i putting in (i) we get
- i:A-4ia.b
u.b '
 Vectors 75.25
lllustration 54 55
If I + rt =t,f.i= I and f x E = F,then prove ff ix i+ ta= F, where k is a scalar and i,t te
any two yectors, then determine i in terms of iri
ixi+nffif-t)
that f = -ix1+i and.* = --
liT- '' ,r and Ir. .

Solution:
Solution:
i xi + ti: t ...(i)
Given E+E=i ...(i)
Premultiply the given equation vectorially by i
-i.(T.+E):i.i i* (i* i)+ tr(ixi):ixt
+ a.A-l a.B = a.a - t+i.E:lil' =(i.i)i- (;.; ); + tc(i xi )= 7x F ...(ii)
...(ii) Premultiply (i) scalarly by 7
Given ExE=F
li V il+k(ii):;.6
= ix (Ax B):7x F
= (i.B)[-(A.f )E:ixt tc(ii)=i.t ...(iii)

- (; l' - I )A- B: ix F ...11i1 [using equation (ii)] Substituting ix i from (i) and i.i to* (iii) in (ii)
solving equation (i) and (iii) simultaneously, we get
we get ;: *p[$ + (i xn + Gp;]
tr: xt+i
li andB:t4#)

5. x, y, z are distinct scalars such that lxa + yb * zc, xb

l. If u,v andw are three non-coplanar vectors, then +yc+za,xc*ya+zb):0 where a,b,c arelon_
(u * v - w).[(u - v) x (v - rv)] equals
coplanar vectors then
(a) 0 (b) u.(vxw) x+y*z:O
@)
(c) u.(wxv) (A 3u.(vxw) xy-tyz*zx:g
@)
2. Thevalueof 'a'sothatthevolumeofparallelopiped (c) x3 +y3 I z3 : 0
formedby i+aj+k;j+ak and ai*/r becomes (d)*'+y'*22=0
minimum is
G. Let a,b and c be non-zero vectors such that
(a)-3 (b)' ( axbt)xc:tl [Link] 0 is the acute angle
k) llrE @
'E between the vectors b and c,then sino equals
3. lf a, b, c be any three non-zero non-coplanar vectors, ..2J'
=f J'
then any vector r is equal to
(o) (b) t
(a) za*xbl yc (b) xa*yb*zc @i)1 @t
(c) ya* zb* xc (d)None of these 7. If a: i'fj1- k,b: i* j,c: i and(a x r) x c:)ua
*pD, then trtp:
4. lf a,b,c are non-coplanar vectors and ), is a real
number, then the vectors u+-2b*3c,)'"b*4c and (a)0 (b) 1
(2X- l)c are non-coplanar for
(c)2 (43
(a) No value of l. 8. lf a,b,c and p,q,r are reciprocal system of vectors,
(b) All except one value of .1. thenaxptbxq-lc xr equals
(c) All except two values of l. (a)la,h,c) @) (p+q+r)
(d) All values of 1. (c)0 (d) a+b+c
75.26 Mathematics
9. Four points with position vectors i,l,i,l are 10. If ;,1,;,1 arepositionvectorsoffourverticesofa
coplanar -if tetrahedron, then its volume is-
(a) li i 7l: o (a) (ttz) ln-A *A;-71
(q ll ; Al: o (b) (v3) lA-A*A;-Al
(") li-A i-A i-i): o (c) Otg t;-A i-A;-l)
(d)Noneofthese (O 0t6\l;-A*A;-7)

1. (6) 2.(c) 3. (abc) a. @) s. (a) 6.(a) 7.(a) 8.(c) 9. (c) 10. (d)

13. SCALAR PRODUCT OF FAUR VECTORS.

(a x b).(c x d) is a scalar product of four [Link] is the (a x b)x(c x d) : 0 - (ox 6) is parallel to (c x d)
dot product ofthe vectors a x b and c x d. Hence plane P,, determined by vectors a, D is parallel to
It is a scalar triple product ofthe vectors a, b and c x d the plane P, determinedby c, d
as well as scalar triple product of the vectors ax b,c and .'. Angle between P, and Pr:0 (As the planes P, and
d. P, are parallel).

a.c a.d
bx b).Gx d)=
b.c b.d 75. VECTOR EQUATIONS

Solving a vector equation means determining an unknown

74. VECTOR PRODUCT OF FOUR VECTORS.
vector or a number of vectors satisffing the given
(l) (a x D) x (c x d) is a vector product of four vectors. conditions. Generally, to solve a vector equation, we
It is the cross product ofthe vectors ax b and c x d.
express the unknown vector as a linear combination of
(2) ax{tr("x d)},{(a x D) x c}x d are also different three known non-coplanar vectors and then we determine
vector products of four vectors a,b,c and d. the coefficients from the given conditions.
lllustration 56 lfa, b are two known non-collinear vectors, then
a,b,ax D are three non-coplanarvectors.
ax lax (ax b\l is equal to
(a) (ax a).(bx a) (b) a.(bx a)- b.(ax b) Thus, anyvector r:xa*yb*z(a xD) where x,!,2
(c) la.(ax b)la (O (a.a\(bx a\ are unknown scalars.

Solution: W
a x fa x (a x b))= a x [(a.b) a - (a.a) bl The point of intersection of yX s = fix s and

: (a.b)(a x a) - (a.a) (a x b): (a.b)O + (a.a)(b * o) : rXb= aXD where a=i*j and D=2i-k is
(a.a)(b x a) (a) 3i+j-k (b) 3i-k
(c) 3i+2j + k (d) None of these
lllustration 57
Solution:
Let the vectors a, b, c and d be such that (axb)
x(c x d) = 0. Let P, and P, be planes determined by We have rXb:aXb and 7Xs:SXg
pair of vectors a, b and c, d respectively. Then the Adding, 7 x (a* b) : (a x r) + (b x a)
angle between P, and P, is + r x (a+r) : 0 + r is parallel to a + b
(a)o' @+ .'. r : )'(a + b') : I {(, +, + (2i - k)\ = }'{3i + j - k\
(,)+ @+ For l,: l,r:3i*j-k
 Vectors 75.27
s{ffi
Let p, q, r be three mutually perpendicular vectors ol
ffi
Let the unit vectors a and b be perpendicular and the
the same magnitude. If a vector x satisfies equation unit vector c be inclined at an angle 0 to both a and
pxla - q) x p l+ qxl (x- r) x q l+rxl (x - p)X r | = 0,
[Link] c= (ta+$b+y(a x 6), then
then x is given by
(a) a: B: cos0,y2: cos20
(b) o : p : :-cos20
cos0,y2
a> tb+q-2r) @) +b+q+r) (c) cr: cos0, p: sinO, y2: cos20
p>
ti+q+r) o l@+q-,) (d) None of these

Solution: li:: i t;1:i:-::: ;

Letlpl:lgl:lrl:k We have la l:lD l: 1

:.p:k i,q:kQ,r:ki a.b: 0; (.as aL b)

Let x:0p+04+yi c : (xa + p, + \(q x b) ...(i)
Now p x {x- q) xp}: (p.p)(x-q)- {p.(x- q)}p :
Taking dot productby a, a. c al a l2 + F @.b) + y la a bl
: p l' (x - q) - {(p.x) - p.q} p : :
= I a l.l c lcos0 o(.1 +0 + 0 Ll c l.cos0
I
cr
: k2(x- q)- {lp l(p.r) - ollpli
As lc l: I;:. cr: cos0
: t*(x- q) -lpf @.i)i : P {x- q- d i)
Taking dot product of(i) by D
.'.px {(x- q)xp\ + qx (x- r) x q} * r x
b.c:b.a+plrl'?+yybab)
{(x-p)xr}:0
: *lbllclcos0=0+p.l+0
= P {x- q - up * x- r - 9q + x - p-yr} 0
+ 3x- (p + q + r) * (ap+ p4 +yr) : 0 .'. 0: 1.l.cos0 = cos0

-x: *r) : l"l' =I= + p' +y' : = cos2o+cos20 ly' :

= 3x- +q 1
(p + q + r) 0 = ?sc - (p 0 ct2 1

.'. *: tb+ q+ r) .'.y'= 1 - 2cos20:- cos20

Hence, cl{ : B: cos 0,y2 :- cos 20

t. If a:i-rj1-k,u.b:t and axb: j-k,thenb: <">[r-lo+D)].u:0

i (a) +k (b) i- j (a v_ @+ b)).b:o
(c) zj-k (d)zi
[Link]:i-j,b:i*k,c:[Link] A isaunit t'1t ;,1'7 are three non-coplanar vector
vector such that a.[Link]lbcdl,then i is equal i,4,7 and are reciprocal vectors, then
to ([i + ml + .(li + *i + n7) is equal to
i+ -k i+ +k "7)
(o) (b) (a)P+m2+n2
J J
(b)lm+mn*nl
(c) t i+ -2k
6
@) rk (c) o

3. lbx ccx aax D] is equal to (d) None of these

(a) ax (b x c) (b) 2labcl 6. rf i=i+j+t,l: i -i + k,i : i + T -fr,then the

(c) labcY (g labc) 1".;
I
a.n q.c
value of It.a t.t 6.; IS
4. The locus of a point equidistant from two given
I

points whose position vectors arc a andD is equal to

lr., c.b a.a
(a) t6 (b) 18
(a) ,-lro+ :
q).@+D) s (c) 19 (d) 20
(b) ,-L@+ o1l.@- D) : o
75.28 Mathemotics
7. rf i = (si -j + t);t = zi - 3j - k;7 :- ti +i + tr 9. If a vector 7 is such that ix (i + 2j - k): i - kthen
and 7:2i + i, then the value of 7 canbe equal to

V lix(tx(ix a))lis equal to (a)3i+7j+3k

(a) 100 (b)ee (b)i+4j+k
(c) e8 (Ae6 (c) i + (/ + 3)j + k (where'/' is a scalar)

8. Let i be a unit vector satisfoing |xi: F,where (ai+6j+k

l; l: ,,8 and lF l: O, Then : 10. If the vector i satisffing ixi+(;.il;=A
1-
@) V: lti+ixit
.t .-
i: )"i+;";>:4il,then
given by
la.c )a'
r=
@);: |ti" ixit rdT n.n
(b ) -F
k) 7= (ixt ti)
(A V:(txixi) k)+ (d)
;.i )
ct-

Answer Key

r. (a) 2.(c) 3. (c) 4. (b) s. (a) 6.(,a) 7.(c) 8.(r) e.(a) 10.(A

16. APPLICATIONS (a) rs

(1) Work done by aforce : (r) 30

A force acting on a particle is said to do work if the particle (c) 25

is displaced in a direction which is not perpendicular to (o 40
the force.
Solution:
The work done by a force is a scalar quantity and its
measure is equal to the product of the magnitude of the Total force F : gi + j - 3k) + (3i + j - k)
force and the resolved part of the displacement in the :7i+ 2i - 4k
direction ofthe force.
Displacement 4 : (5i + 4i + k) - (i + 2j + 3k)
B
-) :4i*2i-2k
work done f .4 :
F
(7 i + 2j - 4k).(4i + 2j - 2k)
0
:28+4't8:40
A
If a particle be placed at O and a force
O-E Ue acting on the particle at O. Due to the application
F represented by
rffiffiffi#
of force F the particle is displaced in the direction of A groove is in the form of a broken line ABC and the
OA. tet 0-A Ue the displacement. Then the component position vectors of the three points are respectively
of OE in the direction of the force F is IOE lcos0. 2i-3j+2k,3i+2j*k and i+j+k. A force of
... Work done :lFll 0Elcos0 : [Link]: F.d, where magnitude 24'E rctson a particle of unit mass kept
d = Oi. Or Work done : (Force) . (Displacement) at the point A and moves it along the groove to the
If a number of forces are acting on a particle, then the point C. If the line of action of the force is parallel to
sum ofthe works done by the separate forces is equal to
the vector i + 2j + ft all along, the number of units of
the work done by the resultant force.
work done by the force is
lllustration 67
A is
acted upon by constant forces
particle @\ Mao
4i + j - 3k and 3i +j - ft which displace it from a (b) 144^/3
point i*2j+3k tothepoint 5i*4j+k. Thework @) 72t[i
done in standard units by the force is given by
@ 72{t
 Vectors 75.29
Solution: The moment of a couple is a vector perpendicular to

t:12+,8ffifi:ffr,*2i+k) the plane of couple and its magnitude is the product of the
magnitude of either force with the perpendicular distance
: tzOG+2j+k) between the lines of the forces.

Displacement r : position vector of C - Position vector

F, A

ofA : (r+i + k) - (2i - 3i + 2k\ : (-i+ 4i - k)

Work done by the force
+
w : r.F : (- i+ 4j - k).tzfie + 2j + k)
B _F

:tztZt l+8- l):72O M: r x F, where

": Bf
lMl:lgAxFl:lFllBElsino, where 0 is the angle
(2) Moment of aforce between BE and F
(i) About a point : : I F l(a-rD :1 F;a
Let a force F be applied at a point P of a rigid body. Then where a : BN is the arm of the couple and *ve or
the moment of F about a point O measures the tendency -ve sign is to be taken according as the forces indicate a
of F to turn the body about point O. If this tendency of counter-clockwise rotation or clockwise rotation.

rotation about O is in anticlockwise direction, the moment (3) Rotation about an axis :

is positive, otherwise it is negative. When a rigid body rotates about a fixed axis ON with an
+ angular velocity rrl, then the velocity v of a particle P is
rxF
givenby v:o)Xr, where r:OF and ro=lrrll (unit
o vector along ON)
o
.0
,J

Let r be the position vector of P relative to O. Then the

o
moment or torque of F about the point O is defined as the
63
vector M:rxF.
Forces of magnitudes 5 and 3 units acting in the
If several forces are acting through the same point P, .r
then the vector sum of the moment of the separate forces
directions ei + zi + 3[ and 3i - U 6t respectively
about O is equal to the moment of their resultant force acton a particle which is displaced from the point
about O. (2,2,-l\ to (4,3,1). Find the work done by the forces.
(ii) About a line:
Solution:
The moment of a force F acting at a point P about a line
L is a scalar given by (r x F).,i where 6 is a unit vector Let F be the resultant force and 7 be the displacement
:
in the direction of the line, and OP r, where O is any vector. Then,
point on the line.
Thus, the moment of a force F about a line is the
*- -Jx+4+9
-(oi+u+ti), ^(:i -4+eic)
"Jg+4+36
resolved part (component) along this line, of the moment
of F about any point on the line. =l3rt+g+tt*)
o The moment of a force about a point is a vector
and d : (qi + 3j + ic) - (zi + t - i) - zi +j + zi
while the moment about a straight line is a scalar
quantity. .'. Total work done
:F.l: i?gi +4i+tti).(zi +i+zi)
1,
A system consisting of a pair of equal unlike parallel
forces is called a couple. The vector sum of two forces of
: i rrt+4+66): f units.
a couple is always zero vector.
 75.30 Mathematics
gIWil
ltw
I The moment of the couple formed by the forces
Three forces i+2j-3k,2i+3i+4k and i-j+k
I are acting on a particle at the point (0, 1, 2). The
I Si+* and -Si-lr acting at the points (1,-t,Z) magnitude of the moment of the forces about the
point (1, - 2, 0) is
and (3, -2,1) respectively is
(a) -i+j+5k @) 2rEi @ 6{to
(b) i-i - sk @) a,[17 (d) None of these
Solutian:
(c'1 2i - 2j - l0k

(o -2i+2j+t0k Total force F : Q + 2j - 3k) + (2i + 3j + 4k)+ (i - j + k)

:4i+4j+2k
Solution:
Moment of the forces about P : r x F : Pf x F
Moment of the couple, PE: (0- l)r+ (t+2)i+Q-0)k=-i+ 3j+2k
... Moment about p : (- i+ 3j + 2k)x(4i + 4i + 2k)
:ffi x F: {(9 - 3)r+ (- I + 2) j + (2- l)*}x (si+ k)
i jk
i j kl -t32 2i+ roj - t6k
: (6i+i+ k) x (5i+*) = 6 I tl:i-i-s* 4 42
s0ll Magnitude of the momelt l- 2i+ l\j - l6kl
5 i+k
: 2{12 1 5z ,, gz :2\EO = 6rtm
F

A
{'9,-t,21
(o,1,2)

r
-F -si-k
lL,-2,01
P
 Unsolved Exercises
EXERCISE _ 1

Definition, Modulus, Addition of Vectors, Position Vector 9. The direction cosines of vector a : 3i I 4j + 5k in
the direction of positive axis of r, is
1. The perimeter of the triangle whose vertices
r.3
have 1
the position vectors (i+j+k),(5i+3j-3k) (a) @)
and,
{s0-s0 tm-,
(2i + 5j + 9/<), is given by
(ctL
'' /s0 (il-+
^fi
(a) ts + 1u1 ts - rfii /s0
@^B-frsl @ ^/E+rEi 10. The point having position vectors 2i+3i+4k.
3i + 4i + 2k. 4i + 2j + 3k are the vertices of
2. The position vectors of two points A and B
(a) Right angled triangle
are i+j-k and 2i-i+ft respectively. Then
(b) Isosceles triangle
IAB l=
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) Equilateral triangle

k)a @)s
(d) Collinear

3. The magnitudes of mutually perpendicular forces 11. If the vectors 6i-2j+3k,2i+3j-5k and
a, b and c are 2,10 and 11 respectively. Then the 3i+ 6j - 2k form a triangle, then it is
magnitude of its resultant is (a) Right angled (b) Obtuse angled
(a) t2 (b) ls (c) Equilteral (d) Isosceles
(c) 9 (d) None 12. The direction cosines ofthe vector 3i - 4j a' 5k are

4. The system of vectors i,j,k is ,,3-4

\a) 5, 5 ,5
1 3 -4 1

(a)Orthogonal (b) Coplanar

rD)
ia-'ifr'Ti
(c) Collinear (A None of these 3-4 I 341
5. The direction cosines ofthe resultant ofthe vectors
tc)
JT,E, {r-2 \d)
iE,iD,E
(i+j + k),(- i+j + k),(i-j + k) and (i+i - k), 13. The position vectors of A and B are 2i - 9j - 4k
are
and 6i-3j+8k respectively, then the magnitude
offfiis
,,,(b,h,h) (a) 11 (b) t2
(c) 13 (A A
*,(h,h.h) 14. The vectors AB: 3i+ 4k, and Ae = 5i- 2i + 4k
,,1
(c)
I I _I \ are the sides of a tiangle ABC. The length of the
\-8, B= {6-6 ) median through A is
I 1=\
(r)\8,8,6)
,nll
@)'fE @ {n'
6. ThepositionvectorsofPandQare 5it 4i* ak and @,8 @ ^t288
15. If the position vectors of the vertices A, B, C of
-i+zj- 2/r respectively. If the distance between a triangle ABC are 7j+lAk,-i+6j+6k and
them is 7, then the value of a will be
(aY!,l (b) 5,1 -4i + 9j + 6/r respectively, the triangle is
(a) Equilateral
(c) 0,5 (A r,0 (D) Isosceles
7. Azero vector has (c) Scalene
(a) Any direction(b) No direction (d) Right angled and isosceles also
(c) Many directions (d) None of these 16. The fi gure formedbythe fourpoints i +l - k, 2i + 3i,
8. A force is a 3i+5j-2k k-jand is
(a) Unit vector (b) Localised vector (a) Rectangle (b) Parallelogram
(c) Zero vector (d) Freevector (c) Trapezium (d) None of these
75.32 Mathemotics
17. If P and Q be the middle points of the sides BC and 25. IfABCD is a parallelogram and the position vectors
CD of the parallelogram ABCD, then AF* AQ: ofA, B, C are i* 3j + 5k,i + j + k and 7i * 7j + 7k,
(a) Ae (b)
+Ae
then the position vector of D will be
1_ ?.......* (a) 7i+sj+3k (b) 7i+9j+ttk
(c)
iAC (d) ;AC (c) 9i+ rri+ r3k (O 8i+ 8l+8r
18. If a:2i* 57 and b:2i-j, then the unit vector
along atD willbe 26. lf the position vectors of the points A, B, C, D be
i- i 2i + 3i + 5k,i + 2j + 3k,- 5i + 4j - 2k and i + 107 +
(a) --*
,/2
(b) i+i I 0/r respectively, then

@Oe+il @+
,/2
(a) AE: eD (b) AB ll eD
19. What should be added in vector a = 3i -t 4j - 2k to (") AB 1eD (@ None of these
get its resultant a unit vector i
27. The position vector of a point C with respect to B
-2i-4j+2k (b) -2i+4j-2k
(a)
is i +7 and that of B with respect to A is i -l . The
(c) 2i + 4j - 2k (d) None of these position vector of C with respect to A is
20. If u:i*2j+3k,b=-i*2j+k and c:3i*j, (a)2i (b) 2i
then the unit vector along their resultant is
(c) -2j (d) -2i
(a) 3i + si + 4k tU I!#! 28. A and B are two points. The position vector of A is
3i+5i+4k
(c) # (d) None of these 6b - 2a. A point P divides the line AB in the ratio
5,/2
I : 2. If a- b is the position vector of P, then the
21. lf a:2i*j-8k and b:i*3j-4k, then the position vector of B is given by
magnitude of a* b: (a) 7a-l5b (b) 7a+ l5b
(a)13 l3
-;-
(b;
J (c) t5a-7b (d) l5a+7b
(")+ @
4
lf 29. InatriangleABC, if 2Ae :3C8, then 2Of + 3OE
22. If in the given figure Of=a,08=D and equals
AP:PB : m:n, then OF: (a) s o-d (b) - O-e
P
A B
(r) O-f (d) None of these

30. If D,E,F arerespectivelythemidpoints of AB,AC

and BC in LABC,1hs1 ffi1ffi:
(a) Dd (b)
@u*I*
m-rn @# @)2* @+*
+BF

(c) ma- nb @)
u*
m-n 31. If 4i+7j+8k,2i+3j+4k and 2i-t5j+7k are
23. If D, E, F be the middle points of the sides BC, CA the position vectors of the vertices A, B and C
and AB of the triangle ABC, then AD * g-E + eF respectively of triangle ABC. The position vector of
is
the point where the bisector of angle A meets BC is
(a) Azero vector (b) A unit vector l)
(c) 0 (d) None of these
(a)
7$i + l3l + l8*) (b)
i<6i + t2j - 8k)
,|

24. lf u and b are the position vectors of A and B t.l i(- 6i-8j-sD (A ?<-u,-t2j+8k)
respectively, then the position vector ofa point C on 32. The vectors i + 2j + 3k,),,i + 4i + k, -3i - 2j - 5k
7

AB produced such that Ad: 3AE is are collinear, if l, equals

(a) 3a- b (b) 3b- a (a)3 (b) 4
(c) 3o - 2b (d) 3b - 2o (c)5 (A6
 Vectors 75.33
33. The position vectors of four points P, Q, R, S 42. If a, b, c are mutually perpendicular unit vectors,
are 2a-t4c,Su+3\Eb+4c,-2,8b+c and then la -r b * cl:
2a* c respectively, then @)^E (D3
(r) trQ is parallel to R-S (r) 1 @)0
(b) trQ is not parallel to RS 43. If lsl+lb l: lc I and u* b: c, then the angle
(r) PQ is equal to RS between aandbis
(4 m is parallel and equal to RS rdZ @)n
34. If three points A, B, C are collinear, whose position (") 0 (d) None of these
vectors are i-2j-8k,5i-2k and lli+3i+7k 44. If a has magnitude 5 and points north-east and
respectively, then the ratio in which B divides AC
vector D has magnitude 5 and points north-west,
is
then la - bl:
(a) t:2 (b) 2:3
(d) t: t
(a) 25 (b) s
(c) 2:1
@ ltE @ s,['
35. The value of t for which the vectors a : i - i and
b :- 2i * ff are collinear is 45. If 0 be the angle between the unit vectors u and b,

(a)2 @) +
,e
tnen cosz:
,' l g1
t.) i (d) 3
lla-rl @ +la+bl
Scalar Product of Vectors lu- bl
(') lfr (dt la+ bl
36. (a.i)i + ([Link] + @.k)k = li4l
(a) u (b) 2a
46. If lal:3,lbl=4,lcl:5 and a*b*c:0, thenthe
angle between a and D is
(c) 0 (d) None of these
37. lf r.i: r. j: r.k and I r : 3, then r:
(r)o @+
(a) +3(i+j+k)
I

@ r+G+j+k)
rdt @+
47. If the vector i+i+k makes angles cr,B,y with
k) rh|+i + k) (O !^EG+i + k) ij,k respectively, then
vectors
38. If a, b, c are non-zero vectors such that a.b : a.c, (o) a:$*y (b) a:y*F
then which statement is true (c) F:y * a (d) cx: B:Y
(a) b: c
(b) a LQ- c)
48. (r.i)'1- (r.j)'+ (r.k)2:
(c) b: c or a tG- c)
(a) 3r2 (b) ,'
(d) None of these (r) 0 (d) None of these

39. If a and 6 be unlike parallel vectors, then a . b: 49. The value ofD such that scalar product ofthe vectors
(q) lallbl (b) - | allbl (i + j + /r) with the unit vector parallel to the sum of
the vectors (2i + 4j - 5/r) and (bi + 2i * 3ft) is I , is
(c) 0 (d) None of these
(a) -2 (b) - 1

40. If a, b, c are unit vectors such that a*btc=0, (c) 0 (d) |

then s.b * b.c I c.a:
(a) | (b) 3 50. If a unit vector lies in yz-plane and makes angles
(c) -3t2 (d) 3t2 of 30" and 60' with the positive y-axis and z-axis
respectively, then its components along the co-
41. If a, b, c mutually perpendicular vectors of equal
are
magnitudes, then the angle between the vectors a ordinate axes will be
and a-f b-t c is t; ^E
\.is ?$
r

, TT ,,, at (b) o,
@)7 \b)
TE

6 t; l;
(r') cos ,l
'f
VJ
^n;
(d) o f,o.l (4 o. |+
75.34 Mathematics
51. If E=f-y+ k,fi=-i+2i-k,rt:j-k, 59. If a.i : a.(i +i) : o.(i +j + k), then a :
i.:4i-3j-2k and -B:6i+i-3k, then (a) i (b) k
the scalar product of fr + F, + E and AE will
(c) i @) i+i+k
be 60. If la l: 3,1 bl= 4 thenavalueof ), forwhich a-l)',b
is perpendicular to a - ID is
(u) 3 (b) 6
o J
{r) e (rJ) t2 (o) rc' (b)
4
52. Ifthe rnoduli ofa and D are equal and angle between k)+ @+
them is 120' and a.b:- 8, then lal is equal 61. If the position vectors of the points A, B, C, D be
to i + j + k,2i + 5j,3i + 2j - 3k and i - 6j - k, then
(a)-5 (b) -4 the angle between the vectors AB and eD is

(c) 4 (d) s @+ (D+

53. If la : 3,1 bl= 4 and the angle between a and bbe
I
t) t (a n
120', then l4a+3bl: 62. If 0 be the angle between the unit vectors a and b,
(a) 2s (b) 12 then a - tD n will be a unit vector if 0 :
(c) 13 (A 7 r,)t @+
54. A vector whose modulus is ,,5T and makes the
same angle with a:
i-2i +2k
b- -4i 5- 3k
(c) ? @+
63. If the angle between a andD be 30' , then the angle
and c:j, willbe
between 3a and- 4b will be
5i+5j+k
(a) (b) si+i-sk (a) 150' (b) e0'
5i+j+5k
(c) (d) !(si-j-sk) (c) 120" (O 30"
55. If p:i-2j+3k q:3i1-j+2k,thenavector
and
64. lf s, b and c are unit vectors such that a * b - c : 0,
along r which is linear combination of p and q and
then the angle between a and b is
also perpendicular to g is
(a) i+si-4k (b) i-sj+4k (a) nl6 (b) nl3

(c) -ZG
I (c) nl2 (d) 2nl3
+ 5i - 4k) (d) None of these
65. If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector, then
56. The vector a coplanar with the vectors i and j,
perpendicular to the vector b : 4i - 3j t 5fr such the magnitude of their difference is
thatlal:l6lis @)O @^,8
I
@) {i$i++i1 or -^[i(3i+4j) (c) j; (d) r
@) ,/[Link]+zit or -t[i(4i+3j) 66. A vector of length 3 perpendicular to each of the
k) rE@i+ si1 or -^E(4i+ sj) vectors 3i + j - 4k and 6i + 5j - 2k is
iA ,R{si.+ai or -,R(si+4j) (a)2i-2j+k (b) -2i+2i+k
57. If a is any vector in space, then (c) 2i+ 2j - k (/) None of these
(a) a : \[Link] + (a. il j )-(t.k)k 67. If a*0,b*0 and la+bl:la-bl, then the
(b) a : (axi) +(.ax )+(ax k) vectors a andb are
(c) a: j(a.i)+ k([Link]+i(a.k) (a) Parallel to each other
(A a : @xi) x i +(ax ) x j+(axk) x k (b) Perpendicular to each other
(c) Inclined at an angle of 60'
58. If vectors a,b,c satis$z the condition (d) Neither perpendicular nor parallel
la- cl:lb- cl, then (b- a). ( c- a't2 b ) is equal
to 68. The vector 2i + aj + /r is perpendicular to the vector
(a)0 (b) -l 2i-j-k, if a=
(c) I (A2 (a) s (b) -s
(c) -3 (A 3
 Vectors 75.35
69. If a:2i+2j+3k,b:-i+2j+k and c:3i'fj, 78. (a-b)x(a*b):
then a * ri is perpendicular to c if t: (a) 2Gx b) (b) bx t)
(o) 2 (b) 4 (c) a2 - bz (d) None of these
(c) 6 (d) 8 79. If a'l b * c = 0, then which relation is correct
70. The vec tor 2i + j- /r is perpendicular to i - 4i + ),,k, (a) a= b: c=0
if),= (b) a.b : b.c: c.a
(a) 0 (b) -l (c) ax b: bx c: cX a
(c) -2 (A -3 (d) None of these
71. The projection of vector 2i + 3i - 2k on the vector
i+2j + 3/r will be
80. If 0 be the angle between the vectors a and b and

(,)fr l-) (b)fr la x b l: a.D, then 0 =

(a)n @+
@-#
l+ ,,1
@,fr4 (c) t TC
(d) 0
81. (2a+3r)x (5a+7b):
72. lf vector u:2i'3i+6k and vector b:-2i1-
Projection ofvector a on vector D _ (a) ax b (b) bx a
2j - k, then Projection ofvector D on vector c (c) a+ b (d) 7a+ lDb
.1
1
(a\i (b)j 82. If a and b are two vectors such that a.b : 0 and
(c)3 (47 axb:0, then
73. lf the position vectors of A -
and B be 6i + i 3k (a) a is parallel to D
and 4i - 3j - 2k, then the work done by the force (b) a isperpendicular to D
F: i- 3j + 5k in displacing a particle from A to B
is
(c) Either a or D is a null vector
(a) unit
15 (b) 17 unit (d) None of these

(c) - 15 unit (d) None of these

c:(-1,-1,0), then the
83. If a=(1,-1,1) and
74. lf the scalar projection of the vectors xi - i * /< on
vectorDsatisffing aXb: c and a.D= 1is
the vector 2i-j+5ft is * then value of x is
/30 (a) (1,0,0) (b) (0,0, l)
equal to
(c) (0, -1,0) (d) None of these
<o) i (b\ 6
(c) -6 (d) 3 84. If aXb:bxc* 0, where a,bandcarecoplanar
75. lf lal=lb I
: 1 and la+ bl: ,E ,then the value of vectors, then for some scalar t
Ga-ab).Qa*50) is (a) a+c=kb (b) a+b:kc
(a) -2r (b) -2rt2 (c) b+ c: ka (d) None of these
(c) 2t (d) 2rt2
85. A unit vector perpendicular to the plane determined
Vector Product
by the points (1, - l, 2),(2,0,- l) and (0,2, l) is
76. lf u and D are unit vectors such that a x D is also a
unit vector, then the angle between a and D is @ rhei+i + k) {t1 *L1i+ 2i + k)
(a)o n
@+
s1 *L6+i+*1 <a ftrzi-i-*l
@i @)n
77. The points l(a), B(b),C(c) will be collinear if 86. If a = 2i'r 3i - 5k,b = mi+ nj + 12k and ax b :0,
(a) a+b*c:0 then (m, n):
(b) uxb+bxc*cxa:0 (-+,+) (+,-+)
(c) a.b * b.c * c.a : 0
@) @
(d) None of these (") (-+,-+) @ (+,+)
75.36 Mathematics
87. A unit vector which is perpendicular to i + 2i - 2k 97. A force of magnitude 6 acts along the vector
and -i*2j+2k is (9,6, - 2 ) and passes through a point A (4, l, _7).
-
The moment of the force about the point O (1, - 3,
s1
ftpi-*1 @ #l zi+k)
2) is

s1
ftpi+i+*1 @ ft<zi+*> s1 ffpi-ti1
88. If A(-1,2,3),8(l,l,l) and CQ.,- 1,3) arepoints 1a; f,1so;- isj+36k)
on a plane. A unit normal vector to the plane ABC is (c) ls0(2i- 3i)
*(?4t!)
@) rrr *(
2i-2j+k
)
(4 6(s0i-75i+36k)
+k 98. A force F:2i*j -/r acts at a point A, whose
@)*ery) ro-( 2i+
) position vector is 2i - j. The moment of F about the
89. The sine of the angle between the two vectors origin is
3i + 2j - k and l2i + 5j - 5/c will be (a) i+2j-4k i-2j-4k
(b)
6r__!p
' ' \/t41194 (bt _:L (c) i+ 2j + 4k (A i-zi + 4k
'-', Jt4Jt44
99. If a : i-j,b = i+j, c = il3j + 5k and z is a unit
(c\ # tK4 (d) None of these vector such that b.n:O,a.n = 0 then the value of
l14 \/194 lc.z I is equal to
90. For any vectors a, b, c (a) | (b) 3

ax (b + c)+ b x (c + a)+ cx (a+ b): (c) s (d) 2

(a)0 (b) a+b+c Scalor Triple Product
(c) [abc] (d) axbxc 100. If a, b, c are three non-coplanar vector, then
91. : [Link] , [Link]
la x i l'+1axil'+1ax k1z
iV a:F - b
(a) lal' (b) 2lal'z (a)0 "ax (b) 2
(c) 3lal' (d1 4lal'z (c) -2 (d) Noneofthese
92. The vectors c,a: xi*yj*zk and 6 =7 are such 101. If a, b, c be any three non-coplanar vectors, then
that a, c, b form a right handed system, then c fa+bb*cc*af:
is (a) labcl fD 2labcl
(a) zi-xk (6) 0 (c) labc)2 (d) 2labc]'z
(c) yj (d) -zi+xk
102. lf the vectors 2i-3j,i+j-k and 3i-lr form
93. If (ax6y+([Link] andlal:4, then lDl:
three concurrent edges ofa parallelopiped, then the
(a) t6 (r) 8 volume of the parallelopiped is
(c)3 (AD 8
(c) (b) l0
94, Let a, b, c be three vectors such that a { 0, and (c)4 (AA
ax b:2ax c,lal:lcl:l,l bl= 4 andlt x cl: ,,Ei .
lf b - 2c: l.a, then l. equals to 103. If a, b, c are any three coplanar unit vectors, then

(a) | (b) !4 (a) a.(b; c) : I (b) a.(b x 91 : 3

(c) 3 (A -2 (c) (a x b).c = 0 (d) (c x s1.6 = 1

95. The areaofatrianglewhosevertices are A(1, - 1,2), 104. lf a and D be parallel vectors, thenla c b)=
B(2,1,- l) and C(3,- 1,2) is (a)0 (b) |
(a) t3 (b) ,h3 (c) 2 (@ None of these
(c) 6 @ '16 105. Ifthe v ectors 2i - j + k, i + 2j - 3k and 3i * ),,j + 5k
96. The area ofthe parallelogram whose diagonals are
be coplanaq then l":
a:3i*j-2k and, b:i-3j+4k is
(a) -t (b) -2
(a)to,/i (b) s.,E
(c)8 (A4 (c) -3 (A -4
 Vectors 75.37
106. If a, b, c are the three non-coplanar vectors 115. If a:il2i-2k,b:2i-i*k and c:it3i-k,
and p, q, r are defined by the relations then a x (, x c) is equal to
__bxc __cxa
P: -_aXb..^_,
frid,q = frfr,r = frfr then (a + b).P + 20i-3j+7k (b) 20i-3j-7k
(a)
(b+c).q+(c+a).r: (c) 20i + 3j - k (d; None of these
7

(c) 0 (b) 1 116. If a:2i-t3i-k,B:-i+2j-4k and f :i*

(c) 2 (d) 3 f*ft,then(o x B) (o x 1)isequalto
107. If the points whose position, vectors are 3i - 2j - k, (a) 60 (b) 64
2i+3i-4k,-i+j*2k and 4i+5j+1./r lie on a @) 7a (a -74
plane, then l, :
ll7. If sx(bx c) = 0, then
@)-#
17
@#
t1
(a) lal:[Link]:l (b) bllc
(c) - l+6" (A us' (c) allb (d) blc
108. The volume of the parallelopiped whose edges are 118. ax (bx c) is equal to
represented by -l2i+ ak,3i -k and zi+i - l5k
is 546. Then ct =
(a) (a.c)b - (a.a)b (b) (a.c)a - (b.c)a
(c) (a.c)b - (a.b)c (d) (a.b)c - (a.c)b
(o) 3 (b) 2
(c) -3 (A -2 119. If aXb=c,bxc:a anda,b,c bemoduliofthe
vectors a, b, c respectively, then
109. [a b ax b) is equal to
(o) a: 7,b = c (b) c = l,a: I
(a) lsxbl (b) laxbl'z
(") 0 (c) b:2,c :2a (A b: l,c = a
(d) None of these
110. If a.i : 4, then (a x j).(zj _ 3k) : 120. ix (7 x r) +j x(* x i)+ kx (;x7) equals
(a) 12 (b) 2 (a)i (b) j
(c) 0 (A -tz (")k @0
111. i.(i x k) +i.& x i) + k.(i xj) : l2l. \ a a x bl is equal to
[b x c c
(a) | (b) 3 (a) ax(bxc) (b) 2fabc)
(c) -3 (A 0 (c) labc)2 (d) labcl
112. The val:ue of la - bb - cc - a],where I a I
: l,l b I : 5
122. Given three unit vector a, b, c such that u L b and
andlcl:3 is
allc,then ax(rxc) is
(a)0 (b) 1 (a) a (b) b
(c)2 (44 (r)c (Ao
Vector Triple Product, Product of four Vectors 123. Let a, b, c be three vectors from
ll3. ax (, x c) is coplanar with ax(b x c): (a x D) x c, if
andc
(a) b (b) c anda (a) bx(axs):9 (b) a$xc)=0
(c) a and b (d) a, b and c (c) cx a-- aX b (d) cx b: bX o
114. If u: ix (ax i)+ j x (ax11-+ k x (a x /c), then 124. If a, b, c, d are coplanar vectors, then
(ux b)x(gx dl)=
(a) u:0 (b) u=i+j+k
(c) u:2a (a) lax cl' (b) lax al'z
(A u: a
(c) lbxcl' (a 0
75.38 Mathematics
EXERC'SE _ 2

Definition, Modulus, Addition of Vedors, Position Vector 8. If a, b and c be three non-zero vectors, no two of
which are collinear. If the vector a + 2b is collinear
1. A unit vector c makes an angle f; *itn z-axis. If
a+ i+ j is a unit vector, then a is equal to with c and D + 3c is collinear with a, then ( l" being
some non-zero scalar) a + 2b* 6c is equal to
{,) i+!+ ,}- @ i++-h (a) )va (b) Xb
,-\ -i
(4 -i -
-2-2+ k (d) Noneofthese (c) )uc (A 0
9. In a regular hexagon ABCDEF, TE :
2. If ":
the position vectors of A and B are i*3i-7k Ie+rt+TE TI+TF-IE
and 5i- 2j+4k, then the direction cosine of ffi @) 101

91 rt+VE-VF (d) None of these

,ofu
along y-axis is

@)-h n. tdrt+D7+DE+De:
@) otr+oi-oe @) AV+OB-BD
(c) -s (d) tt
@) OV+OE+Oe (d) None of these
3, If OP:8 and D-F makes angles 45" and 60' with
OX-axisand Ol-axis respectively, then OF : 11. p:2a-3b,q= a-2bl c,r:-3a-t b-f2c;
@) 8(Oi+jt*) where a, b and c being non-zero, non-coplanar

@\ 4(Oi+ j t*) vectors, then the vector -2a't 3b - c is equal to

91 f,1fii+ix*1 (a) p-4q (0 -J+a

@ frEi+i+*1 (c) 2p-3q+r (d) 4p-2r
4. The position vectors of the points A, B, C are 12. ln a trapezium, the vector Ed:),,14. We then
(2i + j - k), (3 i - 2j + k\ and (i + 4j - 3 k) respectively. find that p:rt+ED is collinear with TD, if
These points p: pAA, then
(a) Form an isosceles triangle (c) p: )"+ I (b) )" = p+ I
(b) Form a right-angled triangle (c) ),+p: I (d) gt:Z+),
(c) Are collinear 13. A, B, C, D, E are five coplanar points, then
(d) Form a scalene triangle DZ +DE +Dd+rt+Ei+ d is equal to

5. ABC is an isosceles triangle right angled atl. Forces @) Dl @) 3DE

of magnitude zfi,s and 6 act along Bd, eA and @) 2DE @ 4ED
ffi respectively. The magnitude of their resultant 14. lf G and G' be the centroids of the triangles IBC and
force is A'B'C respectively, then rt
+EF +ee :
(a) 4 (D) s )-
(c) 1l +2{, (A 30
{a\lGd @ Gd
@) 2Gd @ 3Ge
6. If ABCDEF is a regular hexagon and
15. If O be the circumcentre and O' be the orthocentre
VE +rt +7D +rt +rt : Lfr , then )u : of the triangle ABC,then O'i+ O'E+ O'e =
(a) 2 (b) 3
@) dd @) 2dd
G)a (06 k) 2dd (a o

7. P isa point on the side BC ofthe LABC and p is a 16. If (x, y, r) I (0, 0, 0) and (i +7 + 3k)x + (3i - 3j + k)
point such that trQ is the resultant of TF,FE,Fe . y + (- 4i + 5j)z: ),(xi+ yj + zk), thenthe value of
T\enABQC is a ), will be
(a) Square (b) Rectangle (u) -2,0 (b) 0,-2
(c) Parallelogram (d) Trapezium (c) -1,0 (40,-l
 Vectors TS'39
17. If three points A, B and C have position vectors 25. The position vector of vertices of a triangle ABC are
(1,x,3), (3,4,1) and (y, -2,- 5) respectively and 4i-2i,i+4j-3k and -i+5i+ k respectively,
ifthey are collinear, then then IABC:
(a) (2, - 3) (b) (- 2,3) (a) nl6 (fi nta
(c) (2,3) @ (-2,-3) (c) nl3 (d) nl2
Scalar Product of Vectors 26. The value of x for which the angle between the
18. If la + b l>l s - b l, then the angle between a and b vectors a: xi - 3i - k,b : 2xi -t xj - k is acute
is and the angle between the vectors b and the axis of
(a) Acute (b) Obtuse ordinate is obtuse, are

@i TL
@)n (a) 1,2 (b) -2,-3
(c) x > 0 (d) None of these
19. If a, b, c are three vectors such that a: b I c and
the angle between b and c is nl2, then 27. lf a and b are two unit vectors such that s + 2b and
(a) q2: b2 + c2 (b) b': c'+ a' 5a-4b are perpendicular to each other, then the
(c) c'= a2 + b2 (A 2o'- b2 = c2 angle between a and D is
a:lal,b:lbl,c :lcl)
(Note : Here @) as" (b) 60'
20. If lal:3,lDl: l,lcl:4 anda+b+ c:0,then (') ."'-'(+) (4 ."'-'(+)
a.b+b.c*c.a: 28. Let u and b be two unit vectors inclined at an angle
(a)-13 (D) -
l0 0, then sin(0/2) is equal to
(c) 13 (d) l0
@ Llo-tt @ Llo+rt
21. If ABCDEF is regular hexagon, the length of whose (c) la-bl (A la+bl
side is a, then [Link]+ e' t : 29. A vector of magnitude 14 lies in the ry-plane and
(a) a (b) a' makes an angle of 60' with x-axis. The components
(c) 2a2 (A 0 ofthe vector in the direction ofx-axis andy-axis are
22. lf in a right angled triangle AB C, the hypotenuse lB (a) 7,7,8 (bt 7{t.7
: p then VE .Vd+Ee .EV +eV .eE is equal to (a At,E,t4,E
@) t4^E,t4t,E
(a) 2p' (il + 30. Let b : 3j * 4k,a : i -t j and let b, and b, be
(c) p' (d) None of these component vectors of 6 parallel and perpendicular
23. For any three non-zero vectors h,h and h, to a. If h : fi +
ii .then bz=
ln.r n .n [Link]
tt n.n at li+|i++r sy -|i+|i++*
[Link]. Then which of the following
ln.n 3. 3.
ln.n n.n [Link] (c) -;i +;i (d) None of these
is false
31. A particle acted on by two forces 3i t 2j - 3k and.
(a) All the three vectors are parallel to one and the
same plane 2i + 4j + 2ft is displaced from the point i + 2j + k
(b) All the three vectors are linearly dependent to 5i * 4j + 2k. The total work done by the forces is
(c) This system of equation has a non-trivial equal to
solution (a) 63 unit (b) 39 unit
(d) All the three vectors are perpendicular to each (c) 33 unit (d; 3l unit
other

24. A unit vector which is coplanar to vector i+ j + 2k 32. If a,b and c are perpendicular to D* c,c*aand,
and i+2j+k andperpendicularto i*7*/r, is a*D respectively and if la+bl:6,16*cl:8
,,#
6 H
*,r(#)
(^ i+i:k
and lc -l al: 10 then la * b * cl:
@) so
torz
(b) so
@) to
,/2 ^/3
@)
75.40 Mothematics
Vector Product 41. If the position vectors of three points ,4, B and C
are respectively i + j + k, 2i + 3j - 4k and 7i + 4j +
33. The components ofa vectora along and perpendicular
9/r, then the unit vector to the plane containing the
to the non-zero vector D are respectively
triangle ABC is

@)#,ff @)ffi,ff (a) 3ti-t&i-9k

3ti+ r8i +9k
(b)
3ti-38j-9
,/2486
k

a.b
a.b
\c) lal,W laxbl laxbl
\a) lal , (c) (d) None of these
lbl ,t2486
34, Let a and b be two non-collinear unit vectors. If 42. If a, b, c are position vector of vertices of a triangle
ABC,then unit vector perpendicular to its plane is
u = a- (a.b)b and v: a x D, the'n I v I is
(a) axb+bxc*cXa
(a)lul (b) lul+[Link]
axbl-bxc*cxa
(c) lul+[Link] tD) 6V_bT6ri+(x4
@ lul+u.(a+b)
axb
tc) lax
35. If axb:bxc* 0 and a*c10, then bl
(a) (a+c)Lb (b) fu+c)llD (d) None of these
(c) a-r c: b (d) None of these 43. Ifthe vectors a, b and c are represented by the sides
BC, CA and AB respectively of the A.4BC, then
36. The unit vector perpendicular to the vectors
6i+2j+3k and 3i-6j-2k, is (a) a.b't b.c't c.a: 0
(b) ax b: bx c: cx a
2i-3j+6k 2i- 3i - 6k
(a)
7
(b)
7
(c) a.b: b.c = c.a
2i+3i- 6k 2i+3j + 6k (A axb: bxs: sxs:Q
(c) @
7 7
44. The position vectors of the points A, B and C are
37. lf la l: 2,1D l: 5 and la x b l= 8, then a.D is equal i +j, j + k and * * i respectively. The vector area
to of the a,ABC:*+d where d:
(a) 0 (b) 2 (a) -i+j+k (b)i-j+k
(c) 4 (d) 6 (c) i+i-k (A i+j+k
38. If [Link]= 3 and laxbl:4, thentheanglebetween Vector Triple Product, Product of three & four Vectors
aandDis

(a) _,3
cos-'f, - cos
(b)
,1
'f
4s. If t=ffi,t:ffi,r=ffi, where a, b,

c are three non-coplanar vectors, then the value of

,A
(c) cos-'f @+ (a+ b+
").(p
+q +r) is given by

39. The scalars / and m such that la + mb : c, where a, b

(a)3 (b) 2

and c are given vectors, are equal to

(c) 1 (40

\a)
, (c x b).(a x b)
t:--GrD-'m= (c x a).($ x s) 46. Let a, b, c be distinct non-negative numbers. If the
(bxof vectors ai+ aj* ck,il k and. ci* cj* bk lie in a
, S) (c x t).(b x a)
(c x b).(ax plane, then c is
\o) t = ---@vb ,m: 16x a) (a) The arithmetic mean of a and b
cxb xb) _ (c x a)x(b x a)
(c) t: (ax b) ,m (bx a)
(D) The geometric mean of a and b
(c) The harmonic mean of a and b
(d) None of these (d) Equal to zero
40. If A, B, C, D are any four points in space, then
47. If a, b, c are any three vectors and their inverse are
@E x eD +Ee xVD + eZ xED 1 is equal to
(a) 2L (b) 4L
a-',b-',c-' and,labcll 0, then la-|6-1"-t1 willbe
(c) 3a (O sL
(a\ Zero (b) One
(c) Non-zero (d) la b c)
(where A denotes the area of LABC)
 Vectors T5'47
48. If a=i-i*k,b:i*2j-k and c:3i1-pj't5k 56. lf a : 3i- i + 2k,b = 2i+j - k and c : i-
2j + 2k,
are coplanar then the value ofp will be then (a x D) x c is equal to
(a)-6 (b)
-2 @)2ai+7j-sk (b) 7i-24j+sk
(c)2 (46 (c) t2i+ 3j - sk (A i+ j -7k
s7. ix (ix k):
49. If a,b,c are non-coplanar vectors and
(a) | (r) 0
d: ?a + pD + vc, then ). is equal to
@ffi lbdc)
@ffi
lcbd)
(c) - I (d) None of these

58. If three unit vectors a, b, c are such that

\c) li4 \a) -@6cl ax(bxd:t, then the vector a makes with D

and c respectively the angles

50. lf a,b,c are vectors such that labcl= 4, then (a) 40",80' (b) 45',45"
laxbbxccxu): (c) 30',60' (A 90',60'
(a) 1.6 (b) 64
k)a (48 59. Let a = 2i l- i - 2k and b = i * j. Ifc is avector such

51. The volume of the parallelopiped whose

that 2O andthe angle between
a.c:l c l,l c - al:
(ax b) and c is 30" , then l?x b) x l:
conterminous edges are i-j+k,2i-4j+5k and "
3i- 5j +2k is (a)i,? @i
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c)2 (43
(c) 2 (d) 8 60. If the vectors a and, b are mutually perpendicular,
then a x {a x {tx (a x ,)} } is equal to
52. likjl+lkjil+vki)
(a) | (b) 3
(a) lal'zb (b) lal3b
(c) -3 (A -r (c) lalab (d) None ofthese
61. a x [a x (a x b)] is equal to
53. If a.b= b.c: c.a:O then the value of [a D c] is
(a) (ax a).(b x u)
equal to
(b) a.(bx a)- b.(ax b)
(a) | (b) -l (c) la.(a x b)la
(c) la llr llc I (A o
(d) (a.a)(bxa)
54. lf a is perpendicular to b and c,lal:2,lbl:3,lcl:4 62. Given the following simultaneous equations for
and the angle between D and r, !, then [aDc] is vectors x andy
"
equal to x+ y: a .....(r)

@) a6 (D 6.8 xx!= D .....(ii)

@) t2.E (a n\E x.a = 1 .....(iii)

Then x=....... y = ......
55. If a,b,c are non-coplanar vectors and ), is a real
number then lX(a+D X'?b Xcl=lab+cbl (a) a,a-x (b) a-b,b
for (c) b,a-b (d) Noneofthese
(a) Exactly three values of ), 63. (bxc)x(cxa)=
(b) Exactly two values of ). (a) lbcala (b) [cab)b
(c) Exactly one value of 1. (c) labclc (d) facb]b
(d) No value of l.
75.42 Mothematics
EXERCISE _ 3

Numerical Type 10. ;,1,; are three unit vectors and every two are
1. Given four non zero vectors A$,; and 7. the inclined to each other at an angle cos-I1:/S;. If
vectors i,l and i are coplanarbutnot collinearpair ; *6 = pi + ql + r7, wherep, q, r are scalars, then
55q2 is equal to
bypair and v ector 7 is not coplanarwith vectors 7, F
and i and (7^F):(l^;):!,{l^;)=o and 11. If i,6 and 7 are mutually perpendicular unit
(l ^l): P, if (7 ^;): cos-' (z cos P * r cos o) vectors such that xi - yl +t - zi : 6, x, y e R,
then the value ofx2 + f is
thenm-nis:
2. LetT.:2i +eB:i+i+k :4i-y+ttc. ande
: I and
12. Let i and F be two vectors such that l7l
Ifavector R: cri- W +yi, satisfies Rx B: e x B i.(lx(ixl)):8. If the angle between t and
and R.E:0 then o+p+y is F is cosec-' ^[i, thenmagnitude of F is.
3. If in a plane .{1, A2, A3,......, Aro are the vertices
of a regular polygon having 20 sides and O is its 13. Given f'(x)+ g'(x)+h' (x) < g and U(x) :3f (x)
19
+ 4 g(x) + l0 h(x), where f x), g(x) and h(x) are
centre and I(o[, x O-4,*r): ].(OEz 1 ffi,)then
i= I
ll"+ 101 is
continuous Vx e R. If maximum value of U(x) is

/F, then findN.

4. In an equilateral AABC find the value of
ItrAl'+lP4l'+ltrCl' p is any
14. If i and I are non zero, non collinear vectors,
where arbitrary
R2 and the linear combination (?.;--y)i+41:5t
point lying on its circumcircle,
5. If the
+(x - 2y) D' holds for real x and y then x + y has
circumcentre of the tetrahedron OABC is
a' (b x c ) + b' (c x a )'r c' la x b ) the value equal to
glven Dy G '
where i,t * t are the position vectors of the 15. Let ; ,; ,i
be such that li I
: l, I i l: 2,li l: 3 .

points A, B, C respectively relative to the origin 'O' Iftheprojectionof along i il isequaltothatof il

such that n;l: 36 then o/9 is
Li along 7 andvector i,i areperpendiculartoeach
other then I i- i +i I equals
6. lflal:3,161:4,1" l:5and a t(6+7), b I
16. Given three vectors i,t and i each two of
1V +i 1, c t1a + I ttren lla + b + cll, where []
D-

denotes the greates integer function, is........ which are non collinear. Further it (i+l) is
collinear with i, (l+t) is collinear with i and
7. Let oT:i,oi: zi+ l06,oe :6 where o, A,
l;l:ll l:l;l:{j. Then the absolute value of
C are non collinear points. Let / denote the area of i.R+8.t+i i:
the quadrilateral OABC. Let m denotes the area of
parallelogram with di and de as adjacent sides. 17. Leti:i+j,i:i-i andi:i+4+[Link] fi is

lf l:z?vm then find the value of 1..

a unit vector such that [Link]:O and i.i:0, then
lil'n I is equal to
S. lf i d,; are mutually perpendicular vectors, where
18. If the three points with position vectors (1, a, b); (a,
l7l:lil:lV land /x g1i-ilxit+i" t<i- 2, b) and (a, b,3) are collinear in space, then the
Vl"il +7x {ti-i) x 71 :6. valueofa+6is
If 7: find the value of I. 19. If 1 and i are two diagonals of a quadrilateral
e. If i x[G-j)x i]+j x[(i- k)xi]+ ix (i- i)
xft1 : g and i : xi + yi + zfr then 8(x3- ry+ zx) is
such that E-nFi'i,lil: r,lil: {i, tten
the area ofquadrilateral is equal to
equal to
 Vectors 75.43
20. If i,l are any two perpendicular vectors of equal 23. tf lAl=ltl:l; l:2 and i.t:t.t=i.i:2,
magnitude and lfi+ ql l+lqi-3t l: 29, then then [7 F 7]cos4S" is equal to
lil equals.
24. Let i=-i+j+tr,l:zi+ir and ; satisfying
21. The perpendicular distance of the point whose conditions (\ I; l7l: o (ii) , A:0 1iD ;.;
position vector is (1, 3, 5) from the line : 7. Then the value of +l; l2 is equal to
7:i+4+li+,1 (i+ 4+zr) isequalto
2s. If (zi-i+37),(i-zi+ai) and
three points
22. If two sides of a triangle ABC are represented by (Bi - 5i) (where i,i,; are non-coplanar
vectors i arrd (ixt) x 7 then maximum value of vectors) are collinear, then the value of
fu "
(sin2A * sin2,B -| sin2C), is
I
EXERC'SE _ 4
.f*
Single Option Correct 5. The three vectors i+Z+i+i,ai+i+Zt and
1. Let e, b, c be distinct non-negative numbers and i+4+ot urecoplanar
the vectors ai+ai+ck,i+k,ci+$+tt lie in a
(a) for no real value ofa
plane, then the quadratic equation o? + 2cx + b:0
(b) for all real values ofa
has
(c) for one real value ofa
(a) real and equal roots
(D) real unequal roots (d) for two real values of a
(c) unreal roots 6. Given that Zr=i+[Link]:T+[Link]=j+l and,
(d) both roots real and positive if 57+ Zj+f : t7r+ hir* ltit then (/r,/z,A) is
2. A vector of magnitude 3, bisecting the angle between equal to
:
the vectors a Zt + - k and 6 i j : -2j
+ k and (a) (3,2,1) (b)(3,2,-l)
making an obtuse angle with b is
(c) (3,3,-2) (A Q,-2,-l)
@1+
,/6 @ !t]# ,/14
7. In a triangle ABC, I is the incentre . If BC : a , CA
: g, AB: y, then art+FE+y 1d is equal
3(i+3j-2k) tdl _+
(ct _______# 3i- i to
,/14 /10
vector (b) (cr + fl+y)rt
(a) zero
3. A unit vector is orthogonal to Si +t + 6k and is
coplanar to 2i +j + k and, i -i + t then the vector
(") (a+p+y)rF @ (a+B+y)rd
is 8. If i:i+j+k and6=i-t+t, thenthevector
, --
lal .n-k ,,, ----#-
(ttl zi+si 7 such thati.T=2 andixt=l
/10
- \/29 1 .^
5+L i(i-6+r) (D +ei+4+sic)
1

{a)
@ @ ?-t+a 1 .^
+(i+2i-5i) (d +(-i+4-si)
1

'/61 @
4. Ifthe vectors l(tana, - 1,2 stno.l2 and 7 : (tan
3\ are orthosonal and a vector 9. If 4,6,; i,i,;
are three non-coplanar vector
o( tan a,-
' mD / and are reciprocal vectors, then (/i+ *t+ni).
i : (t,3, sin 2g) makes an obtuse angle with Qf +mf,+ni) isequalto
z-axis, then the value of cr is (q) P + m2 + n2
(a) a:@n+l)n-tan-'2 (b)lm+mn*nl
(b) a:(4n+2)n-tan-t2 (c) 0
(c) cr: (4n+ l)n-ttan-t2 (d) None of these
(A a:@n+2)n*tan-12
75.t14 Mathemotics
10. For any four points P,Q,R,SIf@x n3- Qtr-x fS 18. (r+ 36- c).{(A-6)x(a-6- 7)} equals
+RPx 03 | is equal to 4 times the area of the
triangle -
@)alaEAI (6) 4A6a)

(a) PQR (b) QRS G)-ala6A) @-4a6Al

(c) PRS (A POS 19. If i+zi+3i:6, then 7x l+lxi+txi is
equal to
11. for any_vetor 1. trre vector I Un *i P + li , 6(lxi) (D 6(;x;)
i li "t
l' + l'ti' @)

@)(i)2 @)2(i)'z 91 e(ixi) (d) none of these

@)3(v )2 @ 4(i )'z

20. If ;,1,; : l, i= )"(i xt),
are such that 1i,6,7I
12. If thevectors $+i;s|-3f, andzi+i;qi-zi ini <ff, )r
and lil:,E,lll:'E,ltl= I
are pairs of mutually perpendicular vectors then ^/3'
then the angle between i and I is
sin(7ni)
t+
@) ,[ss
is
(O ^/r ft
<ot @)+
(c)3n6 (A ,/z+t trc fd * (d)noneofthese

13. ;x (6x7)+6x(Vx a)+ix(ix b): Multiple Options Correct

(a) 0 (b) -l 21. Avector 7 nas components 2p and I with respect
(c) I (42 to a rectangular cartesian system. The system is
rotated through a certain angle about the origin in
14. lfthree non-zero vectors ;,6,; are such that i x the counterclockwise sense. If with respect to the
I :zi " i,li I : lal : l, lrl :4 andtheangle new system, 7 has componentsp * I and l, then
between 6 and i is cos-r(|) ,r,* l-zi=)"i,
where l. is equal to :
(o) p:-t I (b) p: I
+2
(a) (b) +4 (c)p:-l @ n=l
(c)tlr @4 22. If Z, : ai + bi 7r:
ci + di are two vectors in
and

ls. rf i+l+i: ol,i+i+d= pi and li i i)+ o

i and j system, where l; I : lTzl =, and 7r.7, :
0,then ir: ai + ci nd ilz: bi + f satisfy:
then 7+t+t+7 equals
(a) li,l:, (b) l:[Link]:,
@)ut @Fi (c)[Link] (A li,l+lirl
(c) 0 (A @+ P)a
23. If a,b,c,x,y,z e R suchthat ax+ by+ cz:2,then
16. If ; satisffing ixi+G.i);=A
the vector which of the following is always true

given by i = )"d+;"4>(4:i), then l. = (r) (o' + b2 + c'11x' + y' + 22) >- 4

\a.c )a"
(b) (x' + b2 + c') > 4
+ z2)(a2 + y'

\a)
;; (b)
;.6
-d (") (a' + y2 + z2)(x2 + b2 + c') > 4
;r
(a @' + b2 + z1(x2 * y', * c',) > 4
ot4c' @
ax
----i-
a' 24. The value(s) of cr e [0,2n] for which vector
17. If i,6 are non-zero vectors such that |i +61:1t i: i +:j + (sinZa)[ makesanobtuseanglewiththe
-2t 1,then- z-axis and the vectors fr : ltana)i -j +z
r6J$ t
. +., . +.1
(a) a.b:2lb l' (b) a.b:lb f and i: ltancr)i+(tano)j- 3yt;;*fi are
(c) Leastvalueof ;.t+6fi is 2A orthogonal, is/are
(c) tan-': (b) n-tan-tz
(d) Least vatue of ;.t+ is zA - | (c) n*tan-r3 (d) 2n-tar;t2
lnfi,
 Vectors 75.45
25. The vector i + 4 + 3f is rotated through an angle of 31. If ;,1,; and 7 are unit vectors such that
t;
lf and doubled in magnitude, then it becomes (ixt).(ixl)=x and i.i= f, then
"o.-'
qi+@x-Z)j+Zic. fne value of 'x' CANNOT @) i,t,i are coplanar if l. : I
be:
)) (b) Angle between 7 is 30' if l" : - I
t and
(o) -i (b) i (c) anglebetween F and 7 is ts0" if I :- I
(") -ff
20
(42
(d)If X: I then angle between I and i ir 60'
26. The vector Z, parallel to the internal bisector of
32. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct :
the angle between the vectors i = li - 4j - 4k and
t:-2i-i+ztr with l7l:5/6, is: @) If 7,1,7 are non-coplanar and 7 is any vector,

-7i +2k) then tV I t)i +tl i ill+ lA ; tl;- t; 6

@) t\i
ill:6
(b) i(, +ij-2i() (b) If I is incentre of AABC then
(") +(-i +ij -2i)
lselfi+leElB+lABlld:d
\,
@ i?i-ti+zi) (c) Any vector in three dimension can be written
27. Aline passes through a point A with position vector as linear combination of three non-coplanar
li + j - t and is parallel to the vector z? -i + zi. vectors.
If P is a point on this line such that AP : 15 units,
then the position vector of the point P is/are
(d) In a triangle, if position vector of vefiices are

(a) t3i + $ -et' @) t3i - $ +si 4,tr,7, then position vector of incentre is
(c) 7i-$+tti'
. i+l+t
____T.
(A -7i+oi-nt
28. Avector i: X(rj + 6[) is coplanarwith the vectors 33. Let i=2i+i-i, & W:i+lt. If U isaunit
vector, then the value of the scalar triple product
i +i - 2t and i - zi + i and is orthogonal to the
vector -Zi +i + it. lt is given that the length of
IdVWI maybe:
(o) -tlg fD + r,G
projection of i along the vector i -i + k is equal 'Eo
(c) ,tse @ rt6o
b 6\E . Then the value of )"2 ab may be
(a) 8l (b)e 34. If the vectors ; ,l ,; are coplanar, then -
(r) -e (d) -81 @)(i 6 i): o

29. A and b are two given unit vectors at right angle. an;
;.i ;.t ;.;
The unit vector equally inclined with d, b and 6 x (b;) 0
b will be: t.; i.t t.;
ot -*G+6+axt)
,/3'
i.; i.6 ;.;
(c) b.a h.h b.c 0
b')
" +G+6+axE)
/3' ;.; ;.t ;.;
(d) None of these
ro ft<a+ t,- ax t)
a -I<a+ ta6- ax 6)
'
3s. If i*(trri): (ix F) x i tt
",
VJ
(o) (ixi)xt=6
30. Let i : 2i -i + t,t : i + 2i - k andt : i +i - ztt
be three vectors. A vector in the plane of F and (b) ix (7x F) = 0
iwhose length of projection on 7 is of ,ft, @) 6x(ixi):6
is
(a)2i +3j (b)2i+ 3j + 3k
(il (ixi)x6: Ft (4,.;):6
-3k
(c)-2i-i+5k (Ai-sj+3k
75.46 Mathematics
Comprehension Type 40. Find value of l. such that i'x6'+l'xt'+
Passage - 7 (Questions 36 - j8)
i,l,;
i'xi':7fufr
L '\s lnta'
In a parallelogram OABC, vectors are respectively
"(a)-r (6) I
the position vectors of vertices A, B, C with reference to O
as origin. A point E is taken on the side BC which divides (c)2 (d)-z
it in the ratio of 2 : I internally. Also, the line segmentAE
intersect the line bisecting the angle O internally in point 41. If [(a' x b') x (6' x c'),(b' x c') x (c' x a'), (c' x d) x
P. If CR when extended meetsAB in point F. Then (a x t')1:labcY, then find n.
36. The position vector of point P, is (a)n:-4 (b)n:4
,\ 3l;ll;l ta _al (c)n:-3 (An:3
rtt+/,;tlla'lal
\a)

(b)
t; .fi}
tailat Passoge - 3 (Question. 42 - tU)
; ,i ,;
liTt+rl7t1l7T The scalar triple product ofthree vectors is denoted
; .fr) by l;t;l is t;t;l:i.(ixi).
tlil+zli a
(c)
2 cl c and defined as

;t
3t;il;t t; _lal
I

Three vectors i,l,i are coplanar vectors if and only if

@ llTt+2iAttal G n a: 0. Volume of the paralellopiped whose three
37. The position vector of point ;,t,;
F, is
concurrent edge are is lt; ,'i]l
I tit*
a-r.T|;" *
(D) ai tat*
\a)
lac 42. If the volume of a paralellopiped whose three
r^t at2lil:t (A ;_4; concurrent edges are -l2i +?"k,3j -[ and
\c) o-r El rc r zi +i - tsf is 546 then ], :
38. AF, 2t3
-fr;
The vector is given by (a) (b) -r

at ofi; (c) -3 (A 3

2l;l* .^ll;l* 43. If ;n;7 arefourcoplanarpointsthen [Fti)+

(c) td)TA"
Tl " G; A)+li t Vl is
Passoge - 2 (Question. 39 - 47)
(a) 0 (b) |
If ;,6,; & i',t',7'
such that i.i' : l.t' = t.7' :
are two sets of non-coplanar vectors
l, then the two systems:re @ titil @) 2 tiF ir
called Reciprocal System of vectors and i' : #?, a t;
La D cl If ; ;.t ;.;
,,:#and 7 :m 44. A6 are coplanar then a.a
b.a n.6 L;
39. Find the value of ix i'+6xt'+tx7'. (a) tl2 (b) 0
(o) 6 @) i+i+i (c) I (a v4
@) i-l+t 91 i+t-i
Mdtching Column Type
45. Match the following
Column I Column II
(a ) If the vectors i ,1,7 form sides BE ef m of AABC, then
, ,
(p) i.;:6.;:;.;
(b) lf ; ,i ,t are forming three adjacent sides of regular tetrahedron, then (q) i.t:t.t=t.i:o
(c) lf ix6:|,txi: i then (r) ix6=6xt :|xi
@ ;,1 ,; areunitvectors andi+t+i :0then (s)
 Vectors 75.47
46. Column I Column II 48. Column I Column II
(r) The
the
order and
differential
degree of (p)
equation
13 (o) Let i: i +j * l:2i - tt. tt (p) 0

tl@ &v 1 the point of intersection of the

yai dx"
7x: 0are a
lines rXa=bxa & rXb:
andbthen a+bis ixt ,sP. then P(oP) (where
( b) tti:i+t+3k,i:zi-i+ic (q ) 102
O is the origin) is
and 7: 3i +4 +f and ixlt (b ) rf i:i+4+3ic,l=zi-i+ (q) 5
xil is equal to xi+yl+ri,
thenx+y +zis equalto t and 7:3i+2j+t and
(") The number of 4 digit numbers (.) 5
ix i) is equal to xi+yl
1tx
that can be made with the digits
1,2,3,4,3,2 *27, * y * zis equal to
then x
(") The number of values of x for (r) 7
@ n
l6*fua4: G) 7
which the angle between the
ffan-'x -f;tan-'G).0 vectors i: *' i* (x' - t)i + ztr
where fr is constant of &6 : (x3-t)i+4+lt is
integration, then2a + b + c + d
obtuse
is(where a&banda&care
co-prime numbers) (d) LetP,:2x-y+z:7 &Pr:x G) 1t
+ y * z : 2. If P be a point that
47. Match the items of column I with that of column II
lies on Pp PzandXOY-plane Q
Column I Column II be the point that lies on Pp Pz
(o) Qa 3, sil (p)
ta, il andYOZ-plane & R be the point
that lies on P,, P, & XOZ plane
(b ) la+66+c c+al (q) 3ola 6al
then [Area of LPQR] is (where
( c)
16x c)x(ix a) (r) zla 6;l I.l denotes greatest integer
(vx a)x(ax6) function)
(ax6) x (rx a)l

@ [6xcVxaax6] G) IAE cl
Archives: Leost Attempted Question (LAQs) UEE MA|N)

Single Options Correct

Numerical Type
1. Let three vectors i,l and 7 be such that i 3. Let the position vectors of rwo points P and Q be
li 'i + 2t and i + zi - 4f, respectively. Let .R
is coplanar with 7 and t,i.t:1 and I is and S be two points such that the direction ratios of
perpendicular to ;, where i:- i +i + k and lines PR and Q,S are (4,-1,2) and (-2,1,-2),
t:2i+k, then the value of 2li+l+if is respectively. Let line PR and Q,S intersect at T .
Ifthevector rt
isperpendiculartoboth PF and
l202tl
@S and the length of vector rt is tB units, then
2. If the vectors, i: @+ l)i + fi + ai, the modulus of a position vector of ,4 is:
i:oi*(a+Di+ai and i= ai+ai+@+l)k, 120211

(a e R) are coplanar and z@.i)' - tr | ix il' : o, tf+a2

@) (b) ,frn
then the value of tr is : 12020] @6 @rm

:t
1e ,6 i r-LL^^-t^^
[Link] tvtuLIteilruLtLS

4. A vecto, i=ai+4+Bf1a,$,eR)lies in the 10. Let V,t and i be three unit vectors such that
E
plane of the vectors, t: i +i and 7 = i -i + +i
i * rt f{l +;).rf t is not parallel b ;,
.
(6 I=
If 7 bisects the angle between 6 and i , then: then the angle between 7 and F is t20161
120201

{r)i.i+4:0 (b) i.f'+z=o @+ @)+

(")i.i+l:o (d)i.i+z:o tdt @+
5. Let i:i-i,t--i+j+tt and i beavectorsuch 11. Let ;,t and ; be three non-zero vectors
thz,t i xi +l = 6 znd, i-i : 4 then 7 l' is equal to
I
such that no two of them are collinear and

(a) 8 (b) tet2

(ixl) x 7: 1 .- il; l;. If 0 is the angle berween
fln
[201e1

(c) e (d) t7t2

vectors I and i then a value of sinO is: t20151

j2 -2\E
6. Let i:i+j+Ak, l:uri+tzi+Ok and \a) (b)
J
= 5i +j + ttlttA" three vectors such that _/;
7

the projection of 6on i is l7l . tt i+t is

@+ @ -+1
perpendicular to 7 ,then.16 | is equal to 12. rflixl 6xi ix;): Xl; til' then )" is equal

,trti
@) (D ,lz2 t2otel
to l20l4l
(a) 0 (b)
@)a (a6
(c) 2 (d)
1

7. Let i: 2f + ); + 3t,t: 4i + (3 - ))i + 6k and

3

7 = 3i + 6j + (r1: - I )[ be three vectors such that 13. If the vectors AE : 3? + 4i and, Ad :

5i - 4 + +ic
are the sides of a triangle ABC, then the lengh of the
E -- zi and i is perpendicular to 7 . Then a
median through A is : [20131
possible value of (i",, l"r, i"r) is l20l9l
@) ^/n
@ (+,0,-r) ot (-1,+,0) (u ,n,
(c) (1,3, 1) (d) (1,5, l) @h3
8. Let i be evector coplanar with the vectors i : Zi @,8
+i - k and i =.j + i. if 7 is perpendicular to 7 14. Let ABCD be a parallelogram such that
and, i.l : 24 ,then li i2 is equal to : t2018I
fr:i,fr=i and, IBAD be an acute angle.

8a
@) (D 336 If i is the vector that coincides with the altitude
(c) 31s (A 2s6 directed from the vertex B to the side AD, then i is
givenby: l20l2l
9. Let i:2f +j-ztr and F: i+i. tet 7 be a

vector such that l;-;l:3,1(7xF)xil:: (a) ^* 3(id)_

r:-3q+--:!i'p
w.p )
and the angle bet'ween i and 7xF be 30".
Then 7.i is equal to : 3(p.d)-
t20l7l (b) r=3q--**'p
\p.p )
(r) + @+ (c)
t;.; \-
v:- q +l- lp
(c) 2 (as \pp I
td) i: r-(LLV
\p.p I
 Vectors 75.49
15. Let i and F be rwo unit vectors. If the vectors 17. If the vectors pi +j + fr:,i + q1+ k and i +i + rfr
7 : 6+ 26 and l: 56 - 46 are perpendicular to (p * q * r * l) are coplanar, then the value of pqr
each other, then the angle between ,i and 6 is: -(p+q+r)is:- I201U
l20t2l (a) -2 (b) 2
<ot @+
0
(c) (d)-r
rdt @+
18. Let i:j-ic andt:i-i-[.Thenthevector i
16. Let i ,l,i Ae three non-zero vectors which are
satisffing ixt+i: 0 and i.t = 3 is: t20101
pairwise [Link] i+ 3F is collinear with
(o) -i+ j-ztr (b) 2i-i+2fr
7 and t + zt is colliner with i, then i + zi + ai
is: [201U
@ i-j-zt 1d1 i+j-zrc

@) i+t @;
k)7 @6
Archives: Leost Attempted Question (LAQs) UEE Adv)

Single Option Correct I

l. Let O be the origin and let PQR be an

@)*z @'/1
(c)2'
\,1

arbitrary triangle. The point S is such that @ zrh

O?.O-Q+ OR.O-S = OR.O-F+ O-0.O-S: [Link]+ 5. Let i= i +j + t,i : i -i + k and i: i -j - i ae
O-P.O-S Then the triangle PQR has S as its 120171
three vectors. Avector i in the plane i and l,
of
(a) centroid
(b) circumcentre whose projection on i is ,, giverr by t20l!
#,
(c) incentre
(d) orthocenter (o) i-y+zi,
(b) -3i - 3j - 3i
[Link] FR:3i+j-Zi( and SQ:i-li-+i
of a parallelogram PQRS
(c) 3i -i + ttr
determine diagonals
and Ff :i+2j+l[ be another vector. Then the (a i +3j -3k
volume of the parallelepiped determined by the Multiple Options Correct
vectors P-f,P-Q and PS is t2o13l
6. Let O be the origin and OE :2i +4 + tr,
s
(a) (b) 20
OE: i -4+2i and Oe = for
(c) l0 (A 30 |fOE-).-oA)
3. It ; and i li+61=,[m
are vectors such that some tr > 0. If I OE x od l= |, tn"n which of the
Z

and 7x (zi+zi+4k):(zi+y++E)x6, then a following statement is (are) TRLIE ? I202ll

possible value of (i +6).(-ti + 4 +:f ) is [zotzl (a) Projection of O-C on OE i, -12
0
(a) (b) 3

(4 (b) Area of the triangle Oen is

@)a 8 ]
4. The point P is the intersection of the straight line (c) Area of the triangle nsc is
]
joining the points Q(2,3,5) and R(1, - 1,4) with
(d) The acute angle between the diagonals of the
the plane 5x - 4y - z = l. If S is the foot of the parallelogram with adjacent sides OA and O-d
perpendicular drawn from the point T(2, l, 4) to QR, .7t
ls-
then the length of the line segment PS is l20l2l 3
 I E EA tta+L;a^^t^.
[Link] rYrUar rCl r rULlLt

7. Let a and D be positive real numbers. Suppose 11. Let i,j and 7 be three vectors each of magnitude
F0: of + oj and FS= oi - bj are adjacent ,0, and,the angle between each pair of them is
sides of a parallelogram PQRS. Let i and i be f .

the projection vectors of il: r'+j along FQ and

tf 7 is a non-zero vector perpendicular to i and

P3, respectively. I I If i + i : il
I I I and if the area
.ir7 afi 6 is a non-zero vector perpendicular to
I

of the parallelogram PQRS is 8, then which of the y and zxx,then 120141

following statements isiare TRUE? @)t : (t .;)(; -i)
(a) a+ b:4
@) a:Gixi-il
(b) a-b:2
@) i.t:-1;i)(n.;)
(c) The length of the diagonal PR of the
a:-Gi)G-i)
parallelogram PQRS is 4 @
12. A line / passing through the origin is perpendicular
@i is an angle bisector of the vectors FQ md
P3 to the line
8. Three lines /r:(3 + r)i + (- t +Zty + (4 + 2t)k, - oo ( I ( o
Lr: V:,li, ,i e lR lz:(3 zs)i + $ + 2s)j + (2+")f, - oo ( s ( o
*
Lr:7:t +pl,peRand Then, the coordinate(s) of the point(s) on lz at a
distance of 61 from the point of intersection of /
Lr: 7: i +i + vr[, v e ]R t20f9l
are given. For which point(s) Q on Lrcan we find a
and i is (are) [20131
point P on Z, and a point R on I,
so that P, Q and R (a) (
775 (b) (-1,- l,o)
are collinear?
1,r,7 )
(a) ^ l^
k-;i (b) ^ l^
k+ti 1c1 (t,t,t) @ (+,+,t)
@) fr rO fr+i
Comprehension Type
Possage (Questions 12 - 13)
9. Let u: uri + uzi + uzi be a unit vector in lR3 and LetObetheorigin, and OX, OY, OZ bethreeunitvectors
n, : +G + j + Zi) . Given that there exists a vector in the directions of the sides O[, m, P-Q respectively,of
^/6' a triangle PQR. l20l7l
i in re' suchthat lfixi l= I and ff.(fixi): t.
tr. lOXxOYl=
Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct?
(a)sin(r+ 9) (b) sin2R
t20161
(c) sin(P+R) (dt sin(0+n)
(a) There is exactly one choice for such i
14. If the fiangle PQR varies, then the minimum value
(b) There are infinitely many choices for such
of cos (P +Q) + cos(Q + R) + cos (R + P) is
v {?
(c) If fi lies in the ry-planethen lur 1:lurl
(o) -t (b) -;
5
@) ff A fies in the xz-plane then 2l ul:luzl @+ @ --
J

10. Let APQR be a [Link] i: @, F: ffi and NumericolType

A: p0. rf
li tz,lt l: l: !6,1.i:24, then
15. Let il,i and fr be vectors in three-dimensional
which of the following is (are) true? [20151 space, where il and i arc unit vectors which are not
perpendicular to each other and
@ry-li l: 12
[Link]:l [Link], [Link]
@ry+lil: 30 If the volume of the parallelopiped,
whose adjaient
sides are represented by the vectors rT,iand fr,is
(") lix l+7xil: a8,/1 ,0., thenthe value of l3i + 5i I is
@) i.l:-72 l202tl
 Vectors 75.57
16. In atrian gle PQR,leti : Qrt,l :F and 7 =F0' 20. Suppose that i,A and i are three non-coplanar
vectors in 1R.3. Let. fte components of a vector
trlil:3,lFl:4 and 49-4._:fil- th"n
;.G-B') - t;t+t ' i along V,iV be 4,3 and 5, respectively.
If ^d of this vector along
the components ;
the value li'x F l'z is
of [2020]
:
17. Leti 2i +i - t and t : i + 4 +t betwovectors.
(i +i+7), (i -i +i) and (-V -i +7) are x,
y z,respectively, then the value of ?s * y -t z is
Consider a vector t: |t,a,d e R. If the a;nd
ai+
projection of 7 G+l\ is 3r/7, then
on the vector [201s1

the minimum value of (t-(ix F))'i equals

21. Let i,l and i be three non-coplanar unit vectors
[201eI
such that the angle between every pair of them is
d 6 b"t'*o*itvectors suchthat d.E : 0
18. Let
!.tt i xi +fi xi : p; + qt + ri, where p, q and
and

For some x, y € R, let i : x6+yE+(7r5). ff

r are scalars, then the value of t!+t
's

le I : 2 and the vector C is inclined at the same

q'

angle o to both d and 6, thenthe value of 8 cos2 o [2014]

22. Considerthesetofeightvectors y: {ai + bi + ct: a,

is [20181

-. the cube in the first octant with sides OP,

19. Consider b, c e {- 1, 1 } } . Three non-coplanar vectors can be
OQ and OR of length l, along the x-axis, y-axis and chosen from Zin 2p ways. Thenp is [20131
z-axis, respectively, where O(0, 0, 0) is the origin. Let
23. If i,l and i are unit vectors satisffing li -i l' +
t (+,+,1) o. the centre of the cube and T be the i- i l' = g, then l2i +5a + si1 is
vertex ofthe cube opposite to the origin O such that S
It -; l' +l
I20t2l
lies on the diagonal OT. i: Sf,
If i: SF,6: S0,
and ?:Sf ,thenthevalueof lGr{)r(ixi)l is
24. Let i:-7- t,t:- i +j and i: i + 4 + zic ae
12018I threegivenvectors. If 7 is avectorsuch thatVx6:
ixt and 7.i = 0, then the value of 7.6 is

[201U

Answer Key
Exercise 7
r. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (q) s.(o 6.(a) 7.(a\ 8.(b) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (c) B.(A 14. (c) E.(A 16. (c) 17.(o 18.(d) 19. (a) 20. (c)
24.(d) 25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (a) 30. (a)
21. (a) " 22. (b) 23. (a)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (b) 3s. (a) 36. (a) 37.(A 38. (c) 3e. (b) a0. (c)
aL @) a2. @\ a3. @) 44. (A 4s. (b) 46.(d) 47.(A 48. (b) 4e.(a so. (b)
sl. (c) s2. (c) s3. (b) s4. (o 5s. (c) 56. (a) s7. (a) s8. (a) s9. (a) 60. (b)
$.(a 62. (b) 63. (a) 64.(A 6s. (b) 66. (a) 67. (b) 68.(d) 6e. (d) 70. (c)
71. (b) 72. (b) 73. (a) 7a. @) 7s. (b) 76. (c) 77. (b) 78. (a) 79. (c) 80. (c)
81. (b) 82. (c) 83. (b) 84. (a) 8s. (a) 86. (c) 87.(O 88. (a) 89. (a) e0. (a)
el. (b) 92. (a) e3. (c) e4. (b) es. (b) e6. (b) 97. (a) e8. (c) 99. (c) 100. (a)
101. (b) 102. (c) 103. (c) fia. @) 10s. (d) 106. (d) 107. (a) 108. (c) 10e. (b) 110. (d)
111. (b) r12. (a) 113. (a) 114. (c) 115. (a) 116. (a tr7. (b) 118. (c) 11e. (a 1120. (a
r2t. (c) 122. (b) 123. (a) D4. (A
 75.52 Mothematics
Exercise 2

r. (c) 2. (b) 3. (D) 4. (c) s. (b) 6.(b) 7. (c) 8.(A e. (b) 10. (c)
11. (6) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14.(d) ls. (b) 16.(d) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (a)
21. (d) 22. (c\ 23.(d) 24. (b) 2s. (d) 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (a) 30. (b)
v. (a 32. (o 33. (b) 34. (a) 3s. (b) 36. (c) 37.(O 38. (b) 39. (a) 40. (b)
41. (b) 42. (b) 43. (b) 44.(A 45. (a) 46. (b) a7. @) 48. (a) 49. (b) s0. (a)
st. (d) 52.(d) 53. (c) 54. (c) ss. (d) s6.(a 57. (c) s8. (b) 59. (b) 60. (c)
61. (o 62.(O 63. (c)
Exercise 3

r. (2) 2.(e) 3. (le) 4.(6) s. (8)

6.(0007) 7. (0003) 8.(6) e.(1) 10. (e)
11. (3) t2. (4) 13. (1125) 14. (l) ts. (3.74)
16. (3) 17. (3) 18. (4) le. (0.5) 20. (2)
21. (1) 22. (2) 23. (4) 24. (s) 2s. (4)
Exercise 4

r. (a) (c) 2. 3. (a) 4. (a) s. @ 6.(b) 7. (a) s. (b) e. (a) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (b) ls. (c) 16.(d) 17. (A ls. (a) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (a,b) 22. (a,b,c) 23. (a,b,c,d) 24. @,A 25. (a,b,c)
26. (a,c) 27. (b,A 28. (A 29. (a,b) 30. (a,c)
31, (a,c) 32. (a,b,c) 33. (a,b,c) 14. (a,b,c) 35. (a,c,d)
36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (d) 39. (a) 40. (b)
41. (a) 42. (c) a3. @) 44. (b)
45. a---+(r).b---,(p);c---(q);d---+(s) 46. a---+(r),b--- (s);c--- (q);d--.(p)
47. a---(q),b---(r);c---*Qt);d---+(s) 48. a---+ (s),b---+ (r);c---(p);d-(p)
Archives: Leost Attempted Question (i.r'.Qs) UEE MAIN)
t. (75) 2. (t) 3. (b) 4. (b) s. (b) 6.(a 7. @) s. (b) 9.(c) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (c) u. (c) ts. (d) 16. (A fl. @) ls. (a)
Archives : Leost Attempted Question (LAQs) PEE Adv)

r. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) s. (c)

6. c)
{a, b, 7. (a, c) 8. (a,b) 9. (b,c) 10. (a,c,d)
tt. (a,b,c) 12. (b,d) 13. (a) 14. (b) ls. (7.00)
16. (108) 17. (18) 18. (3) le. (0.5) 20. (e)
21. (4) 22. (s) 23. (3) 24. (e)
L
^
 Chnprrn

L6

3 Dimensionol Geometry
1. [Link] OF A POINT IN SPACE OXY'Z + +
CARTESIAN CO-ORDI NATES : OX'Y'Z +
Let O be a fixed point, known as origin and let OX, OY
OXYZ' + +
arrd OZ be three mutually perpendicular lines, taken as
x-axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively, in such a way that OX'YZ +
they form a righthanded system. OXY'Z' +
z ox'Y'z'
E
Other methods of defining the position of any point p in
F y, z) spoce:

(i) Cylindrical co-ordinates: the rectangular If

cartesian co-ordinates of P are (x, y, z), then those of N are
The planes XOY, YOZ and, ZOX are known as ry-plane, (*, y,0) and we can easily have the following relations: x
yz-plane and zx-plane [Link] P be a point in :acos i,y:usinQandz:[Link], andu2:f +f and
space and distances of P from yz, zx and ry-planes be.r, .f
: tan-t @/x). Cylindrical co-ordinates of P : (u,.f, z)
y, z respectively (with proper signs), tlen we say that co- (ii) Spherical polar co-ordinates.. The measures
ordinates of P are (x, y, z).
of quantities t, Q, / are known as spherical or three
Also OA: x, OB : y, OC : z. dimensional polar co-ordinates of the point P. If the
rectangular cartesian co-ordinates of P are (x., y, z) then
z
X P(x, v, z)
(u, 0, z)

X,
The three co-ordinate planes (XOY, YOZ and ZO$
ir-..--
divide space into eight parts and these parts are called ''' N
z' (ry, o)
octants.
z= r cos 0, u : rsin 0 .'. .r = tl cos = r sin 0 cos Q,y: z
Signs of co-ordinates of a point: The signs of the
sin 0 : r sin 0 sin Q andz = r cos 0 Q
co-ordinates of a point in three dimension follow the
12+
convention that all distances measured along or parallel to I +f + * -l' .tanl I
Also = x2 and tuoe = -',lx'
1zzx =
OX, OY, OZwillbe positive and distances moved along or
parallel to OX, OY, OZ will be negative.

Octant
x v z O
Most Valuable Points
The co-ordinates of a point on ry-plane is (.r,y, 0), on
l
coordinate
yz-plane is (0, y, z) and on zx-plane is (x, 0, z)
OXYZ + + +
O The co-ordinates of a point on x-axis is (x, 0, 0), on
OX'YZ + + y-axis is (0, y, 0) and on z-axis is (0, 0, z)
 \._.

75.2 Mothematics
O Position vector of a point: Let be unit vectors along
OX, OY and OZ respectively. Then position vector of (3+l)2+(5+l)2 +(7+l)2
apoint P(x,y,z)is OF = i+ yi+ zk QR=
6+36*64= Jtra = zJb
2. DISTANCE FORMULA andPR = (3-l)2 +6-2)z+Q-3)2
(t) Distance formula: The distance between two 4+9+16 = J2g
points I @p!1, zr) and B (x2, !2,2r) is given bY :
Since pR PQ + PR. Therefore the given points are
AB= (r, - *r)' + (yz - y)z + ("2 - r)zf collinear.

(ii) Distance from origin: Let O be the origin and P(x,

3
y, z)be any point, then 6tP = x2+y2+rzy
the locus of a point the sum of whose distances
(iii) Distance of a point from co-ordinate aces: Let (1, 0, 0) and (-1, 0, 0) is equal to 10.
P (x,y, z) be any point in the space. Let PA, PB
Solution:
and PC be the perpendiculars drawn from P to the
axes OX, OY and OZ respectivelY. Let the points I (1,0,0), B (-1,0,0) and P (x, y, z\

Then, P1=,[@ * r\ Given: PA + PB =10

PB= + x21
(r-l)2 +(y-0)z +(z-0)2
122

'(*'+ y') +t)2+(y-0)2+(z-0)z

PC=
z + (r-l)'+y'+rz
P(x,y,z)
=10- x+l)2+y2+22
X Squaring both sides, we get ;

+(x- t)2+f*22:100+(r+ 1)2+ f+*-20

+l)2+y2+12
Show that the points (0, 7, 10), (- l, 6,6) and
(-4,9,6) form a right angled isosceles triangle. +-4x-100:-20 (x+l)2 +y2+22
Solution:
: (- 4,9, 6) +x* 25:5 +1)2+y2+zz
Let A =(0, 7, l0), B = (-1, 6, 6), C
AB2 :(0+ lF + Q - 6)2+ (10-6F : l8 Again squaring both sides we getl + 50r + 625 = 25

:. AB:3 J, {(* +2r +r) + )P + })

Similarly .'. BC :3 J, ,
24*+25f +25*-600:o
andAC=6 =
Clearly lB2 + aC : AC :. IABC:9O" i.e. required equation of locus

Also AB: BC
Hence LABC is right angled isosceles. 4
Find the locus of a point which moves such that the
2 sum of its distances from points A(0r0, - cr) and,B
(0, 0, cr) is constant.
Prove by using distance formula that the points
P(7,2,3), Q e\-1, -l) and R (3, 5, 7) are collinear.
Let the variable point whose locus is required be
P(x, y, z) Given PA + PB: constant :2a (say)
Solution:
We havePQ = (-l - l)' + (-l - 2)2 + (-r - 3)2
fr-q2 +U-0)2 +(z+a)z
4+9+16= J2e
- 0)' + (y - 0)2 + (z - a)z = 2q
 3 DimensionolGeometry 76.3
points P (xp lp zr) and Q (x2, !2, zr) may be taken
+y2+(z+a)2
*(k:l!
( k+l k+l k+t ),whichdividesPp
=2a- x2+y2+Q-a)2 )'
in the ratio & : l. This is called general point on the
x2 + f + * + a2 *: 4az + xz + 1,? + z2 + a2
2za
= '*'+y'+(z-a)2
lrne PQ.
-2za- 4a

= 4za - 4a2: - 4a + y2 + (, -a)' ffiffiffim

")) Show that the points A(2, 3, 4\, B(-1, 2, -3)
z-a"- and C(-4, 1, -10) are collinear. AIso find the ratio in
* a2 -2za:
2
x2 + f + zz + a2 -2za
a which C divides lB.
or,x2+f+22 :a2-s2
[, 5) Solution:
Given I : (2, 3, 4), B : (-1, 2, -3), C : (- 4, l, -10).
222
xvz-
---) o
L-----!-r--l
o I r I I I -r Let C divide l.B internally in the ratio k: l, then
a'-d' a'-9.' a'
(-*+z 2k+3 -3k+4\
This is the required locus. -:Ir+l'lc+l'
/1
-
I _
k+l )
_ I

3. SECTION FORMULA
. -k+2
k.t
:4)3k:-6= k=1
(i). Section formula for internal division: Let P
(x p ! y z
r) and Q (x2, ! 2, zr) be two points. Let .R
2k+3:l,and -3k+4 :-tO
Forthisvalueoffr,
be a point on the line segment joining P and, Q k_l L*1
such that it divides the join ofP and p internally Since t < 0, therefore C divides AB extemally in the
in the ratio mr: rn2. Then the co-ordinates of R ratio 2: I and points A, B, C are collinear.
mfiz + m2\ mry2 * mzlt mrz2 + m2zr\
are
mr+ mz mt+ mz ' mnm, ) 5

z P(x.,,y,,2.,)m, Find the ratio in which the plane x - 2y + 3z = 17

divides the line joining the points (:2,4,7) and
7,,.,
Q(xr,yr,zr) (3, -5, 8).
X .'j::lrlii.;n'

Let the required ratio be k : 1. The co-ordinates of the

(ii). Section formula for erternal division:
22) be two point which divides the join of (1,4,7) and, (3, -5, 8)
Let P (xp lp zr) and Q (xz, 12,

points, and let R be a point on PQ produced, in the ratio k: I are

3k-2 -5k+4 8k+
dividing it externally in the ratio m, I m2
k+l k+l'k+l
(mr * m2). Then the co-ordinates of R are Since this point lies on the plane x -2y + 3z - 17 = 0

(.r*, - mzxt mtyz - mzrt frFz - mzzt\' (3_!_2) _ r(-sr + q) * 3f 8k * 7) _,,

= o
\ mt-mz mt-fl2 mt-m2 / \k+l/ \ k+t ) \/r+l/

,d fqost Valuable Points

+(3k-2)1(-5k+ 4)+3 (8fa7)=17 k+17
-t + 3k + lOk + 24k - l1k : 17 + 2 + I -21
O Co-ordinates of the midpoint: When division
point is the mid-point of PQ then ratio will be l: +37k- l\k:6 + 20k= k: *= i
6;
1, hence co-ordinates of the mid point of PQ are
(x1+x2 h+lz zr+zr\ k:l = fr : l:3:
| ) ' ', ' , ./-
l' Hencetherequiredratio= l0
O Co-ordinates of the general pointz The co-
ordinates of any point lying on the line joining
76,4 Mothematics
lllustrotion 7 From (l) and (2), we have,
The vertices of a triangle te A (5,4,6), B (1, -1, 3)
rnd C (4,3, 2). The internal bisector of IBAC meets
-)y+4 k+2 .(3)
l.+l k +l
BC in D. Find lD.
-2),. + 7 2k+3 ...(4)
S*ixf!*n: l.+l k+l
2 )"+8 5k+4
AB: 4 +52 +32 =5Ji .(5)
).+l k+l
AC: +12 +42 =3J,
From (3), - Xk 4: )uk + 2)' + k + 2
-X + 4k +
Since lD is the internal bisector of IBAC
or 2Xk+3X-3k-2:0 ...(6)
BD AB
From (4), 1Xk - 2)," + 7k + 7 : 2)"k+ 3), + 2k + 3
5

DC
-=- AC 3
or 4)'k + 5?' - 5k - 4: 0 ...(7)
Multiplying equation (6) by 2, and subtracting from
equation (7), we get - ), + k: 0 or, l, : t Putting l.
: t in equation (6), we get 2)'2 + $"- 31, - 2:0 or,
l, : + l. But 1. * -1, as the co-ordinates of P would be
undefined and in this case PQ ll RS, which is not true.

B .'. l, : I : k. Clearly )': k: I satisfies eqn. (5). Hence

(1, -1,3) (4,3,3)
our assumption is correct
D divides BC internally in the ratio 5: 3
(-t++ -2+7 t+8\
(sx++3xl 5x3+3(-l) 5x2+3x3
.'.D:l-
""-t
'd:l-
2 ' 2 ' -l 2 )
\ 5+3 5+3 5 +3
(t s - 9\
(zl tz tg\ or, A:
or,D: , ,;,;.]
[
lr,i,r)
*( 4 19
a
Jts30 4. TRIANGLE
,. AD: , -?\'
8) \ -12)'
+
8
6--
8
-
8
tr

4.7. Coordinotes of the centoid

glw, -
(i)lf (x*y,21),(x2,!2,22)trrd(x,y,zr)arethevertices
If the points P, Q.,,R, S are (4,7,8), (- l, - 2, l), of a triangle, then co-ordinates of its centroid are
(2,3, 4) and (1,2,5) respectively, show thrt PQ aad
( x1+ x2 i xt yr* !z* lt 4* z, + zr\
.RS intersect. Also find the point of intersection.
t 3 ' 3 ' 3 )'
Solution: (r, If (x,o !r, z); r : l, 2, 3, 4, are vertices of a
Let the lines PQ and RS intersect at point l. tefiahedron, then co-ordinates of its centroid are
P (4,7 ,B',) S (1,2,s)

(
ra]-rzlra*tu Y1-lz -lE3*Et
4 4

A I A+ 22+ zB+.2,4\

--T-)
R (2,3,4) O (-1,-2,1)
/i;f ) If G (cr, F, y) is the centroid of LABC, where I is
Let I divide PQ in the ratio 1, : I, then
(x p ! y z r), B is (x2, ! 2, z r), then C is (3cr - x - x2,
,t-t
(-)"+4
_ l.+8)
-2),,+7 _t
1

":Ir+t']"+l'],.+r) .(l) 39-yt-12,39-zt-22.

Let I divide R^S k: l, then
in the ratio 4.2. Areo of triongle
. (tc+Z 2k+3 5k+4\
A:l- .(2)
Let A(xr,lp zr),B (x2,!2, zr) andC (4,!3,2r), and be the
\t+l'k+l'k+l) vertices of a triangle, then

-l
 i DimensionolGeometry 76.5
A(x.''Y.,'zr) 6. DIRECTION COSINES AND DIRECTION
RATIOS

6.1, Direction cosines

(l) The cosines of the angle made by a line in
B(xr'Yr'zr) C(xr,y.,z.)
anticlockwise direction with positive direction of
!r zl xl zl I :rl lt co-ordinate axes are called the direction cosines of
I
Ar= !z z2 =rl x2 z2 I a-=-
'2 x2 lz I that line.
!t z3
l,^, x3 z3 I x3 lt z B

Now, area of AABC is given by the relation A P

[= 'tl + tl + a? .Ako,
v

(t

l
^
=:tIE *7e p;|1,, :, lz-lr 'r,\:,ll If cr, B, y be the angles which a given directed line
ll" -'' h-lt makes with the positive direction of the x, y, z co-
ordinate axes respectively, then cos cr,, cos B, cos
4.3. Condition of collineority y are called the direction cosines of the given line
and are generally denoted by l, m,n respectively
Points A (xr, lp z1), B (x2, !2, zr) arrd C (4, !3, zr) are (o, 0, y are called direction angles of line).Thus,
collinear :
.I: cos d, ffi: cos B and n cos y. By definition,
xt-xz lr-lz it follows that the direction cosine of the axis of-r
if xz-x3 are respectively cos 0o, cos 90o, cos 90" i.e. (1,0,
lz-lz L3

0). Similarly direction cosines of the axes ofy and

z are respectively (0, 1,0) and (0,0, l).
If the centroid of a tetrahedron OABC where l,
B, C, rre given by (a,2,3\, (1, b,2) and (2, 1, c) Relation between the direction cosines: Let
respectively be (1,2,- 1), then distance of P (a, b, c') OP be any line through the origin O which has
from origin is: direction cosines l, m, n. Let P : (x, y, z) and OP :
[Link] OF:x2+f +22:* ...(,
(a) Jtot (b) Jt4
From P draw PA, PB, PC perpendicular on the
@ Jrot lu (d) none ofthese co-ordinate axes, so that OA: x, OB : y, OC : z.
Solution: Also, ZPOA: a, ZPOB: p and IPOC:y.
I I
(1,2,-t)
Centroid is
4
Tx
4
Zy,
i*)= Fromtriangle AOP,/ = cosd - !r = * - l,
a+l+2+0 2+b+l+0 Similarlyy : mr andz: nr.
I 2,
4 4 Hence from (i), P 1P + m2 + n21 : x2 + + f *:P
3+2+c+0 + P + m2 + n2: I or, cos2 cr + cos2 B +cos2 y : 1,
--l
4 or, sin2 cr * sin2 B + sin2 y:2
)g=l,b:5,c=-9
OP= a2+b2+c2 =^flo7 ,d fflost Votuable Points

: ai+ bi*ckare
5. VOLUME OF TETRAHEDRON
o Directioncosinesofr
fi ,fr ,fi
So dc represents unit vector in the direction of line
Volume of tetrahedron with vertices (t r, l r, z ); r : l, 2,
O The direction cosines of a line parallel to any co-
4 h zl I ordinate axis are equal to the direction cosines ofthe
x2 lt z2 I
3,4,i, V =I X3 !t z3 I
co-ordinate axis.

I
o The number of lines which are equally inclined to
X4 lq z4
the co-ordinate axes is 4.
76.6 Mothemotics
O If /, m, n are the d.c.'s of a line, then the maximum 10
I
value of 1777n = ----'; '
3./3
o If dc of line AB are < cos o, cos B, cos y > Then the angle made by the line with the z-axis.
d.c.'s of line BA are < - cos o, - cos B, - cos y >. Solutian:
o o* p + y is not equal to 360o as these angles do not
cr:
lie in same plane.
120o and B:69'
O Projection of a vector r on the co-ordinate axes are / .'. cos o:cos 120o :- 1 *Acos : 1
lrl,mlrl,nlrl. z',2 B = cos 60o

o 7:lrl(ti+mj+nk) but cos2cr + cos2p + cos4i: 1

2 2

.(, + cos2 y: I
6.2. Direction rotios '( ;)
(i) Three numbers which are proportional to the
cos21: t-i-i=;=cos r: i
direction cosines of a line are called the direction
ratio of that line. lf a, b, c are tlree numbers I

y:45o or 135o
proportional to direction cosines l, m, n of a line,
L-
77
then a, b, c are called its direction ratios. They
of the line segment joining
are also called direction numbers or direction the points (-1, 0, 3) and (2,5,1) on the line whose
components. Hence by definition, we have direction ratios are 612,3.
!-
=! =L = k (say)+ r:ak,m:bk,n:ck
abc
The direction cosines l, m, n of the line are given by
+12 + *2 + 12 = (a2 + b2 + c21 = 7s2

lmn 12+m2+n2 I 1

sk=t I
623 62 +22 +32
- J4e 7
Jo2+b2+c2
a .6 2 3
.', l=--m=--n=-
I=L 'm:r,l7+4i' 7' 7' 7
a +b2 + c2
,c The required projection is given by
- Jo'+b2 + c2 : V @z-rr) + m Uz- l) +n (zr- z1)l
where the sign should be taken all positive or all
negative. Direction ratios are not uniques, whereas
li 12 -
(-r)r .|o -ol * ]rr -:ll
d.c.'s are unique. i.e., a2 + b2 +& * l.
(ii) Let r :
ai + bj + ck be a vector. Then its d.r.'s 2 _3 ,l
xJ+-x5+-X-
are a, b, c. lf a vector r has d.r.'s a, b, c then l+ 77
f=
lrl (ai+Dj+ck) Irs l0 6l l8+10-6 22
'a2
+b2 +cz lt 771 7 7

(iii) D.c.'s and dr.'s of a lineioining two poinfs: The

direction ratios of line PQ joinngP (xylpzr) arld

If a line makes angles ct, P, Y with the co-ordinate
axes, prove that sin2 ot + sin2 B + sin \2 = 2.
Q(x2,!2,2r)arex2-xt: a,!2-f t: b andzr-2,
: c (say). Then direction cosines are,
Since a line makes angles ct, P, y with the co-ordinate
(zz -
t= -!z:4-.n = -J!z:fl-.n = axes, hence cos cr, cos B, cosy are its direction cosines
JE{r, - r,)' r,)'
./){r, - (r, - ,r)'
cos2cr, * cos2B + cos2y: 1

. t- x2-xl m
lz-lr ,fr=
.2
(l - sin2cr) + (1 - sin2B) + (l - sinl): I
l.€., ' - PQ PQ PO
+ sin2cr * sin2B + sinzy : 2.
 3 DimensionalGeometry 76.7
or,-2ml -2mt + 2ml + lz + ml:0
If two pairs of opposite edges of a tetrahedron are
or,P+ml-2m2:o
mutually perpendicular, show that the third pair )
will also be mutually perpendicular. . (*) - 2: o
of,
*) [dividing bv *']
Solution:
Let OABC be the tetrahedron, where O is the origin o';=I -ttJl+8 = -lt3 :r'-L
and co-ordinates of l, B, C are (xp !p zr), (xr, !2, z2), 2 2
(x !
3, 3,xr)
resPectivelY.
A Case I. when :I : l: In this case m :i
m
(\,[Link]
From(1),21+n:0+ n=-21
.'. l:m:n:l:l:-2
.'. Direction ratios of the line are l, l, - 2
.'. Direction cosines are
B c I *l
(xz,yz,zz) (x3,y3,23) -
2
+12 + (-2)2 1V;,4 n y
LetOA J-^BCand OB ICA. _)
+' E------;-------
We have to prove that OC L BA. -
{1'+1'+(-2)"
Now, direction ratios of OA are xt - 0, ! t- 0, z, - 0 I l-2
I 12
ot, xp yP 21
"'
- J6'J6'J6 J6' J6'J6
direction ratios of BC are (.r, - xz), (lt - l2), Q3 - zr). Case II. Wh"n 1 :-2:Inthis case t:- 2m
... OA LBC. m

.'. x,(x3 - xr) + 1103- 12) + zr(zr- zr) : 0 ...(l) From(l),-2m+m*n:0 = n:m
Similarly, .'. l:m:n:-2m:m:m
... OB ICA :-2:l:1
:. xr(x1- xr) + !2(h- lt) + zr(21- rt) :0 ...(2)
.'. Direction ratios of the line are - 2, I , | .

Adding equations (1) and (2), we get .'. Direction cosines are

xr(xr- x2\ + ytUt- 12\ + zr(zr- zr):0 t -2 +l

:
.'. OC LBA ('.' directionratios of OC artax3t!3tzrand (-2)2 +12 +12 \A-r)' + t' + f
that of BA are (x, - x2), (!; t21, Q, - z)) t I
(-2)2 +12 +12

-2 1l 2 -t -t
Find the direction cosines l, m, n of a line which are ,le' Ja '..6 "' J6' J6' J6
connected by the relations I * m + fr = 0, 2 mn * 2
ml-nl=0 7. PROTECTION
Solution:
(f. Projection of a point on a line: The projection
l*m+n=g
Given, .(l) of a point P on a line AB is the foot N of the
2mn* 2ml- nl:0 perpendicular PN from P on the line AB . N is also
.(2)
the same point where the line AB meets the plane
From(1), n:-(l+m). through P and perpendicular to AB.
Putting n: - (l + m) in equation (2), we get,

- 2m (l + m) + 2ml + (l + m) I : 0

B
N
76.8 Mothematics
(it). Projection of a segment of a line on another line IIIIWD
and its length: The projection of the segment lB projection
Find the of the line joining (1, 2, 3) and
(-1,4,2) on the line having direction ratios 2, 3, {.
of a given line on another line CD is the segment
A'B' of CD where l' and.B' are the projections of Solution:
B
the points A and B on the line CD. The length of A
the projection A' B'.
A'B':AN:ABcos0 90' 90'
PLMO
Let A = (1, 2, 3), B : (;1, 4, 2)
Direction ratios of the given line PQ are 2, 3, - 6
D

+ 32 + (-q2 :7
(iii). Projection of a line ioining the points P (x, .'. direction cosines of PO are ?.1.-9
lp z) and Q @z lz z) on another line whose 7'7' 7

direction cosines are l, m and nzLet PQ be a line Projection of AB on PQ

segment where P = (xy !p zr) and Q : (xz, !2, 22) = I I ({z-rr) + m 0z- t) +n (zr- z1)l
and AB be a given line with d.c.'s as l, m, n. If the
line segment PQ makes angle 0 with the line AB,
*]o - D -Xe-,,1
then
K M
li,-, -,t l=#-l = ;
lllustration 76
N
Find the angle between any two diagonals of a cube.
M
X

G(0,a,0) F(a,a,0)
P
D
(o,a,a)

Projection of PQ is PQ' = PQ cos e c

(0,0,a) (a,0,a)
= (xz - x,)coscr + (yz - 1)cosp + (zz - zt)cosy z

The cube has four diagonals OE,AD, CF arrdGB

= (xz - x)l + (y, - h)m + (2, - z1)n
The direction ratios of OE are a, a, a or l, l, I
.d most Voluable Points
.'. its direction cosines ur" Ll,*
./3 J3 V3
.

o Projectiotof PQ onx-axis:x, -x, Projection ofPQ

ony-axis :!z-ftandProjectionof PQ onz-axis = Direction ratios of lD are - a, a, a or - l, 1, 1.
.'. its direction cosines
-1 I I
o If /1, m, nt alnLd l, m2, n2 are the d.c.'s of two
Similarly, direction cosines of CF and GB respectively
concurrent lines, then the d.c.'s of the lines bisecting
I I -l and I -l I
the angles between them are proportional to lr* l, 8f€
-. -.---= -
mr! m2, nr* nr.
We take any two diagonals, say OE andAD
Let 0 be the acute angle between them, then
 3 Dimensionol Geometry 76.9

I = (lpz - lrmr)z + (m(z - mznr)z + (ntlz - n2lr)z = g,

cos0:
E)(#).(+) (*) I which is true, only when
/ r\ 1r)
.[fJ J l1m2 - l2m1 = 0,mrn2 - fr2flt = 0 and n1l2 - nrl, = 0
tf] ^, ar
: cos-l r) =l=lz m2 nz "o, -4b2-ctcz
=n,.Similarlv.
or, 0 I

t) 8.2. Vector form

Let the vector equations of two lines be r : al + l,b, and
8. ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES
r: a2 + 1"b2.
8.7. Cartesian form As the lines are parallel to the vectors b, and b,
respectively, therefore angle between the lines is same as
Let 0 be the angle between two straight lines l8 and AC
the angle between the vectors b, and br. Thus if 0 is the
whose direction cosines are l' my n, and l, m2, n, and
respectively, is given by cos 0: lrlr* ffirffiz* n(2. angle between the given lines, then cos0 =
ffi
B
Condition for Perpendicularity: If the lines are
perpendicular, then b, . bz:0.
Condition for Perpendicularity: If the lines are
If direction ratios of two lines a, bp c, and a2, b2, parallel, then b, and b, are parallel, therefore b, = l.b, for
crare given, then angle between two lines is given by some scalar 1,.

casA=@ 17
t@a@;E;7, If the lines whose direction cosines are given
by al + bm * cn : 0 and fmn + gnl + hlm = 0 are
Particular resultsz We have,
: |- : + nl)
perpendicular, then I equals
sin2d cos2 0 (l? + m? + n?)(13 + m3 :. 1+
(a) 0 (b) -l
-(hlz+ rhrn2+ hn2Y
(c) I (d) none ofthese
= (ltmz - lzm)2 + (mrn, - mznr)2 + (n112 - n tr)2
$oiuff*n:
= sin0= tJiftr*r-*, which is known as Eliminating n between the given relations, we find that
Lagrange's identity. -al. - bm
(fu+ sD + hlm=0
The value ofsin 0 can easilybe obtainedbythe following c

l, ll
o, (
n\'
form. sin0 =
;l'.1;:,1'.1:, l2 \m)
+ (af + tr -,a(!\
\m)
+ bf = s ..(,
When d.r.'s of the lines are given if a, b, c, and a,
L*a!2, (, t" bf
Let are roots of (i),
'm1then ' -z-
---!- = 'L-
b, cr are d.r.'s of given two lines, then angle 0 between tttl m2 mzag
them is given by
lrlz frrfr2 mtmz _ ntnz
(iii)
..(ii) Similarly
aP2 - a2\)2 .f /a clb C /b hlc
sin0 =
d *4 *"r' "l+$.+$ From (ii) and (fii), we get
n)n' *'T?
- Clb 1'l'
= = =X
Condition of peryendicularity: If the given lines are
flo hlc
perpendicular, then 0 :90 i.e. cos 0 : 0 = lrlr: ?".flo i mtmz: [Link] ; nrnr= ?'.hlc
+ ltlz + mtmz + nlnz = 0 or ara2 + brb, + cp2 = 0 I Jr+ fltfrz + fltflz
fsh
-+-+-
abc
Condition of parallelism: If the given lines are parallel, f
1. : {':
L+ tJz* mrmr* nrnr: o)
then 0 :0" i.e. sin 0 :0 a
76.70 Mathemotics
gW W
If a linemakes angles o, F, y, 6 with four diagonals (a) Find the acute angle between two lines whose
of a cube, then cos2cr + cos2B + cos\ + cos26 equals direction ratios are 21316 and 11 2' 2 respectively.
(a) 3 (b) 4 (D)Find the measure of the angle between the lines
(c) 413 (a 3t4 whose direction ratios are lr-2r7 and 3, 4r-1.

Solution: Solution:

L (a) at:2, bt:3, cr: 6; az: l, bz:2, cr= 2.

M
If 0 be the angle between
two lines whose d.r's are given, then
^ t z + hb2 + ctc,
dr6t"
wvov
^^.4 - - '

X
A
,{A;ffi G. t: . q
Let OA, OB, OC be coterminous edges of a cube and
2xl+3x2+6x2 2+6+12 20

OA: OB: OC: a, then co-ordinates of its vertices are 22 +32 + 62 12+22+22 7x3 2l
O(0,0,0), A(a,0, 0), ,B(0, a, 0), C(0, 0, a),L(0, a, a),
e=
M(a,0, a), N(a, a,0) and, P (a, a, a) "or-'l,4)
\21)
Direction ratio of diagonalAl, BM, CN andOP are 2
(_t r r)(t _t t) (b) +(-2)'a72 =J54
[ .6'.6'.6.J'[.6''l-t' Jl)' 32 +(-2)2 +(-l)2 =,lA
(r l l\f l l l\
_-ll---l
.'. The actual direction cosines of the lines are
[.6'.6' J, )'[.6'"6'.6J
|
Letl,m,nbethe direction cosines ofthe given line, then
-2 7 l_
3 -2 -l
./54 J54 J54
-r-r-allLl-r-r- J14 Jl4 {14
/ t\ (t\ /t)
cos G: ,[-r.,l .,[Ej *,lE.J =--T-
-(+m+n
If 0 is the angle between the lines, then

Similarlycoscr:
l-m+n =
l+m-n
--6- c.s,=i#)(#) .(#)[#) .( #)( Jru-1
-E-,coS|
*[Link] -l+n!-:n 3+4-7 :0
JT --'-_
,154.,114 = 90o

cos2 cr + cos2 F + cos2 Y * cos2

'3 S: 1.

INTEXT EXERCISE:7
x-co-ordinate of a point P on the join of Q
1. The distance of the point (4, 3, 5) from the y-axis (2, 2, l) and R (5, l, -2) is 4, then its z-co-ordinate
is
is
@) Jzq (b) s
(a) 2 (r) I
(c) Ji @ Jls (c) -l (d) -2

2. The points (5, 4,2), (4, -3, l), (7,4,4) and (8, -7 , 4. If centroid of tetrahedron OABC, where l, B, C are
5) are the vertices of given by (a,2,3), (1, b,2) and, (2,1, c) respectively
(a) Arectangle be (1,2, -l), then distance of P(a, b, c) from origin
is equal to
(b) A square
(c) A parallelogram @) Jrot @ JA
(d) None of these. @ Jtol tu (d) None of these
 3 Dimensionol Geometry 76.77
5. If vertices of triangle are A (1,-1,2), B (2,0,-l) and 8. If the direction ratio of two lines are given by 3lm
C (0,2, l), then the area of triangle is - 4ln + mn: 0 and I + 2m + 3n = 0, then the angle
between the lines is
(a) Je (D 2J6
(c) 3G @ 4J6 @+ @+
6. The points (5,2,4), (6, -1, 2) and (8, -7, k) are t
<"t @+
collinear, if fr is equal to 9. The angle between a diagonal of a cube and the
diagonal ofa faces ofthe cube is
@)a @)2
(c) 3 (d) -l
t" -'-'[\E) (6) sin-r('tE)
7. If d.c.'s of two lines are proportional to (2, 3, 4)
and (3, -4,5), then the acute angle between them C).i,-'(+) (d) cos-1(,6)

is 10. The angle between the lines r : (4i - j) + s (2i + I -

3k) and r : (i - j + 2k) + I (i - 3j + 2k) is
(,) *,-'(#) (b) cos-rt*)
@)+ @)+
90' (r, *t-'(*)
(c)
rd* @+
Answer Key

1. (c) 2. (") 3. (c) 4. (a't s. (6) 6.(a) 7. (b) s. (a) e. (a) 10. (b)

9. STRAIGHT LINE IN SPACE passing through a fixed point with position vector
Every equation of the first degree represents a plane. a and parallel to a given vector b is r:
a + l"b.
Two equations of the first degree are satisfied by the co-
ordinates of every point on the line of intersection of the
70. REDUCTION OF CARTESIAN FORM OF THE
planes represented by them. Therefore ax + by * cz * d: EQUATION OF A LINE TO VECTOR FORM
AND VICE VERSA
0 and, a'x a b'! + c'z * d: 0 the two equations together
represent that line. Therefore and together represent a Cartesian to vector: Let the Cartesian equation of a line

be
r-*, _l _lt
straight line.
abc =z-r1 ...(,
9.7. Equation of o line passing through a given point
This is the equation of a line passing through the point
A (xy lp zr) and having direction ratios a, b, [Link] vector
(i) Cartesian form or symmetrical form: Cartesian form this means that the line passes through point having
equation of a straight line passing through a fixed position vector a: xri + .hj + z,k and is parallel to the
vector m : ai + bj + ck. Thus, the vector form of(i) is r
point (x,, /1, zr) andhaving direction ratios a, b, c
. x-xt : a + l,m or r : (x,i + yi +z,k) + l. (ai + bj + ck), where
lsabc =l-lt =Z-11
z l" is a parameter.
_-j-_--- Vector to cartesian: Let the vector equation of a line
be r: a + )"m...(ir) Where a : x,i +.yrj + zrk, m : ai +
bj + ck and I is a parameter. To reduce (ii) to Cartesian
form we put r : xi + yi + zk and equate the coefficients
of i, j and k as discussed below. Putting y : 2si + yi + zk,
x
a: xri +yrj + zrkand m: ai + bi+ ck in (ir), we obtain
(if Vector form: Vector equation of a straight line fi + yi r zk = (x,i + y,j + z,k) + )'(ai + bj + ck)
76.72 Mothematics
Equating coefficients of i, j and k, we get 20
X = X1 * a)t,y = y1 + b)t,z - z, * clt
Find the co-ordinates of those points on the line
x-xr l-lt = z-Zt =n x-l y +2 z-3 which is at a distance of 3
or,-;-= b ,- 236
units from point (1y',3).
,6 wtost Voluable Points
Soiuria*:
O The co-ordinates of any point on the
x-\ l-\ Z-Zr x-l v+2 z-3 ..(,
-. Hefg.-=-=-
'236
llne abc=-=- are

(x, + a)'.,y1 + b?'.,2, + c),.) ,where l, e R. P(1, -2, 3)

o Since x, y and z-axes pass through the origin and
3 Units
have direction cosines l, 0, 0; 0, 1, 0 and 0, 0, I
Q(2r + 1, 3r-2, 6r+3)
respectively. Therefore, the equations are x-axis:

,-o= r.o =14 or]:oandz:o./-axis: is the given straight line

100 Let, P: (1,-2,3) on the straight line
,-o=, o =4 orx:oand z:o;z-axis: Here direction ratios of line (i) arc (2,3,6\
010
.'. Direction cosines of line (i) are:
'-o =
Y-o ='-o orx:oandl,=0. 1,1,1
001
o In the symmetrical form of equation of a line, the = Equations of line(r) any may be written as
x_r __y!2
217 317=r,.:
coefficients of x. y, z are unity. ...(rr)
6/7
Co-ordinates of any point on the line (i;) may be taken
71. EQUATION OF LINE PASSING THROUGH as
TWO 6IVEN POINTS.
(?, * t.1, -2.9. + gl
(i) Cartesian form: If A (xr, !p B (x2, !2, zr) be
z1)
\z '7 '7 )
two given points, the equations to the line AB are
x-xt _ !-lt Z-rl Let, o(?, '7 - z,!,
-\7 * t,1, '7 + s)
)
= z2-zr
x2-xr lz-h Given lll:3,;.r:*3
The co-ordinates of a variable point on AB can be Putting the value of r, we have
expressed in terms of a parameter l" in the form 13 s39 | 233
o( 7' j"7 or8- 7' ',|'7
)*, + x, Ly. + Y, )'2, + z,
-- ).+l I+l l'+l
27
[Link] any real number different from -l . In fact, (x, y, z)
Find the equation of the line drawn through
are the co-ordinates of the point which divides the join of
point (1, 0, 2) to meet at right angles the line
AandB intheratiol.: l.
x+l v-2 z+l
(ii) Vector form: The vector equation of a line passing 3-2-1
through two points with position vectors a and b is
z
x+l v-2 z+l
B(b) :-2-l
Let P = (1, 0, 2)
Co-ordinates of any point on line (l) may be taken as

x Q=(3r-1,-2r+2,-r-l)
r:a*1,(b-a) Direction ratios of PQ are 3r - 2, - 2r * 2, - r- 3
 3 Dimensionol Geometry 75.73

: qd| - bzdl dpz - dza,

Direction ratios of line AB are 3, - -|
*- v- z-0
2, atb-azh - az4
Snce PQ LAB \c, - b2c, cpz - c2at arb, - a2\
.'.3 (3r-2)-2(-2r+2)- I (-r-3)-$ Note: If / + 0, take a point on yz-plane as (0, y,, z r) and
I if m * 0, take a point on xz-plane as (x,, 0, z1).
=9r-6+4r-4*r-r 3:0= l4r-7 =r: , Alternative method

^17 If gt- t 9 tr, z:0 inboth he equations and solve the

a2
Therefore, direction ratios of PQ un -
,, l, -- or, -
b2

1 '.' _1
br!+ dt:0,arx+ by+ dr:0 otherwise
equations arx+

x*l y-0 - _1 Puty:0 and solve the equations atx+ cF+ dt:0 and
Equation of line PQ is OI,
a/+crz+d2:0.
*-l y -12-7
r-27 = _z-2
W@
Find the equation of the line of intersec"tion of
planes 4x + 4y - 5z = 12, 8x + lly - l3z: 32 in the
72. REDUCTION OF NON-SYMMETR'CAL
symmetric form.
FORM TO SYMMETRICAL FORM:
Solution:
Let equation of the line in non-symmetrical form be a,x Given planes are 4x * 4y - 5z - 12= 0 ...(l)
+ bry + crz * dr:0, a{ + by + c;z + dr: 0. To find the
equation of the line in symmetrical form, we must know
and 8x + lTy - l3z - 32: 0 ...(2)

(i) its direction ratios (ii) coordinate of any point on it. Let l, m, n be the direction ratios of the line of
interseetion:
(i) Direction ratiosz Let l, m, n be the direction
ratios of the line. Since the line lies in both the then 4l + 4m - 5n:0 ...(3)

planes, it must be perpendicular to normals of both and 8l + l2m- l3n = 0

planes. So a,i * brm0, arl + brm * crn :

+ c( : l,mn
0. From these equations, proportional values of -52 + 60 40 52 48-32
+

l, m, n can be found by cross-multiplication as

[Link] Lmn
or--=-=-
lmn
of,
81216 '2 3 4
bp2 - b2c1 c1a2 - c2a1 arb, - a2b1 Hence direction ratios of line of intersectionare2,3,4.

Alternative method Here 4 + 0, therefore line of intersection is not parallel

l, i ol
: i (bfz -
to ry-plane. Let the line of intersection meet the ry-
The vector la1 bt .,1 brcr\ + i (c(z plane at P (cr, B, 0). Then P lies on planes (1) and (2)

lo, bz 'rl - 12:0

.'. 4a+ 49
- cral) + k (arb, - arb) will be parallel to the line of or,G+F-3=0 ...(5)

intersection of the two given planes. hence I:m:n:

and 8a + l2B -32:0
(bfz- brcr): (crar- crar): (arbr- arb) or,2a+38-8:0 ...(6)
Solving (5) and (6), we get
(ir) Pointon the line: Note that as l, m, n cannot be
zero simultaneously, so at least one must be non-zero.
cr _ P = I o.. g=P=l
Let arbr- arbr* 0, then the line cannot be parallel to ry -8+9 -6+8 3-2 I 2 I

plane, so it intersect it. Let it intersectry-plane in (xp!y .'. o : l, P:2 . Hence equation of line of intersection
0). Thena,r, dr:0anda;r+ byr+ dr:[Link]
+ bryr+
I Y- 2
these,we get a point on the line. Then its equation insymmetrical formir'-234
= -' - o
x-
becomes. = ctdz!-lt czat- '-0 orb, o'
\c2 - b2c1 - orb, -
75.74 Mothemotics
23 Solution:
Find the angle between the lines x - 3y - 4 = 0,
Given The given line is
4y - z+ 5 = 0 and * a 3!- lL = 0,2y -z * 6 = 0.
x -.713 y +-l/3
+l
- -, = 123- =' ll
6x 2 = 3y = 2z
Solutio*:
x-3y-4=0 This show that the given line passes through
Given lines are ...( I )
4y-r*5=0 (113, -l 13\ and has direction ratio I , 2, 3.
x+3y-ll=0 ll
and .(2) Position vector and is parallel to
2y-r*6=0 "=5t-ij*k
vectorb:i+2j+3k.
Let l, m, nt and l, m, n, be the direction cosines of
lines (l) and (2) respectively Hence,
' = (lt - ji. x) + r'ri + 2j + 3k) .

'.'line (l) is perpendicular to the normals of each of

the planes x - 3y - 4 : 0 and. 4y - z + 5 : 0
73. INTERSECTION OF TWO LINES
.'. lr-3mr+ [Link] ...(3)
and 0lr+ 4wr-frt= 0 ...(4) Determine whether two lines intersect or not. In case

Solving equations (3) and (4), we get they intersect, the following algorithm is used to find their

\-mt-fll point of intersection.

3-0 0-(-l) 4-0 Algorithm for cartesian formz Let the two lines be

o',\=?=? =o (let). x-xl _/-lt

=Z-21 .(,)
Since line (2) is perpendicular to the normals of each
0tqq
of the planes x-x? _!-h
x+ 3y- 1l = 0 and2y - z * 6 : 0, And
az bz =z-r2
c2
.(ii)

3mz:0
lz+ ...(5) Step Iz Write the co-ordinates of general points on (i) and
and Zmr- nr= 0 ...(6) (ii). The co-ordinates of general points on (i) and (li)

'-at'' - I -b,h ='- cl 't = l. and

l,
:. lz: - 3m, or, -i : *rand nr= 2mrot, A : *r.
41
are given by
-J2'

9=ry=!L:teet). x-x2
-3 l2 az -l-lzb2 =,-,2
c2
=prespectively.
If 0 be the angle between lines (l) and (2), then cos 0
= lrlr+ mrmr* nrn, i.e., (al" + xr,bl," + h + cr)" + z1) and,
: (3r) (- 3t) + (k) (t) + (4k) (2t7 = - 9kt + kt + 8Ir = 0 (azlt + x2,b2lL-l !2,c2lt * ,r) .

0:90o. Step II: If the lines (,) and (rr) intersect,

then they have a common point.
gtw ar)t + x, = azlt * xz,\L * lt = bzll + lz and
The cartesian equations of a line are 6x - 2 = 3y + 1. cr)r. + z, = c2IL + zz .

= 2z - 2. The vector equation of the line is

Step III: of the equations in l" and p
Solve any two
(a)r=fir-+J i+ri)+)"(i+2j+3k) obtained in step II. If the values of l, and p satis$
\J
the third equation, then the lines (i) and (ii) intersect,
(b) r = (3i - 3j + k) + ),(i + 2j + 3k)
otherwise they do not intersect.

(c) r = (i + j + k) +).(i + 2j + 3k) Step IV: To obtain the co-ordinates of the point of
intersection, substitute the value of I (or p) in the
(d) None of these
co-ordinates ofgeneral point (s) obtained in step I.
 3 Dimensionol Geometry 76'75

W
Showthatthetwolines r-l
Length and equation of perpendicularz The length
of the perpendicular is the distance AP and its equation is
2 =y-2
3 ='-34
atnd
x-4 v-l the line joining two known points A and P.
? =; = z intersect. Find also the point of
The length of the perpendicular is the perpendicular
int"ersectio-n of these lines.
Solution: distance of given point from that line.

Given lines are

* Y:-2 =':3 ...(l) Reflection or image of a point in a straight linez lf
-' =
234 the perpendictiar PL from point P on the given line be
x-4 _y-l _z-0
and s - 2: I ...(2) produced to Q such that PL:
QL,then Q is known as the
image or reflection of P in the given line. Also, Z is the
Any point on line (l) is P (2r + l, 3r * 2, 4r +3)
foot ofthe perpendicular or the projection ofP on the line.
and any point on line (2) is Q (5X + 4,2)," + 1, l")

Lines (1) and (2) will intersect if P and Q coincide for

some value of l, and r. A B

:.2r* 1
= 2r-5?"=3
= 51"+ 4 ...(3)

3r+2:2X+l=3r-n:- l ...(4)
Q(image)

4r+3:)' +4r-1":-3 ...(5)

74.2. Vector form
Solving (3) and (4), we get r: - 1, l. = - I
Perpendicular distance of a point from a line: Let Z is
Clearly these values of r and l, satisff eqn. (5)
the foot of perpendicular drawn from P(d) on the line r:
NowP=(-1,-1,-l) a + )"b. Since r denotes the position vector of any point on
Hence lines (l) and (2) intersect at (- l, - 1, - l). the line . So, let the position vector of Z be a + l"b.

P(o

14. FOOT OF PERPENDICULAR FROM A PAINT

A(o,B,Y) T2THEL|NE ry : -Y;1! =
74.7. Cartesion form =?. A B
i=@+r,o) t-=8+l.u
Foot of perpendicular from a point A(cr, 9, T) to the line
r-rL - E-u - z- zL:IfPbethefootofperpendicular,
l-rnn Then Ff, :d+ )6_ n PT,6: o = ): (;--:i)'n
t6t'
then P is (/r + x,, mr * ! v nr + z t). Find the direction ratios
The length PI, is the magnitude of Fi, and required
of AP and apply the condition of perpendicularity of lP
will give the value of r and length of perpendicular.
and the given line. This hence

the point P which is foot of perpendicular. Image of a point in a straight line: Let Q(p) is the
P(o image of P in r: a + ),b

6=2a-[zr"-9'l'r]r.*
' l. lbl' )
A B
i=@+r,5) L= + ),b
76.76 Mathematics
26
Find the co-ordinates ofthe foot ofthe perpendicular Co-ordinates of any point on (0 may be taken as
from (1, 1, 1) on the line joining (5,4,4) and (1, 4, (2r-1,3r*),-r-Z)
6).
Let Q : (2r -1, 3r * 3, - r - 2)
Direction ratio's of PQ arc; (2r 1, 3r +6, -r -3)
Let A (1,1, l),,8 (5,4,4) and C (1, 4,6)be the given
points. Let M be the foot of the perpendicular from I Direction ratio's of AB are: (2,3, -l)
on BC. Snce, PQ LAB

If M divides .BC in the ratio l, : l, then

2 (2r -3) + 3 (3r+ 6) - I (-r-3) : 0
15
+ 5 + a.0r + +l =
wv-vrurrrsrvJvrrT! are (7t
co-ordinates of M qrw .a)'' l4
[i"+t' l,+ l' ]t +l )
22313
Direction ratios of BC are I - 5,4 - 4,6 - 4 o: ( 7' 14' 14
i.e.4,0,2 ,2
.+)'.(*.*)
2
53 I
A(1,1,1)
rqz= (z + ,* 11
t4 ) t4

PQ=
m units
{*

c M c 15. SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO

(s,4,4) (1,4,6)
STRAIGHT I'ruES.
)"+5 $"+4 6L+4
D.R.'s of AMare
A+l /t+l ;' +l: -l I Skew lines: Two straight lines in space which are
--1,#-1,
4 neither parallel nor intersecting are called skew lines.
:) .31,+3.51.+3
l.+l'1,+l'1.+l =4.3x+3.51.+3 Thus, the skew lines are those lines which do not lie

SnceAM LBC in the same plane.

:. 2 - l (5i" + 3) :
(4)+ 0(31" + 3) 0

=8-5)"-3:0=1":l b Line of shortest

distace
Hence the co-ordinates of M are (3,4,5).

27 P

Find the length of perpendicular from P(2,- 3,1) to

x+1- Y-3 2. Line of shortest distance: If /, and /, are two skew
therine
23-l -z+2 lines, then the sffaight line which is perpendicular to
So!ution: each of these two non-intersecting lines is called the

Grven ltne ts
x+l !-v-3 z+2 ......(,
"line of shortest distance." There is one and only one
= =
23-l line perpendicular to each of lines Irand,lr.
- -
? P (2,-8,1) 3. Shortest distance between two skew lines

(, Cartesian form: Let two skew lines be

x-xt _l-lt
ml =r-rt
and
It nl
x-xz _l-lz
n 90' 12 mz =r-12
/t2
A o B

and P(2, - 3,1) Therefore, the shortest distance between the lines is
given by
 3 Dimensionol Geometry 76.77

-xr lz-h Zz-Zl 6. To determine the equation of line of shortest

Itmt\ distance: To find the equation of line of shortest
distance, we use the following procedure:
d- h n2

mtnz - mznt)z + (nttz - lrnr)' + (lrm, - lrmr)z

(r) From the given equations of the straight lines, i.e .

x-at _l-4 Z-ct \ .

(ii) Vector form: Let /,
/, be two lines whose
and It ml
=-_--=n(say)
nr \--Jl ...(r)
equations arc l, : r : ar + ),b, and l, : r : a,,
p (say) ...(i,
+ pb, respectively. Then, Shortest distance lz m2 nz

x | [b, b, (a, - a,)] Find the co-ordinates of general points on straight

PQ= .
lb,xbrl lb,xbrl lines (i) and (di) as (c, + )"1r,4+?tm1,c1+ l,r,) and
4, Shortest distance between two parallel lines: The (a2 + 1tlr,b, * pm2,c2 + lln) .

shortest distance between the parallel lines r : ar * (rr) Let these be the co-ordinates of P and Q, the two
l.b and r: a2+ pb is given by d = l@z- a,)xbl extremities of the length of shortest distance. Hence,
lbl find the direction ratios of PQ as (ar+ lrV) - @, +
5. Condition for two lines to be intersecting ie. I
r)'), (b z + m ilt\ - (b, + m rlu), (c, + m ;t) - (c, + r, l").
coplanar (iii) Apply the condition of PQ being perpendicular to
straight lines (i) and (ii) in succession and get two
0) Cartesianform:Iftheliner IijL =
I-\ =
Z -'l
equations connecting l" and p. Solve these equations
nl
aladx ixz -f -lz ='-"" intersel]theo to get the values of l" and p.
hmznz (iv) Put these values of 1, and p in the co-ordinates of P
x2 xl !z h z2 zl and. Q to determine points P and, Q-
t, ml nl -0 (v) Find out the equation of the line passing through p
l2 m2 n2
and Q, which will be the line of shortest distance.
(rr) Vector form: If the lines r : tr + )"b, and t : Lz
The same algorithm may be observed to find out the
+ Ib, intersect, then the shortest distance between
position vector of P and Q, the two extremities of
them is zero. Therefore, [b,b, (a, - a1)J :0 + [(a, the shortest distance, in case ofvector equations of
- ar) brb2l : 0 =+ (rr- a). (br bz) : 0 " straight lines. Hence, the line of shortest distance,
which passes through P and Q, can be obtained.

3. The lines x : ay + b, z: cy + d and x : a'y * b', z :

1. The equation to the straight line passing through the c'y * d, are perpendicular to each other, if
points (4, -5,1) and (-1, 5, 3) is (a) aa' * cc' : I

(a) x-4 y+5 zt2 (b)aa'tcc':-l

I = = {
-2 @) acta,c,:l
x+l v-5 z-3
(b) -i=;=; (d)acta'c':-l
xvz 4. The direction ratio of the line which is perpendicular
(cl _=!_=_
-l 53 to the lines * --7 = !l!J ==Z-6
I and
xvz x*5 y+3 ,-7=
(a a=== j t2-2 4lt

2. The d.c.'s ofthe line 6x : 3y + I : 2z -Z (a) <4,5,7 > -

- 2 are
lll 23 (b) <4,-5,7 >
@)
G'6'G (b)
fr,fr,fr (c) <4,-5,-7 >
(a <4,5,7 >
(c) 1,2,3 (d) None of these
76.78 Mathemotics
5. A line with direction cosines proportional to 2, l, 8. The image of point (1,2,3) in the line r : (6i + 7i +
2 meets each of the linesx:! + a: z andx* a: 7k)+), (3i+2i -2k) is
2y : 2r. The co-ordinates of each of the points of
by
intersection are given (a) (5, 15)
-8, (b) (5, 8, -15)

(a) (2a,3a,3a) (2a, a, a)

(c) (_5, _g, _15) (d) (5, g, 15)
(b) (3a,2a,3a) (a, a, a)
(c)(3a,2a,3a)(a,a,2a)9'Theshortestdistancebetweenthelines v-4 z-5
x-l v-2 z-3 .x-2 =T=
(d)(3a,3a,3a)(a,a,a) .Z = 3 =-artd 3 t
IS
6. The co-ordinates of the foot of the perpendicular
- of the
drawn from the point A (1, 0, 3) to the join
''
@) :6 @)' +
{6
points B (4, 7. 1) and C(3. 5, 3) are
rl
-tr
(a) (513,713,1713) (b) (5,7,17) k) VJ
@1
(-513,713,-1713)
(c) (513,-713,1713) (d) 10. Theshortestdistancebetweenthelinesr:(i+j-k)
7. The image of the point (1, 6, 3) in the line +),(3i-j)andr:(4i-k)+p(2i+3k)is
!=y-l =, -2 i, (o)6 (b)o
t 2 3-"
(a) (1,0,7) (b) (-1,0,7)
(c) (1, 0, -7) (d) None of these @) 2 (O 4

Answer

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (D) a. @) s. (b) 6.(a) 7. (a) s' (d) e' (b) 10' (b)

76. THE PLANE 3. Equation of plane parallel to co-ordinate planes

or perpendicular to co-ordinate axes
DEFINITION OF PLANE AND ITS EQUATIONS

If point P(x, y, z) moves according to certain rule, then it (r) Equation of plane parallel to
YOZ-plane (or
perpendicular to x-axis) and at a distrnce 'a' from it
may lie in a 3-D region on a surface or on a line or it may
simply be a point. Whatever we get, as the region of P
isx:a.
after applying the rule, is called locus of P. Let us discuss (ii) Equation of plane parallel to ZOX-plane (or
about the plane or curved surface. If Qbe any other point perpendicular to y-axis) and at a distance 'b' from it
on it's locus and all points of the straightline PQ lie on it, is Y: 6'
it is a plane. In other words if the straight line PQ, however
(iii) Equation of plane parallel to XOY-plan'e (or
small and in whatever direction it may be, lies completely
perpendicular to z-axis) and at a distance 'c'from it
on the locus, it is a plane, otherwise any curved surface.
is z: c.
1. General equation of plane: Every equation of first
degree of the form Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 represents 4. Vector equation of Plane
the equation of a plane. The coefficients of x, y and
z i.e. A, B, C are the direction ratios of the normal to
(r) One point form: Vector equation of a plane through

the plane. the point A(a) and perpendicular to the vector n is

(r-a).n:0orr.n:a.n.
2. Equation of co-ordinate Planes
XOY-plane: z:0 XOY-plane
YoZ-Plane
YOZ -plane:r: I
X
ZOX-plane: y:0 ZOX-plane
z
 j
Dimensional Geometry 75.79
(r, Normal form: Vector equation of a plane normal to (ii) Equation of plane perpendicular to ZOX-plane or
unit vector ff and at a distance d from the origin is parallel toy axis is Ax + Cz + D:0.
[Link], = d. (iii) Equation of plane perpendicular to XoY-plane or
parallel to z-axis is Ax + By + D:0.
8. Equation of plane parallel to a given plane

n f
(, Cartesian form: Plane parallel to a given plane is
d
ax + by * cz +d: 0 is ax + by * cz + d : 0, i.e. only
t constant term is changed.
Ifn is not a unit vector, then to reduce the equation
:
r.n d to normal form we divide both sides by lnl to (ii) Vector form: Since parallel planes have the
nd^d common normal, therefore equation
obtainr'lnl=1o; [Link]=El . of plane parallel to plane r.n d
is r.n : d,where dris a constant determined
1

(iii) Three points form : Equation of plane passing by the

throughpoints Ai,; is [i-; t-; ;-d]:O given condition.

5 Equation of a plane passing through a given point 9. Equationofplanepassingthroughtheintersection

of two planes
and parallel to two given vectors: The equation of
the plane passing through a point having position
(r) Cartesian form: Equation of plane through the
intersection of two planes P : arx + bl + crzx * d,
vector a and parallel to b and c is r : a + Ib + pc,
: 0 and Q : a{ + by + c;z + dr: 0 is P + )tq : g,
where ), and p are scalars.
where l" is the parameter.

(rr) Vector form: The equation of any plane through the

intersection ofplanes r.n, : d
[Link]: dris r.(n, +[Link])
: dt* ?'d,where l, is an arbitrary constant.
28
6. Cartesian forms of plane Find the equation of the plane through the pointsl
(r) One point form: Equation of plane passing through
(2,2,-l),8 (3,4,2) and C (7,0,6\.
the point (xplp zr) is A (x - x1) + By (y - y) + C Solution:
(z - z): 0, where A, B and C are d.r.'s of normal to The general equation ofa plane passing through
the plane. (2,2, -l) is
(ii) Normal form: Equation of plane having direction a(x-2)+b(y-2)+c(z+ l):0 ...(,
cosines of normal as < l,m,n > and at a distance p
from origin is /c * my I nz: p
It will pass through B (3,4,2) and C (7,0,6) if
a (3 - 2) + b (4 -2) + c (2+ l) : 0 or a * 2b + 3c : 0
(ifi) Three point form: Equation of plane passing
...(,,
through (n,y,zt),(xz,gz,zz) and(xz,yz,zt) it
x-xr !-lr .l
and a (7 - 2) + b (0 -2) + c (6 + l) : 0 or 5a - 2b + 7c
' :0 ...(iii)
xz-xr lz-lr =Q
r:-rr h-lt L1
Solving (ii) and (iii)by cross-multiplication, we have
a b c
Of
abc^
(iv) Intercept form: If the plane cuts the intercepts of
14+6 15-7 -2-10 52-3=-=)L
(say)
lenglh a, b, c on co-ordinate axes, then its equation is :2). :1),,
) s: 5)", b and, c
xvz
-+:-*-=1
abc Substituting the values of a, b and c in (i), we get
s?u (x 1) - 2) - 3),,(z + 11 = g
+ D, U
7. Equation of plane perpendicular to co-ordinate
or 5(x - 2) +2 O -2) -3 (z + l) : 0
planes or parallel to co-ordinate axes
(, Equation of plane perpendicular to YOZ-plane or + 5.x * 2y - 3z: 17, which is the required equation of
parallel to x-axis is By + Cz + D:0. the plane.
76.20 Mathematics
lllustrotion 37
Find the equation of the plane upon which the A plane meets the co-ordinates axis in A, B, C sttch
length of normal from origin is 10 and direction that the centroid of the LABC is the point (P, 8, r')
ratios of this normal zre31216.
show that the equation ofthe plane is
:xvz
+ L + -:3
Salu6on:
'pqr
Solution:
lf p be the length of perpendicular from origin to
Let the required equation of plane be:
the plane and l, m, n be the direction cosines of this
xyz
normal, then its equation is -+:+-
abc
...(,)
lx*m!+nz:p ...(1)
(a,0,0), B
Then, the co-ordinates of A, B and C are A
Herep: 10 (0, b, 0), C (0, 0, c) respectively
Direction ratios of normal to the plane are 3, 2, 6
So the centroid of the triang le ABCtt (;,1,!)
32+22+62:7
But the co-ordinate of the centroid are Qt, q, r)
Direction cosines of normal to the required
"326 abcp'r= r
t' =-'m = = Q'j=
plane are 7'' 7 Putting the values 1=
of l, m, n, p in (1), equation of required plane is c in (i), we get
Putting the values of a, b and the
1**?r*!, =lo or,3x +2y+62:70 requiredplane as
7 7' 7 *. t* *:,
xvz :3
+ -+z-+:
pqr
If P be any point on the plane Ir + my * n7,= p a,nd
Qbe rpoint on the line OP such that OP . OQ= p2,
(k+ my + nz)
32
show that the locus of the point Qis p
=*+f+*. Show that the points (0, - 1, 0),(2,1, - 1), (1, l, 1),
(3,3, 0) are coplanar.
Solution:
Solutiott:
Let P:- (cr, P, Y), Q = (x* Y, z1)
LetA=(0,- 1,0),8: (2,1,- l), C:(1, 1, 1) andD

direction ratios of : (3, 3, 0)

Direction ratios of OP are cr, B, y and

OQ p z 1. Since O, Q, P are collinear, we have Equation of a plane through ,,4 l, 0) is

(0, -
are x y !
9=A='YL : k(say) c (x-0) + b O + l) + c (z-0) : 0
xt lt "'(1)
or, ax+ by+ cz* b=0 ...(l)
As P (cr, B, y) lies on the plane Ix + my + n : p, Ifplane (1) passes through B (2, l, - l) and C (1, l, l)
la+mB+ny:p or k(lxr*mYr*nzr)=P ...(2\ c:0
Tlten 2a + 2b - ...(2)

Given OP . OQ: p2 and a*2b+c:0 ...(3)

'*?+y?+zl:rz
az +$2 + y2 From (2) and (3), we have
#= += fr
oIt t*y?+rl:f
't'(t+y?+r?)
or,
abc-
i= 1=;:k(say)
or, @?+rt+rl:f ...(3)
Putting the value of a, b, c, in (l), equation of required
qr+ L plane is 4b -3k (y + 1) + 2l<z:0
on dividing (2) by (3), we get ry: '? = P
- xi+yi+zi or,4x-3y+22-3:0 -..(2)

or, p(br+myr+nzr)-- fi + rt * 4 Clearly point D.(3, 3, 0) lies on plane (2)

Hence the locus of point Q is p (k + my + nz) : 7] a Thus point D lies on the plane passing tlvortg$,A, B, C
and hence points A, B, C and D ate coplanar.
f+*.
 3 Dimensional Geometry 75.27
33

lA hz +kz +L2+ h2 +k2 +(.2+ h2 +k2 +12

A point P moves on a plane 1* | * | = plane
aa bF cy
through P and [Link] u9, nbopt*eets the co-
hkt
ordinate axes in A, B and C. If the planes through =-{-*-=l [from (2)]
abc
A, B and C parallel to the planes x = 0r./ = 0, z = 0 tll I I I I
Of. = , + p' + )
intersect in Q, find the locus of Q. ad
-*-*- b$ cy h2+k2+12 C[- v'
Soiutton: [from (a)].'. Required locus of Q (cr, B, y) is

I+ (+'-=l 1lllll
Givenplaneis ...(1)
ca Dy cz x't' y't' 1'
'abc -f-r---a-r- z-
Let p:(h,k,D
hk! 17.
Then - * i* - : t ...(2) ANGLE BETWEEN TWO PLANES

1. Cartesian form: Angle between the planes is defined

OP: h2+k2+12 ' as angle between normals to the planes drawn from
Direction cosines of OP are any point. Angle between the planes arx * bry * crz
hk * dr 0 andarx+ bzy + c;z+ dr= 0 is
h2+k2+!.2
'h2+k2+f h2+k2+1.2
.'. Equation of the plane through P and normal to OP is arar+4br+crc,
@
cos
hkt v I it r

h2+k2+1.2
^t

"lh2+k2+12' ,lrt+k'z+t'z
'h2+k2+f C If (ara, + btbz * ctcz: 0, then the planes are
l-
perpendicular to each other.
or, hx + lqt + lz: + t? + P1 a,hc,
. = i02= rc2
(h2 -yl
- O If a2 , then the planes are parallel to each
- t=(!h'* tlr* r', o,r,u= u+u.r), other.
[0.
2. Vector form: An angle 0 between the planes [Link] :
+ k-2 + t2\
, o,o,h2
=(\./)
d, and [Link]:d, is given by coso = 1- trla2- .
lnrll nzl
: L*I
Let Q:(cr, F, y), then a ,
W
Find the angle between the planesx*y *22:9 and
P: h2+k2+(2
o ' t:
h2+k2+(.2
( "'(3) 2x-Y *e= 15

Solution:
Now
We know that the angle between the planes arx + bp
I I I h2+k2+12 I
* crz * d, = 0 and arx + by * ,f * dr:0 is given by

^ dra, + \b, + crc,

h2+k2+12 ^^^o-
From (3), h: G.t.4,6;4.e,
h h2 +k2 +12 k h2 +k2 +12 Therefore, angle between x + y + 2z : 9 and
a ad.
-=-
bbg
- 2x - y + z: 15 is given by
.l h2+k2+(.2
and-= (1)(2)+(lX-l)+(2Xl) lrt
ccy =-j$=-
,{F +t'+r'lV.G1)'.t' 23
76.22 Mothemotics
llfustrotion 35 19. IMAGE OF A POINT IN A PLANE.
Find the equation of the plane through the point p be two points and let n be a plane such
Let P and that
(1, 4, -2) and parallel to the plane -2x + y - 3z = 7,

S*lutian: (r) Line PQ is perpendicular to the plane n, and

Let the equation of a plane parallel to the plane (rr) Mid-point of PQ lies on the plane n.
4x + y - 3z : 7 be -2x + y - 3z + k : 0
Then either of the point is the image of the other in the
This passes through (1,4,-2), therefore
(-2) (l) + 4 - 3 (-2) + k: 0 -2 + 4+ 6 + k = 0 plane n.
=
= k: -8. Putting k: -8 in (i), we obtain To find the image of a point in a given plane, we proceed

-2x + y - 3z -8 : 0 or -2x + y - 3z : 8. This is the as follows

equation of the required plane.
(r) Write the equations of the line passing through P and
18. A POINT AND A PLANE normal to the given plane as

78.7 Foot Ol Perpendiculor From A Point A( o, ,f) x-xt _l-h

B
abc =r-rl
To A Given Plone Ax + By + Cz + D = 0.
If AP be the perpendicular from to the given plane, then
,,4

it is parallel to the normal, so that its equation is

(rr) Write the co-ordinates of image Q as (x, * at, lv *
br, z, + gr1.
x-cr _=_=r
_= v-B z-v
1sa]/
abc (iii) Find the co-ordinates of the mid-point R of PQ.
Any point P on it is (ar + d., br t F, cr + y). It lies on
the given plane and we find the value of r and hence the
(rv) Obtain the value of rby putting the co-ordinates ofR
pointP. in the equation of the plane.

18.2 Perpendicular distance

(v) Put the value of r in the co-ordinates of Q.
(r) Cartesian form: The length of the perpendicular
from the point P (xp !1, zr) to the plane is ax + by + P(x,,,y,'2,)

ax, * by, * cz,'l d

cz + d:0 is
az +b2 +c2
O The distance between two parallel planes is the
algebraic difference of perpendicular distances on
the planes from origin. (x.,+ ar,yr + br,izr + c4Q
O Distance between two parallel planesAx+ By+ Cz+
_D
Dt:0 andAx+ By+ Cz+ D, 0is
Find the perpendicular distance ofthe point (2, 1,0)
A2+82+C
(rr) Vector form: The perpendicular distance of a point from the plane 2x + y + 2z* 5 : 0
having position vector a from the plane r.n : d is
Solution:
gtvenDyp=la.n-dl .
lrl We know that the perpendicular distance of the,point
18.3. Position of two points w.r.t. a plane: Two points P (xy,!pz,) from the plane
(x,ypz1) mdQ@2,!z,zr) lie onthe same oropposite
+d: is ! dl
lax' + -!vt !=cq
* cz + d : 0 according to ax,
sides of a plane ax + by
ax + by 1 cz o
!a'+b'+c'
+ byr+ czr+ d and axra blz+ cz2+ d are ofsame
or opposite signs. The plane divides the line joining so required distance : lzxz+1xl+2xo+51 l0
22 +12 +22 3
the points P and Q externally or intemally according
to P and Q arelyngon same or opposite sides of the
plane.
 3 Dimensional Geometry 76.23
37 39

Find the image of the point P (3, 5, 7) in the plane A plane passes through a fixed point (a, D, c). Show
that the locus ofthe foot ofperpendicular to it from
2x+y+z:0. the origin is the sphere * +f * z2 - ax - by - c1, =0
Sal*rion: o(0,0,0)
Given plane is 2* + y + z :0 ...(1)
p: (3,5,7)
Direction ratios of normal to plane (l) are 2, 1, I P(a,0,y)

Let Qbe the image of point P in plane (I ). Let PQ meet

Solution:
plane (l) in R
Let the equation of the variable plane
then PQ (l) I plane be

LetR= (2r+3,r+5,r+7) lx + my + nz + d:0 ...(1)

Since R lies on plane (l) Plane passes through the fixed point (a, b, c)

.'. 2(2r+ 3) + r + 5 + r +'l : g la + mb + nc + d:0 ...(2)

Let P (cr,, P, y) be the foot of perpendicular from origin

or,6r* 18:0 .'. r:-3
to plane (1).
.'. R:(-3,2,4)
Direction ratios of OP are
Let Q: (cr, F, y)
cr-0, B-0,y-0 i.e. a,9,7
Since R is the middle point of PQ
From equation (l), it is clear that the dtection ratios of
^ d+3
.'.-3: normal to the plane i.e. OP are l, m, n;
2 =cr:-9
B+5 o, F, y and, l, m,n are the direction ratios of the same
2:--=B:-l ./. line OP
o=0=I=1(.".r)
4: !+:
I I

2
+y:
^,
t.'. Q: (-9,- l, l). (. m n k'
l: ka, m: W, n: ky ...(3)
38 Putting the values of l, m,n in equation (2), we get
Find the distance between the planes 2x - y + 2z: 4
and 6x -3y + 6z:2. kaa+kbB+kcy+d=0 ...(4)

Solution: Since cr, B, y lies in plane (l)

Givenplanes are2x-y+22-4:0 ...(l) la+mB+ny+fl=Q ...(5)
and 6x - 3y + 6z - 2 :0 ...(2) Putting the values of l, m,n from (3) in (5), we get
at
We find that -4 -cr
a2 b2 c2
ka2 + 142 + tc,f + a:0 ...(6)

or ka2 + 16z + tcf -kaa- kbB - kcy :0

Hence planes (1) and (2) are parallel.
[putting the value of d from (a) in (6)]
Plane (2) may be written as 2x - y + Zz - !J : O ...(3) or a2+F2+f-a9-b9-ct:O
Required distance between the planes
Therefore, locus offoot ofperpendicularP (o, B, y) is

l. l0 J 10 *+f+*-ax-by-cz:0
2
+ (-l)2 + 22 3'3 9
76.24 Mothemotics
20. EQUATION OF PLANES BISECTING ANGLE (ii) Vector form: If the lines r: ir * 1,b, and r: a2+
BETWEEN TWO GIVEN PLANES l"b, and are coplanar, then [a,b,br] : [arb,br] and
1. Cartesian form: Equations of planes
bisecting angles between the planes arx + the equation of the plane containing them is [rb, b21

br! + crz + dt : 0 and arx + bY + cS + d : 0 : br]: larbl b2l.

[ar br br1 or [rb,
are
arx+4y+crz+d, _* a2x * bry t z+
o Every pair of parallel lines is coplanar.
16q1;e 1"?r+$+cl1
O If angle between bisector plane and one of the o Two coplanar lines are either parallel or intersecting.
plane is less than 45o, then it is acute angle bisector,
o The three sides of a triangle are coplanar.
otherwise it is obtuse angle bisector.
O If arar+ bp2* crcris negative, then origin lies in
lllustration 40
the acute angle between the given planes provided
drnddrare of same sign and if arar+ bPz* crcris Find the equation of the bisector planes of the
positive, then origin lies in the obtuse angle between angles between the planes 2x - y + 2z + 3 : 0 and

the given planes. 3x - 2y + 6z + 8 : 0 and specify the plane which

bisects the acute angle and the plane which bisects
I Vector form: The equation of the planes bisecting the obtuse angle.
the angles between the planes [Link] : d, [Link]:
Solutian:
d, are
l-r.n, -d, | _lr.nr-drl ,, The two given planes are 2x :
- y + 2z + 3 0 and3x - 2y
lnz
+ 6z + 8 : 0 where dp dz> 0 and arar+ brbr* cfz:
I

r.n -dl . r.n,

- d.,
= t---.f of 6+2+12>0
lnrl Inzl

_,\_, L, d' t d'

r.(ff,+ff")=
lnrl lnzl -GqG _
. of+bry+crz+ d, a2x+brY*crz*d,
E;E;A
27. COPLANAR LINES.
Lines are said to be coplanar if they lie in the same plane (acute angle bisector) and
or a plane can be made to pass through them.
1.
(r)
Condition for the lines to be coplanar

Cartesianform:Ifthelinet? = ry - -'l Z
-ffi-=-@-
arx + b1y + qz + d _ a2x + brY + cEl iZ

It frt nl
(obtuse angle bisector)
and
x - xz - f - lz =' -'2 arecoplanarThen
lz ttt2 n2
2x- +22+3 ,3x-2y+62+8
l.€.,
4+l+4 '19+4+36
x2 xl lz-lt 22-zt
lt mr nl -0 + (l4x - 7y + l4z + 2l) : + (9x - 6y + l8z + 24)
l2 mz n2
Taking positive sign on the right hand side,
The equation of the plane containing them is

x-xt z zl
we get 5x - y - 4z - 3 :0(obtuse angle bisector)
!-lt
and taking negative sign on the right hand side,
t, m1 lt1 =0or
l2 m2 n2 we get 23x - l3y + 322 + 45 :0 (acute angle bisector)
x-x2 v h z z2

lt ml nl =Q
l2 m2 n2
 3 Dimensional Geometry 75.25

a
6. The distance of the point (2, 1, -l) from the plane
1. The equation of the plane, which makes with x_Zy+42:9is
co-ordinate axes a triangle with its cenftoid (cr, F, y),
is @* @X
(a) ax+By+yz:3 @
:+fi+1=r 13
(c)E /i5
@lu
+By+yz:t @ =t 7. A unit vector perpendicular to plane determined by
(c) CLx
;+fi+i the points P(|,-1,2), Q(2,0, -l) and R(0, 2, l) is
2. The equation of plane passing through the points
(2,2, l) and (9, 3, 6) and perpendicular to the plane zt- +k
2x+6y+62:lis (a)
6
@?:#
(a) 5z:9
3x + 4y + (b) 3x + 4y + 5z: 0
-2i+j+k 2i+j-k
(c) @
(c) 3x+4y-52:9 (d) Noneofthese Jo 6

3. The equation ofthe plane through the intersection of

8. The perpendicular distance from origin to the plane
:
the planes x + 2y + 3z - 4 0, 4x + 3y + 2z + I 0 : through the point (2, 3, -l) and perpendicular to
and passing through the origin will be vector 3i - 4j + 7k is

(a) x+y+z:0 (b) llx+l4y+llz:0 13

(c) 7x+4y+z:0 (d) l7x+l4y+z:0 (a)fr 13
(b) --J-tq

4. The vector equation of the plane passing through (c) 13 (d) None of these
the origin and the line of intersection of planes
r.a: l. un6 r.6 : p is 9. The reflection of the point (2, -1,3) in the plane 3x

(a) r.(l"a - pb):0 (b) r. (Ib : -2y-z:0is

- pa) 0

(c) r. (l"a + pb): 0 (d) r. (l.b + l"a):0 26 t5 t7 26 -t5 17

(a) ( 7 7'7 (b)
7'7'7
5. Angle between two planes x + 2y + 2z : 3 and
15 26 -l 26 17 -l
-5x + 3y + 4z:9 is (,c) ( 7'7'7 @ 7'7'7

-,3J, . cos-tlgJ,
' 10. A tetrahedron has vertices at O (0, 0,
0),
(a) cos-':-:- (b)
30 A(1,2,L),8(2,1,3) and C(-1,1,2). Then the angle
between the face OAB andABC will be
-,gJ'
(c) cos'-
,3J1
(d; cos'; (,) cos-'(+?) (b) co'-'(+)
(c) 30" (A e0"

Answer Key

r. (O 2.(c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6.(c) 7.(b) 8.(a) e.(b) 10. (a)

LINE AND PLANE 2. If equation of line is given in general form as a,r

* bry + crz * dr: 0 : a{ + by + cF + d, then
22. EQUATION OF PI/.NES THROUGH A GIVEN
the equation of plane passing through this line is
LINE. (arx + by * crz * d) + X (arx + by * * d) : 0.
1. If equation of the line is given in symmetrical form "*
3. :# :+
? tmn= ! - lt - -
z zt,thenequationofplane Equationofplanethrough
u.
t;r2 ^T
_Y-W _ z-22
containing the line L is a (.r - x1) +bO- l) +c andoarallel Lz rn2 n2 ;rI'
(z - z): 0 where a, b, c are given by al + bm * cn: x -xl l-h z-zr
0 lr m1 nl =0
l2 m2 n2
76.26 Mathemotics

W (x+y+z-6)+l(2x+3y+42+5):0 ...(r)
Show that the lines
,-3 y+l _ z+2 and
2-3= I Ifit is passes through (l,l,l)
x-7 y z+7
_3 =1= 2 are coplanar. Also find the 3

= (l + I + I - 6)+X(2+3 + 4+5):0=).: g
equation of the plane containing them.
3
Putting X :3114 in (i); we get (x +y + z - 6) +
Solution: *
-. x-3 v+l z+2
:;= (2x+3y+42+5):0
Given lines are =
; =, =r(say) ...(l)
, x-i v z*7 + 20x + 23y + 262 - 69:0
-3t2 23, ANGLE BETWEEN LINE AND PLANE.
If possible, let lines (1) and (2) intersect at P.

Any point on line (l) may be taken as 1. Cartesian form: The angle 0 between the line
(2r + 3, - 3r - l, r - 2) : P (let).
,o = Y-P =z-Y -andtheolane
' lm
Any point on line (2) may be taken as
ax + by + cz + d 0, is given by
(- 3R + 7, R,zR : P (let).
- 7) al+bm+cn
sine =
2r+3:-3R+7 '1a2
+b2 +c21 112 +m2 +n21
or, 2r +3R:4 ...(3)
(, The line is perpendicular to the plane if and only if
Also -3r- l:R abc
or, -3r-R:1 ...(4) lmn
and r-2:2R-7 (ii) The line is parallel to the plane if and only if al + bm
+ cn: 0.
or, r-2R:-5. ...(5)
(iii) The line lies in the plane if and only if al + bm * cn
Solving equations (3) and (4), we get, r: - l, R:2 :0and au+bB+cy+d:0.
Clearly r: - l, R :2 satisfies equation (5).
2. Vector form: If 0 is the angle between a line r : (a
Hence lines (l) and (2) intersect.
+ Bb) and the plane r.n: d,then sin0 = , .O,l , .
.'. lines (l) and (2) are coplanar. lb lln I

Equation of the plane containing lines (l) and (2) is (r) Condition of perpendicularity: If the line is
lr-3 y+l z+21 perpendicular to the plane, then it is parallel to the
tt
l2 -3 r l:0 normal to the plane. Therefore b and n are parallel.
l-: | 2l n
(nl2't4
or,(x- 3) (- 6 - r) - (y+ l) (4 + 3) + (z + 2) (2- 9) : 0 r=a+),b

or,-7 (x- 3) -7 (y+ l)-7 (z + 2):0

or,.x- 3 + y + I + z + 2 = 0 or, I + y + z : 0.
r.n.=d

W
Find the equation of plane containing the line of So, b x n : 0 or b : l"n for some scalar 1,.
intersection ofthe plane x* y* z-6= 0 and 2x+ 3y
+ 4x+ 5 = 0 and passing through (1,1,1).
(ii) Condition of parallelism: If the line is parallel to
the plane, then it is perpendicular to the normal to the
Solution: plane. Therefore b and n are perpendicular. So, b.n:
0.
The equation of the plane through the line of
(iii) If the line r: a + ),b lies in the plane r.n : d, then (i)
intersection of the given planes is,
b.n:0 and (ii) *n: d.
 3 Dimensianal Geometry 76.27

stw f
_ (a\+byr+czr+d)
=' \' -' -
2 3 - ---.
al+bm+cn
Findtheanglebetweentheline' ;3-l-2
Substituting the value of r in (i), we obtain the co-ordinates
and the plane 3x + 4y +s * 5 = 0.
of the required point of intersection.
Solution:
Tr..
The given
-- = y+l = z-3
x-2
-. _..r,.._.._
line is ...(r) Algorithm for finding the point of intersection of a line
"3-r-2
-
andthe givenplane is 3x+ 4y+ z +- 5:0 ...(rr)
and a plane

Step I: Write the co-ordinates of any point on the line in

If the line (i) makes angle 0 with the plane (ii), then the
terms of some parameters r (say).
line (i) will make angle (90'- 0) with the normal to the
plane (i). Now direction-ratios of line Step II: Substitute these co-ordinates in the equation of
(r) are < 3, -1, 2 > and direction-ratios of normal to the plane to obtain the value of r.

plane (ii) are < 3,4, I > Step III: Put the value of r in the co-ordinates of the point
+ 4 + in step I.
cos(90o - 0) =
+l+ +16+1
9-4-2 3
+ sinO =
JAJu6 - JAJ% Find the equation of the plane containing the
Hence o = sin-rfJ-) x-l y+6 z*l and parallel to the line
\.,1t4J26 ) line
J 42
x-4 _ y-l z+3
2-35
24. INTERSECTION POINT OF A LINE AND PLANE
Solution:
To find the point of intersection of the line ' 342 )' !.6
Any plane containing the line
^' = =' I ' i,
x - xt l - lt
lmn- ='-'t and the plane ax + gy + ss +
a(x-l)+ bO+ 6) + c(z + 1):0 ...(,
d:0.
where, 3a + 4b + 2c:0 ...(ri)

Also, it is parallel to the second line and hence, its

P
+lr, yr+mr, zr normal is perpendicular to this line
ax+by+cz+d=0
.'.2a-3b+5c:0 ...(iii)
The co-ordinates of any point on the line Solving (ii) and (iii)by cross multiplication, we get
x-xt abc
lmn-l-lt =,-,1
aregivenby k
26 -11 -17
x-xr _!-lt
lmn =,-,t =7(say)or
(*r+ lr,!t* mr,zt* nr) ".(, Putting these values in (i),
weget26k(x- 1)- llk(v+6)-llldz I 1):0
If it lies d: 0, then a (x,
on the plane ax + by + cz +
+ lr)+ b (tr+ mr)+ g (zr+ nr)+ d:0 = 26x - lly - l7z: lA9,

> (*t+ byr+ czt+ A + r (al + bm + cn):0 which is the required equation of the plane.
75.28 Mothemotics
45
Find the distance of the point (1, 0, - 3) from the If plane (l) contains the given line, then
plane x - y - z = 9 measured parallel to the line 3a+4b-2c:0 ..(3 )
*-2 _y+2 (- 3, 1, 2) on line (2) lies in plane (l)
23-6 =z-6. Also point

.'. a - l) + b (t -2) + c (2 - 0):0

(- 3

Solution: or,-4a-b+2c:0 ..(4)

Givenplaneis x-y-z:9 .(l)
Solving equations (3) and (4), we get
B
abc
o(1,0,-3)
8-2 8-6 -3+16
abc
or,;=r=i:k(say) ...(5)

Substituting the values of a, b and c in equation (1),

y_), y+2 z_6
-23-6 ABis j
Givenline = = ...(2) we get

- - 6 (x - l) + 2 Lv - 2) + t3 (z - 0) : 0.
Equation of a line passing through the point
Q\|,0, - 3) and parallel to line (2) is or,6x*2y+l3z-10:0.
x-l y z*3 "'(3) This is the required equation.
23-6 ----v

Co-ordinates of any point on line (3) may be taken as

25. PROTECTION OF A LINE ON A P,/.NE
P (2r+ 1,3r,-6r-3)
IfP is the point of intersection of line (3) and plane (1), If P be the point of intersection of given line and plane and
then P lies on plane (1),
: Qbe the foot of the perpendicular from any point on the
:. (2r + l) - (3r) - (- 6r- 3) 9
line to the plane then PQ is called the projection of given
r:1or, P=(3,3,-9)
Distance between points p (1, 0, 3) and P (3, 3, - line on the given plane.
- 9)

PQ: - 1r +(3 - 0r +(-e -(-3)r

(3
Image of line about a plane: Let line is
4+9+36:7 x - xt ! - lt
=' -
zr,plane
= isa;x+by+ crz* d=0.
qqcl
Find point of intersection (say P) of line and plane.
Find the equation of the plane passing through
(1, 2, 0) which contains the line Find image (say Q) of point about the plane. Line Pp is
x+3 _y-l _z-2
3' 4 -2 the reflected line.

iotution: lllustration 47
Equation of any plane passing through (1, 2, 0) may Show that the points (1,2,3) and (2, - l, 4) lie on
be taken as opposite sides of the plane x + 4y + z - 3 = 0.

a(x-r)+b(y-2)+c(z-0):0 ...(1)
Solution:
where a, b, c are the direction ratios of the normal to :
Since the numbers l+ 4 x 2 + 3 - 3 9 and 2 - 4 + 4 - 3
the plane. Given line is : - I are of opposite sign, then points are on opposite
r+3 _ y-t _z__2 ...(Z) sides ofthe plane.
34-2
 j Dimensionol Geometry 76.29

Find the equation of the projection of the Iine !.mn!.mn

=-:-=-=-
*-l -Y+l
=1::4 ontheplanex +2y+1=). -2+10 -5-9 18+2 4 -7 l0
2-1
Let any point on line (7) is (cr, B, 0)
= 9o - 2P + 4: 0
Solution:

Let the given line AB be -+

- I ., r I --3
=1. ..(l)
a+28-9:0+cr: ),r:'1
=2-1 4
x_,r17t_7 z_0
Given plane is x + 2y + z:9 ..(2)
Soequationof line r -7- =-; = l0 .

A--,--.8 i

The plane x - y -z : 4 is rotated through 90o about

its line of intersection with the plane x * y * 2z = 4.
Find its equation in the new position.
Let DCbe the projection of AB on plane (2)
Solution:
Clearly plane ABCD is perpendicular to plane (2).
arex-y-z:4
Givenplanes ...(1)
Equation of any plane [Link] maybe taken as (this
andx+y+22:4 ...(2)
- l, 3) on line AB)
plane passes through the point (1,
Since the required plane passes through the line of
a(x-I)+bOl+l)+c(z-3):0 ...(3)
intersection ofplanes (l) and (2)
where2a-b+4c:0 ...(4)
.'. its equation may be taken as
['.' normal to plane (3) is perpendicular to line (l)]
x+! t 2z - 4 + k (x - y' z - 4) : g
Since plane (3) is perpendicular to plane (2),
a+2b*c=0 ...(5) or(1 + k)x+(l -k)y+(2-k)z-4-4k:0 ...(3)

bc Since planes (1) and (3) are mutually perpendicular,

Solving equations (4) and (5), we g"t =
3 25 .: (r + r) - (1 k) - (2-r) : 0
-
Substituting these values of a, b and c in equation (3),
we get or, 1+ k-l+k- 2+tc:O or k:!
2
9 (x- -2 (y + 1)- s (z-3) :
1) 0 Putting k: 1 in equation (3), we get 5x +y + 4z:20
or, 9x - 2y - 5z + 4:0 ...(6) This is the equation of the required plane.

Since projection DC of AB on plane (2) is the line of 50

intersection of plane ABCD and plane (2), therefore Find the planes bisecting the angles between planes
2x + ! * 27 : 9 and 3x - 4y + llx + 13 = 0. Which of
equation of DCwill be
these bisector planes bisects the acute angle between
9x-2y-52+4:0 ...(, the given planes. Does origin lie in the acute angle
or obtuse angle between the given planes ?
andx+ 2y+z-9:0 ...(r0 (7)
Solutiotr:
Let l, m, n be the direction ratios of the line of Given planes 2x * y 2z + 9 : 0...(l)
are - -
intersection of planes (r) and (ii) 13:0
and 3x - 4y + l2z + ...(2)
:.91-2m*5n:0 ...(8) Equations of bisecting planes are
and/+2m+n:0 ...(9) -2x - -22+9
-t 3x-4y+l2z+13 2
(-2)2 +(-t)2 +(-2)2 +(-4)'+(r2)z
[Link]'V'U LTIEII'U LIL5

(a + bc\
or,13 [- ?-r -y -22 + 9): + 3 (3x -4y + LZz + 13) 0r,l.=-6 ...(5)

or, 35x + y + 622 = 78, ...(3) [Taking +ve sign]

From (ii) and Qi,),
and llx + 25y - l0z: 156 ...(4)
[Taking - ve sign] c+x : - ab + a2)u or - -(ob +:) "'(6)
^ 1- a2
Now a,a, + bp2* cfz: (- 2) (3) + (- l) (- 4) + (-2) -@*..u? -::u *=")
(12) From (5) and (6), we have =
ac+b (1-o2)'
=-6 + 4-24:-26<0 or, a-a3 + bc-azbc:dbc+ a* + aF + bc
.'. Bisector of acute angle is given by or, azbc + aC + ab2 + s3 + a2bc - a: o
35x+y+622=78
or, a2 + b2 + 3 +2abc: l.
': aP2+ bPz* cfz< 0, origin lies in the 6su1s angle
between the planes. 52
Assuming the plane 4x--3y +72: 0 to be horizontal,
wn4@wt find the equation ofthe line ofgreatest slope through
Ifthe planes r- cJ, - bz:0, cx -y + az= 0 and Dx * the point (2,1,1) in the plane 2x +y - 5e = 0.
Saiuti*;t:
ily - z= 0 pass through a straight line, then find the The required line passing through the point P (2,1,1) in
value ofa2 + b2 + 92 +2abc.
the plane 2x + y - 5z:0 and is having greatest slope,
so it must be perpendicular to the line of intersection of
Solution:
theplanes 2x+y-52:0 ..,(r)
Givenplanes arex-cy-bz:O ...(l) and 4x - 3y + 7z:0 ...(r,
cx-y+ az:0 ...(2)
Let the d.r'.s of the line of intersection of (i) and (ii)
bx + ay - z:0 ...(3) bea,b,c
Equation of any plane passing through the line of =) 2a + b - 5c:0 and 4a - 3b + 7c:0
intersection of planes (1) and (2) may be taken as {as dr'.s of straight line (a, b, c) is perpendicular to
d.r'.s of normal to both the planes)
x-cy-bz+l(cx-y+ az):g
abc
or,r(l +),c)-y(c+1,) + z (- b1 al)=0 ...(4)
4175
lf planes (3) and (4) are the same, then equations (3) Now let the direction ratio of required line be
and (a) will be identical. proportional to l, m, n then its equation be
x-2 y-l z-l
l+c), _ -(c+i) -b + q)" -
T ; -; where 2l + m- 5r :0 and
ba-l
!.mn
(, (,, (iii) 4l+llm+5n:0so,
3-l I
From (i) and (ii), a i ac)' : - bc - b),
Thus the required line is 4 y-l z-l
=
-l I

INTEXT EXERCISE:4
1. A non-zero vector a is parallel to the line of 2. The d.r.'s of normal to the plane through (1,0,0)
intersection of the plane determined by the vectors i,
and (0, l, 0) which makes an angle nl4 with plane x
i + j and the plane determined by the vectors i - j, i
+ k. The angle between a and the vector i - 2i + 2k
* y:3, are

is
@) r,Ji,t (b) r,r,Ji
n3r 21 3r (c) 1, 1,2 (A Ji,r,r
\a) 4 or -4- \D) 4- or 4
t3r (d) None of
\c) Tot-T these
 j
Dimensionol Geometry 75.37
3. The sine of angle between the straight line 6. The equation of the plane containing the two lines
*-2 ,-l _y+l r*1 i.
=y-3 _z-4 and the plane2x -2y + z:5 =1 und.x _y-2 =
is3 4 5 2 -l 3----2 -1 -3
(a) 8x+y-52-7:0(b) 8x+./+ 5z-7:0
la)
2J'
s
(b\ cl0 (c) 8x -y-52-7:0(A None of these
7. The plane which passes through the point (3, 2, 0)
4 l0 x-3 v-6 z-4
@ifi @ ----=
6./5 154
*-l (a) x-y+z:l (b) x+Y+z:5
4. Valueofksuchthattheline
23k=y-l =':k (c) x+2y-z:l (A 2x-y+z:5
is perpendicular to normal to the plane r (2i + 3i + of
8. The distance of point (-1, -5, -10) from the point
4k):0 is *
intersectionof theline '2 ='!'=',-2 und
13 planex-y+z=5is 3 4 12
(a) -;+ @) -t+
(d) None of these (a) 10 (b) 8
@)a
5. The equation of line of intersection of the planes 4x (c) 2r (A t3
+ 4y - 5z: 12,8x + l2y l3z: 32, can be written
- * -,0
AS
9. The value of t such that
rll2= ' .' = 4 rr",

in the plane 2x - 4y + z:7 is

x v z-2
(a)
23
-=!--=-
4
(a) 7 (b) -7
x-l y-2 z (c) No real value (A 4
(b) 2= J 4 10. The distance between the line r: (i+i + 2k) +X(2i
x-l y-2 z + 5j + 3k) and the plane r. (2i+ j - 3k) : 5 is
(c)
2-34 5 6

@
-=-=-
x-xt l-lt
lmn
z-Zl (a)
fr fr
(b)

fr
8
(c)
fr @
Answer Key

r. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) s. (c) 6. (A 7. @) 8. (d) e. (a) 10. (d)

v^
 Unsolved Exercrses
-t
EXERCISE _ 1 I

System of co-ordinotes, Direction cosines ond direction 8. The direction cosines of the line joining the points
ratios (4,3, - 5) and (- 2, l, - 8) are

l. Distance of the point (1,2,3) from the co-ordinate @) (+,+,+) @) (+,+,+)

axes are

(a) 13, 10,5 (D rE,t/n,rB @) (+,+,+) (d) None of these

111 9. lf a,B,y be the angles which a line makes with

@) $,fr,rffi \') ,f.3-'fr'B the positive direction of co-ordinate axes, then
2. If the centroid of triangle whose vertices are (a,1,3), sin2a*sin2p+ sirf y:
(-2, b, -5) and (4,7, c) be the origin, then the values
(a)2 (b) 1
of a, b, c are (c)3 (O0
-2,-8,1
(a) (b) 2,8,-2 10. If o,B,T be the direction angles of a vector and
(c12,-8,2 (d) 7,-1,0 cosa : ffi ,cosd : f
14n'l then cos/ :
,1
3. \Yhich of the following set of points are non- (o) ttF (b) E
collinear
tfr
1
(c) (d) None of these
(a) (1,-1, l), (-1, l, l), (0,0, l)
11. If a line makes angles of 30" and 45' with x-axis
(.b) (1, 2, 3), (3, 2. t), (2, 2, 2)
and y-axis, then the angle made by it with z-axis is
(c) (1,4, -3), (4, -3, 1\ (-3, 1, 4) a5' (6) 60"
@)
(a Q, 0, -l), 1), (5, 6, - 4)
(3, 2, (c) 120" (d) None of these

4. The co-ordinates of a point which is equidistant 12. The co-ordinates ofthe point in which the line joining
from the points (0,0,0),(a,0,0),(0,0,0) and (0,0,c) the points (3,5, - 7) and, (-2,1,8) is intersected by
are given by
the plane yz are given by

@) (t,+,t) <rr (-+,-t,t) r,l(o,f,z) rrl(0,-f,-r)

@ (t,-+,-il @ (+,+,-t) (.r (0,-+,?) ro (0,f;,fi)
5. Perpendicular distance of the point (3,4, 5) from the
13. A line makes angles a,B,T with the co-ordinate
y-axis, is
axes. If d+ I = 90', then 7:
@)^/li @ ,t4t (a) 0 (b) e0'
k)a @ s
(c) 180' (d) None of these
6. The plane XOZ divides the join of (1, - 1,5) and 14. If a line lies in the octant OXYZ and it makes equal
(2,3,4)intheratio 2:1, then,i is arrgles with the axes, then

(a) -3 (b) 3
(a\ l:?n:n:+ b) L:n't.:n=+f{i
'I v3
(c) -t (d)
1

i t:m:n=-h
7. If O is the origin and OP: 3 with direction ratios
(") (A l=m:n:rh
(-1,2, -2) then co-ordinates ofP are 15. If d is the angle between the lines l.B and CD ,
then projection of line segment l.B on line CD, is
(a) (1,2,2) (q (-1,2,-2) (a) AB sin? (b) AB cos?
(c) (-3,6,-g) (A etlg,zlt,-zls) (c) ABtan? (d) CD cos?
 3 DimensionalGeometry t6.33
16. The co-ordinates ofpoints A,B,C,D are (a,2, l), (1,
1), (2,-3,4) and (a*1, a*2, a+3) respectively. If 24. Thestraight line f : +: # ,,
-1,
AB:5 and CD = 6, , then a: (a) Parallel to x-axis (b) Parallel to y-axis
(a) 2 (b) 3 z-axis (d) Perpendicular to z-axis
(c) Parallel to
-
(c) -2 (A -3
25. The angle between the straight lines
17. If the co-ordinates of the points A,B,C be r-2 -A-1 - z+3 ano
__T:__il:_r, ^_r r-t1 _y-4
(-1,3,2),(2,3,5) and (3, 5,-2) respectively, then {: g _=
ZA= z-5
4ts
(a) 0" (b) 45"
/13\
(c) 60" (d) 90' (a) cos ' g/es (D)cos-1(tffi)
\ /
Line

18. The angle between the lines whose direction cosines

(c) cos -i (6) (d) cos-1 (#)
are proportional to (1, 2,1) and, (2, -3, 6) is
26. The length of the perpendicular drawn from the
(a) (r+)
cos-1 (b) cos-l(#) point (5,4,-1) onthe line i,
f :#:t
(c) cos-l(#) (d) cos-l(#) @\m @,m
of . . 2109
(r)
19. Direction ratios
111_.
t'wo lines are a,b,c and ffi (A 54
The lines are
b"',fi,h. 27, The equation of straight line passing through the
point (a,b,c) and parallel to z- axis, is
(a) Mutually perpendicular
(6) Parallel
(c) Coincident
<,)T:+=T
(d) None of these @)T:+:+
20. The angle between the lines
rUz
3= 4:5 ls
f :t = J- ana
rdT:+:T
(a) cos-'| (b) cos-'| @T:+:T
28. The equation of a line passing through the point
cos-'|
(c; 1d1 cos-'f (-3,2,4) and, equally inclined to the axes, are
21. tf
+ = +: ff irthe equationm,ofn)theis line (r) x-3=y-t2:z-4
through (1,2, -l) and (-1, 0, l), then (1,
(b) x+3:y-2:z*4
(a) l)
(-1,0,
(c) (1,2,-t)
(b) (1, l,
(d) (0, l,
-l)
0)
(,) o+f :+:=!
22. Equation of x-axis is (d) None of these

@) f =+:i @) t:+:+ 29. Equation ofthe line passing through the point (l ,2,3)

@)f:t:t @fr=t:i and parallel to the

given by
line #: +: la "
23. The equation of the line passing through the points
(3,2,4) and (4, 5, 2) is <,t#-+==a
r,)\a=+:++ @)+:+==1,
@)+=+:+ where 121 -t 4m * 5n: 0

k)+a:+:+ k)+:+:+
@+=+:+ (d) None of these
76.34 Mothemotics
30. The vector equation of the line joining the points 37. The equation of the plane which bisects the angle
i-2j+k and-2i +3k is between the planes 3r-6y*2zf-5=0 and
4r - 1,2y * 3z- 3 which contains the origin is
(a) r:t(i+i+t)
(a) 33r - 13E + 322* 45:0
(b) ,= h(i-2i +k)+ tr(ltc-zi)
(b) r-3Y*z-5=0
(c) r:(i-Zj +f)+ il2k-i)
(c) 33r+13y+322+.45:0
(O r: tQk- i)
(d) none ofthese
31. The shortest distance between the lines 38. The value oftforwhichthe planes 3r - 6y - 2z = 7
z-3
x-3 : Y-8 - --T- and '-x + 3 y+7 and 2r 'f y - kz = 5 are perpendicular to each other,
3 -l 2
is
z-6
= __-- ls
+ (a) 0 (r) 1

@) ^F @) 2v5o (c) 2 (d) 3

@) st[n @ 3,60
39. The equation of the plane passing through the point
32. The shortest distance between the lines (-1, 3, 2) and perpendicular to each of the planes
r:(3i-Zj-2k) +it and r: i-j+2k+js(tand r*2y*32:5 3c*3Y*z:0,
and is

s being parameters) is (a) 7x-8y*32-25:0

@),8 @,[a (b\ 7r-8y+32*25 = 0

k) a (43 (c)-7r+8y-32*5:0
(O 7x-8y-Zz*5:0
Plone 40. The distance between the planes r* 2y * 3z * 7 : 0
arld ?.r* 4E+62* 7:0 is

33. Theanglebetweentheplanes 3t-4y*52= 0 and @;E

'/7 (b)
7

?.r-y-22:5 is
z
[;I
rdt @+ (c)
\,1

2
(d)
,E
7

,- 7l
td e (d)noneofthese 41. The equation of the plane which is parallel to the
is parallel toy-axis plane r - 2y + 2z = 5 and whose distance from the
34. The equation of the plane which
2
and cuts offintercepts of length and3 from x-axis point (1,2,3) is l, is
and z-axis is (a) r-2y-t2z:3 (b) r-2Yt2z*3:0
3x+22--l
(a) (b) 30+22:6
(c) r-2y+22--6 (A t-2Y+22*6:0
(c) 2r+32:6 (O 3t+22=0 42. The equation of the plane through (1,2,3) and
35. If a plane cuts off intercepts 4, 3,4 from the parallel to the plane 2r + 39 - 4z : 0 is
co-ordinate axes, thenthe length ofthe perpendicular (a) 2r + 3y't 4z: 4
from the origin to the Plane is (b) 2r + 39 * 4z* 4:0
(c) 2r-3y + 4z-l 4:0
,, ,letu (b)
13
@ (A r-2Y-t2z*6:0
5
\c)
@
12
@
6
36. The equation of the plane which is parallel to 43. Distance of the point (2,3,4) from the plane
xy-plane and cuts intercept of length 3 from the
3r-6y-t2z* 11= 0 is
z-axis is
(a)7 (b) 2

(a) r:3 v:3

(b) (c)3 @0
(c) z:3 (O r+y*z:3
 3 Dimensional Geometry 75.35
44. The equation of the plane containing the line of 50. The equation of the plane passing through the
intersectionoftheplanes 2r - y : 0 and y - 3z : 0 intersection of the planes r*ylz:6 and
and perpendicular to the plane 4r + 5y - 3z - 8 = 0 2r*3E+42+ 5:0 thepoint(1, 1, l),is
is (a) 20r+23y+262-69:0
(a) 28r-77y+92:0 (b) 20r+23E+262-t69:0
(b) 28r+l7E+92:0 (c) 23r+20y+262-69:0
(c) 28r-17y-92=0 (d) none ofthese
(A 7r-3y'tz=0 51. The equation of the plane through the three points
45. A point moves so that its distances from the points (1, 1, l), (1, -1, l) and (-7,-3,-5), is
(3,4, -2) and (2,3, - 3) remains equal. The locus of (a) 3r-42*7:0 (b) 3r-4y-t7:0
the point is
(c) 3r* 4y*l: 0 (d)noneofthese
(a) A line
52. A plane meets the co-ordinate axes in A,B,C and
(b) A plane whose normal is equally inclined to axes (o,B,f) is the centroid of the triangle ABC. Then
(c) A plane which passes through the origin the equation of the plane is

(d) A sphere rd #*b*f :z @ #+ft+f =r

46. The equation of the perpendicular from the point
(a, B,f ) to the plane on + b! -l cz * d = 0 k) **1*l:t(A or+ By+rz--t
is 53. If the planes 3r - 2E -t 2z * 17 : 0 and
4t + 3y - kz - 25 are mutually perpendicular , then
(a) a(r - a) + U(E - B) t c(z - T) = 0 k:
@)+:+:=! (a) 3
e
(b) 3
(c) a(r - o) + u(y - 0) + c(z - y) : o6" (c) (A -6
(d) none ofthese
54. If the plane r-3yl1z: d passes through the
point (1,2,4), then the lengths of intercepts cut by it
47. The angle between the planes 2r - y * z : 6 and on the axes ofx,y, z are respectively

r-fy*22:7 is (a) - 5,3

15, (b) 1, - 5,3
(c) 30' (b) 45" (c) -15,5,-3 (d) 7,-6,20
(c) 0" (d) 60"
55. If the length of perpendicular drawn from origin on
48. The equation of the plane passing through the line a plane is 7 units and its direction ratios are -3,2, 6,

of intersection of the planes r-ly*z:7 and then that plane is

2r't 3y - z -t 4 and parallel to x-axis is (a) -3r+2u-t6z-7 =0

(a) y-32-6:0 (b) y-32*6:0 (b) -3r+2E+62-49:0
(c) 3r-29+621 7:0
(c) y-z-l=0 (A y-z*1:0 (A -3r+2y-Gz-49:0
49. The equation of a plane which passes through 56. If O be the origin and the co-ordinates of P be
(2, -3, I ) and is normal to the line joining the points (1, 2, -3), then the equation of the plane passing
through P and perpendicular to OP is
(3, 4, -l) and (2, -l , 5) is given by

(a) r+5y-62 + 19:0

(a) r - 2y -t 3z-t 72: 0
(b) 2r+3y-z-11:0
(b) r-5y*62 - 19 = 0
(c) r+2y-32 - 14 = 0
(c) r+5y+62 * 19 = 0
(A r+29-32:0
(d) r-5y-62 - 19:0
76.36 Mothematics
Line and Plane 65. The equation of the line passing through (1, 2,
3) and parallel to the planes r-y+22=5 and
57. The point at which the line joining the points 3r*y*z:6, is
(2, -3, l) and (3, 4, -5) intersects the plane
2r*y-tz:7 is \a) r-l
4 -U-2 -z-3
---il---T
(a) (1,2,7) (b) (1,-2,7)
(D/r-1-U-2-z-l
_3 - -rf - --T
(c) (-1,2,7) (A O,-2,-7) r-1 -a-2 - z-l
58. The point of intersection of the line
(d; none ofthese
+=g=:
1- 2 - "!2 3
andthe plane is )a+Jy+z:
0is 66. The line drawn from (4, -1,2) to the point (-3,2,3)
meets a plane at right angles at the point (-10, 5, 4),
(a) (0,1,-2) (b) (1,2,3)
then the equation of plane is
(c) (-r, s,_,zs) (4 (+,+ -?i) (a)7r-3y- z*89 = 0
59. The line
r-)
433 u-3 z-4 is Parallel to
(b)7r+39+z*89:0
= T =T (c)7r-3U+z*89:0
(a)xy-plane (b) yz-plane
(d) none ofthese
(c) zx-plane (d) None of these
60. The equation of the plane passing through the origin 67. The line oP: +: + and the plane
and perpendicular to the line r:2y : 3z is 4r + 5y * 3z - 5 = 0 intersect at a Point
' (a) 6r*3y+22=0 (b) r+2y-r3z:0 (a) (3, l, -2) (b) (3, - 2, l)
(c) 3r * 2y * z : 0 (d) None of these (c) (2,-1,3) (d) (-1,-2,-3)
61. If the equation of a line and a plane be
If
68. line ff: + = + is parallel to the
+=+:+
respectively, then
and 4t-2y-z:r plane ac +W+cz*d= 0, then

(a) Line is parallel to the plane (q)

a b -c (b) ol+bm* cn:0
T m,n
(D) Line is perpendicular to the plane
(c) Line lies in the plane s f +fi+*:o (d) none ofthese

(d) None of these 69. The equation of the plane through the origin

62. The equation of the straight line

passing containing the line = + =!a rt
through (1, 2, 3) and perpendicular to the plane (a) 2r+5y-62=0 (b) =+ r+5y-52=0
r*2y-Sz* 9:0 is (c) r-5y*32=0 (A r+y-z:0
, , r-l -g-2 - z-3
\a) I --T _5
70. The angle between the line 5:: +: +
@)5L:+:+ and the plane ar + W +cz * 6 : 0 is

(.)t+a:+:+ (a)
,t 1:\
sin-'\lffie)
@+::';':+ (b) 45"

63. The point where the line + = +: + (c) 60"

meets the plane 2r + 4A - z = 1, is
(d) e0"
(c)(3,-1, l) (b) (3, l, l)
(c) (1, 1,3) (d) (1,3, l) 71. The co-ordinates of the point where the line through

64. The distance of the point (-1, -5, -10) from the point P(3.4. 1) and Q(5, 1,6 ) crosses the xy-plane are

of intersection of the line - +: + ..31323

(d);.8.; ,,.13233
-i.E.5
: f |b)
and the plane z - y + z 5, is
(a) l0 (b) l1
(A
t.t f,?,0 (4 lul,o,o
(c) t2 t3
 3 Dimensionol Geometry 76.37
72. The equation of the plane passing through the line 75. The intersection of the line
point of
r-l _ A*2 _,-t r-l _ v+2 - z-B and plane 2r-yt3z
S - 6 -t and the Point (4,3, 7) is
3 --z- --=T
@) ar+89+ b- 8E+ 7z : 4l
7z = 4\ (b) -1:0is
(c) 4t-89-Tz:47 @ b-8y*72=39 (a) (10, - 10,3) (r) (10,10, - 3)
73. The angle between the line and the (c) (-10,10,3) (d) noneofthese
plane 3r+2y-Zz=4is
$: t: ft
76. The equation of the plane through the
(a) 45' point (2, - 1, - 3) and parallel to the lines
(c)
124\
cos-'\7.6@
(b) 0'

) (4 e0'
z/=+=a and +:+=+
IS

74. The line joining the points (3, 5, -7) and (-2, 1, 8) (a) 8r+14y+l3z-t37 =0
meets theyz-plane at point (b) 8r-l4y+132-t37:0
r,l(0,f;,2) fal(2,0,f;) (9) 8r +l4y-732*37:0

cl (0,2,f;) (d) (2,2,0) (A 8r+74y+732-37:0

System ol co-ordinates, Direction cosines ond direction 5. If a line makes the angle o,B,T with three
ratios dimensional co-ordinate axes respectively, then
1. If a line makes angles a,B,y,8 with four cos2a 1 cos20 I cos2y :
diagonals of a cube, then the value of
sin2af sin2f +sin27+sin26 is
(o)-2 (b)
- 1

(c)1 (A2
o)t (b) |
6. If lt,mr,nt and lz,mz,tuz are the direction cosines of
(r) + @+ two perpendicular lines, then the direction cosine of
2. The shortest distance of the point (a,b,c) from the the line which is perpendicular to both the lines, will
x-axis is
be
@),[@+fr @ \t@+A (a) (mtnz- rnzu),(ulz- nzh),(hmz- lzmr)
@,[@+A o,,/GT*ld (b) (lrlr- rumz)(mrmz- nln2)(nLn2- hl2)
3. The direction ratios of the line r-y+z-1:0 111
:r-3y-6 are (c)
+diil'
,/ t? {E+ATA',,tETmA
(a) 3,1,- 2 (b) 2,- 4,1 ,^h,h,a-
/-\ 3 .fu1 -2 2 -4
tc )
fr ,
m \d)
frI, tT- r,a 1
l. ihe angle between the lines whose direction cosines
:
4. The direction cosines of a line equally inclined to satisry the equations l* m* n: 0,12 + m2 - n2 0
three mutually perpendicular lines having direction is given by
cosines zs l1,Tm1,'ttyilz,mz,nz and h,mt,ne ara 2r
(o)
3 @+
(a) h't lz* ls,mr* rnzl,nle,nr* nzl nz 5tr
(c)
t) @+
h * lz* le rh + m2+ rms nr + n2+ nl
(b)
,/B ' li-'-E- 8. If the angle between the lines whose direction
are 2,-l ,2 and a, 3, 5 be 45' , then a :
ratios
+
(c) h lZ+ ls * tnz* mz +
mt nr n2+ ng
J'J13 (a) | (b) 2

(d) none ofthese (c) 3 (d) 4

76.38 Mothematics
9. The angle between the straight 16. A line makes the same angle 0, with each of the
,.
tfnes . _y-2
r+L : s z't 3
4
and x and z-axis. If the angle B, which it makes with
y-axis is such that sin2p = 3sin2d, then cos2d
r-l --r-:
-l--: Yt2 -"2-3
-=5- :-is equals
(a) 45' (b) 30 en
(c) 60' (d) 90" ro) t (b)
t
10. If the direction ratios of trvo lines are given by (c)
1
(d) none ofthese
3lm - l,ln + mn: 0 and I + 2m + 3n :0, thenthe
i
angle between the lines is 17. The equation of the line passing through the point
(7, 2, - 4) and perpendicular to the two lines
(a) rl2 (b) trls
x-8_ y+19 _z-10 ^_.I x-t5 -Y-29
(c) rla (o 116
Line = .=i, will be
11. Direction ratios of the line represented by the ,.x-l-Y-2-z*4
lo)2=3:6
equation t: ay*b,z: cY*d are
... -r- I Y-2 : z-14
@) (a,l,c) @) (a,b- d,,c) \D)-_T: 3 g

(c) (c,l,a) ($ (b,ac,d,) . x- | :-2:

(c)-3 Y-2 z*4 g
12. Distance of the point (n,y,zt) from the line (d) none ofthese
ry:#:#,where l,m and n are :* :t
-direction 18. Thepointofintersectionoflines
the cosines of line is +
, x-l -Y-2 :-z-3 ,^ls
and'-2'==
(a) (rr- azY + (yr- w *(21- zz - lt(rr- rr)* 3 4
m(yr- yz)* n(n- rr))' (o) (-1,- l,- l) (b) (-1,- 1,1)

(b) (rz- +(w- y, +(zz- ztY

xrY (c) (1,- l,- l) @ (-1,1,- 1)
(c) (rz- n)t+ yr- yr)*-f(zz- zt)n 19. The length and foot of the perpendicular from the
(d) none ofthese point (2, - 1,5) totheline frlt : +: +
13. The symmetric equation of lines 3r + 2y 1- z - 5: 0 are
and rt y-22- 3:0, is
@) ,tE4(1,2,-3) (D .M0,-2,3)
, , r-l -Y-4 - z-0
lq)- [4(1,2,3) (d) none of these
S ---f- k)
,,, r*L z-0
(D) --5- -Y+4 - --1-- 20. Points (1, 4, 7), (3, -6, -8) and (1, -2, 1)
are
, , r*l -Y-4 - z-0
(c)-T --T- (a) Collinear
@+:+:+
14. The length of the perpendicular from point (1,2,3)
(b) Vertices of an equilateral triangle
(c) Vertices of an isosceles triangle

to the line
# = +: -{ " Plone
(d) none ofthese

(a)5 (b) 6
(48 21. Ifaplanecutsoffintercepts O,4 : a,OB:b,OC: c
(c)7 from the co-ordinate axes, then the area of the
15. The direction cosines of three lines passing through triangle ABC:
the origin are h,mt,nt;l2,1az,Tlz and h,mt,nt. The
lines will be coplanar, if (a)
1
+ a +a'
hnrmr ll, m, nl
(q) lz nz nb 0 @\lh ru arl:s @) +$c*ca*ab)
ls ne mt It, *, nl 1

(c) hlzhl mrtnzmzl ntnznt:0

(c) 1 abc
(d) none ofthese @+ (b- c -l(c- a +(a-b
 i Dimensional Geometry 76.39
22. The co-ordinates of the foot of the perpendicular 29. The equation of the plane passing through the lines
r-4 anor-B
1 : _4 =5
drawn from the origin to a plane is (2,4, -3). The
-A-3 -z-2 ^-r _g-2 _z
equation of the plane is .__T__:__r__:__T
1S
(a) 2r-4y-32=29 (b) 2r-4y+32:29 (a) l7r-E-32:35 (b) 71r-ty -32:35
(") 2r + 4y - 3z: 29 (d) None of these
(c) llr - y 't 3z = 35 (d) none of these
23. lf from a point P(a,b,c) perpendiculars PA and
30. The equation of the plane passing through the
PB are drawn to yz andzx planes, then the equation
of the plane OAB is points (3,2,2) and (1,0,-l) and parallel to the
(a) bcr * cay -t abz = 0 ,. r-l
llne o : Y-l
_Zo :- z-2
o .lS
Z O
(b) bcr * cay - abz:0
(c) bcr - cay * abz : 0
@) at-y-22t6:0
(b) 4r-y*22t6:0
(d) -bcr -t cay -t abz: 0
k) at-Y-22-6:0
24. Avariable plane is at a constant distancep from the
(d)none ofthese
origin and meets the axes in A, B and C. The locus
of the centroid of the tetrahedron OABC is 31. The equation of the plane which bisects the line
(o) ,-'*y-z1r*z:76p-' joining (2,3, 4) and (6, 7, 8) is
(b) r-'-ty-'+ z-2 :16p-l (a) x+A+z- 15:0
(c) r-'+y-'+z-2:16 (b) r-A+z- 15:0
(d) None of these (c) r-y-z- 15:0
25. The planes :x= cy-tbz,E = azlcr)z:br* ay
(A r+y-tz* 15:0
pass through one line, if
(a) a+btc:0 (b) a*b*c:l 32. If the points (1,1,k) and (-3,0,1) be equidistant
(c)a2 +b2 + c2 : I (A o' +b2 + c2 -t2abc = l from the plane 3r t 4y - l2z + 13 : 0, then /r:

26. The equation of the plane passing through the (a) 0 (b) |
intersection of the planes r -t 2E * 3z * 4 : 0 and (c) 2 (d) None of these
4t + 3y-t 2z * 1 : 0 and the origin is
(a) 3r*2y+zl1:0
33. The graph of the equation y2+22:0 in three
dimensional space is
(b) 3rt2Y*z:0
(c) 2r -t 3y't z:0 (a)x-axis (b) z-axis

(d) r+y*z:0 (c) y-axis (d) yz-plane

27. The value of aatlbbt tccr being negative the 34. The plane f*t*t:3 meets the co-ordinate
origin will lie in the acute angle between the planes
an*fu * cz* d= 0 and a'r*btyt ctz* d' : 0, axes in A,B,C. The centroid of the triangle ABC
if is
:0
(a)
(b) d
a: a'
and, drareofsamesign
(,) (f,+,6) rai (*,t,*)
(c) d and dr are of opposite sign @) (+,+,!) (Q @,b,c)
(d) none ofthese 35. The points ,4(-1,3,0),8(2,2,1) and C(1,1,3)
28. The equation of the plane through the intersection determine a plane. The distance from the plane to
ofthe planes r * y* z: 1 and 2r + 3y - *
z 4 : 0 the point D(5,7,8) is
parallel to x-axis is
(a) y-32I6:0 (b) 3y-z*6:0 @) ,[6a @ ,nt
(c) A+32*$:0 (A 3y-22+6 = 0 k) 'fi| @ 't76
76.40 Mathemotics
Line and Plane h\
\9.) \+4++:A
fr2 a2 z2 - p2
36. The equation of plane through the line of (b) 12+a2lz2 =oz
intersection of planes ofi + by * cz * d: 0,
att * bty I c'z * d' : 0 and parallel to the line (c) r+A+z:p
A:0rZ: 0 is
(a) @b' - a'b)x+ (bc' - b'c)y * (od; - atd) : g
{a l+t*l=o
44. The d.r's of normal to the plane through
(b) @b'- a'b)x+(bc'-b'c)y1-(al,t - atd)z:0
(1,0,0),(0,1,0) which makes an angle f; wittr
(c) @b' - a'b)E 1 fur' - o'r), + (o.d' - atd) : g plane ri y = 3, are
(d) none ofthese
37. Thedistancebetweenthe line
r-l -g+2
-T- --=T -
a 1 @) r,o,1 (b) t,t,^D,
L

and the plane 2r + 2y -z : 6 is (c) 1,1,2 (A AJ,t

(a) e (b) I 45. Two systems of rectangular axes have the same
(c) 2 (d) 3
origin. If a plane cuts them at distance a, b, c and
38. The angle between the line + = +: +* e' , b' , c' from the origin, then
and the plane rty* 4 : 0, is 1111
#* F *7*A--f -7 -0
1
<o
(a) 0" (b) 30'
( b) 4*
1111
a' F -7-rF--f -V
(c) 45' (d) e0' 1
-0
39. The equation of the plane containing the line 1 1 1 1.r-v
_^
a- ..-b' - ,-;"-'f-
1 1
(c)
t*l -Y-3 - "+) andthepoint(0,7,-7)is
-3 Z -ti- , 1 1 1 1a:_^v
@ 4* *n-p-'F-
1
(a) r+y+z:l (b) r'tg*z--2 a' E
(c) r+y+z:0 @ Noneofthese 46. lf 4r+4y-kz:0 is the equation of the
40. If p = (0,1,0),8 = (0,0,1), then projection of PQ plane through the origin that contains the line
ontheplane r*y*z:3 r-l -y+7
,tr (b) 3
is
-T --f - ft, thenk:
@)
(o) | (b) 3
@,D @)2,
41. A square ABCD of diagonal 2a is folded along the
(c)s (47
diagonal AC sothattheplanes DAC and BAC are 47. The distance of the point (1, -2, 3) from the
plane r - y I z: 5 measured parallel to the line
at right angle. The shortest distance between DC r -U - z :-
ts
and ,4.B is T-5 -6'
(a) | (b) 6t7
@) ,Ea @) 2al,[5
(c) 716 (d1 none of these
@) 2al6 @ (6lz)o
48. The distance of the point of intersection of the
42. T\e equation of the planes passing through the line
line --1--
u-4 z-5
x-3 :T=T and the plane
of intersection of the planes 3r - U - 42 - 0 and
r * y * z = 17 from the point (3, 4, 5) is given by
x*3y* 6:0 whose distance from the origin is l,
af,e
(a) 3 Q)+
(a\ r- 2y - 2z- 3 : 0,2r * Y -22 * 3 : 0 @) {i (d) none ofthese
(b) r - 2y + 2z- 3 : 0,2r * Y * 2z * 3 : 0 ald :
(c) r + 2E - 2z- 3 : 0,2t - y -22* 3 = 0
49. The lines t-o-d
a : '-olo
Y,o
q;d and
r-b*c -a-b =- z-b-c are coPlanar then
(d) none ofthese
ffi =:T- at;
43. Avariable plane at a constant distancep from origin equation to the plane in which they lie, is
meets the co-ordinates axes in A,B,C. Through
these points planes are drawn parallel to co-ordinate
(a)r+g+z=0 (b)r-ylz:0
planes. Then locus of the point of intersection is (c) r-2y*z:0 (A r+A-22:0
 3 Dimensionol Geometry 76.47
50. If Pr and Pz are the lengths oftheperpendiculars (a\ P'-23P *7 : o
from the points (2,3,4) and (1,1,4) respectively from @\ 7P'z -23P+ 16:0
the plane 3r-6y*22* 11 = 0, then Pr and Pz (") P'- LTP:0 + 16
are the roots ofthe equation (d) P'-L6P t-7 :0

Numerical Type x-l v-2 z-3

l. Aline + =
+ ='j "rt
they-zplane and point P. and from P it jumps to line Z along the
the x-y plane at Aand.B respec tively. If ZAOB : + shortest distance and then moves 12 units along
thenZk, where O is the origin, is the line Z to reach at point B. The distance between
points A and B is 4 then dll3 is
2. Ifthe volume of tetrahedron formed by planes whose
equations are y + z : 0, z+x : 0, x + ! : 0 andx +y 9. The lengths of two opposite edges of a tetrahedron
+ z: I is I cubic unit, then the value of 3t is are a, b; the shortest distance between these edges
0. If the volume
is d, and the angle between them is
yz abdsinl then l, is equal
3. If 'd' be the shortest distance between the lines -+_
bc
of the tetrahedron is
xz)'ll
:l;x:oand- - -:l;y:0andif = * *
I to.
a, 7 F 7
10. Let Zr be the projection and Lz be the image of the
then l. is z-axis in the plane 3x 4y * z I - * :
0. The distance
of the point (1,2,3) from the plane containing the
4. Line .L, is parallel to vector = -3i + 2i + aE
d,
lines Zr and Lz is ......
and passes through a point A(7, 6, 2) and lrrrLe L,
is parallel to a vector i = zi + i +3i and passes 11. The value of I m I for which the straight line 3x -2y
through a point B(5,3,4). Now alltne Lrparallel to + z * [Link]x -3y + 4z + I is parallel to the plane
a vector i = 2i - 2i - f intersects the lines L, and 2x-y+mz'2:0is..
L, at points C and D respectively, then I CDI is equal
12. The distance between two points P and Q is d and the
to:
length of their projections of PQ on the coordinate
5. Z is the equation of the straight line which passes planes ared,d,[Link] d? + &* d?= K& wbere
through the point (2, -1, -l); is parallel to the Kis........
plane 4x t y + z + 2:0 and is perpendicular to
the line of intersection of the planes 2x + y : Q : 13. If the shortest distance between the line i : 1i + Z
x - y + [Link] the point (3, cl, B) lies on line I, then j j
+zic)+ ),"t(2i +z +qbanaV :Pf +
q j + si1 + )'r(3i + 4i + s[; isx, then cos-r
lo+Blis
l# (cost/6r) is equal to ...........
-35-2
6. Thelines =r!-u =' ^l and3.r- 2y+z+5
:0 = 2x + 3y + 4z - k are coplanar, then the value of 14. Let the line 4:!=+:+ and

kis --) v-3 --b

LrtL tL : T: t intersect at P' The least
distance of P from the plane 3x - 4y - l2z't 4 : 0,
7. Abouttheline'-l
2-3=y-2 -z+3
theplane3x+
l' equals
4y + 6z + 7 : 0 is rotated till the plane passes through
the origin. Now 4x I al + Fr:0 is the equation of 15. Consider two lines tr,*:+:+
plane in new position. The value of cr + B is

8. A line Z on the plane ?-r + y - 3z + 5 : 0 is at a and Lr:!: + = t+ If a line r whose

distance 3 unit from the point P(1,2,3). A spider direction ratios are (Z,Z,t) intersect the line Z,
starts moving from point A and after moving 4 units and L, at A and B then the distance l.B is
4e r,
!4.+a it^.L^*^*^-
tvtuLrleIrtuLtL5

16. lf line Lr:x-2y*42:0,?s*y*z-4:0 and 21. If the angle between the plane x - 3y + 2z : I and
--. ,,
Lr:f = t: j;Z_l are perpendicular, then a is. --i rr-l --1
theline T:T:f is d, thenthevalue
equal to of cosecd is

17. Line drawn perpendicular to plane x * 2y - 3z : 2l

22. Aplane P is perpendicular to the vector V: Zi + y
at point I meets plane 2x * lgt + 5z : 8 at point .8.
+6k and contains the terminal point of the vector
If mid point of AB is (1, - l, 2) , then /r is equal to
18. The equation of the plane which has the property E = i + Si + lt. The distance from the origin to the
that the point Q (5, 4, 5) is the reflection of point plane P, is
P (1, 2, 3) through that plane, is ax * by * cz : d
where a,b,c,d e N . Find the least value of (b + b + 23. The intersection of the planes 2x - y - 3z : I and
c+4.
x'f2y - 4z - 14 is the line Z. The value of 'a' for
19. Consider a plane fr:V.(Zi +i - k): 5, z line Z,: which the line Z is perpendicular to the line through
V:3i -i +zi+ -i - k) where zl e R and (a,2,2) and (6, ll,
a ^(2i The Z, intersects plane II at
point A(3,-4,1). -l) is

Q and ry-plane at R. If the volume of tefahedron 24. Let 1,3,2) and C(),5, p) be
A(2,3,5), B(*
OAQR (O is origin) is ff where m and n are
reiatively prime positive integers, then find (3m - the vertices of LABC. If the median through I
5n)
is equally inclined to the coordinates axes, then
20. rf t,*=+== where a,be1 is a tM-7 p
line parallel to the line of intersection of the plane
x+y:2 and the x-y plane whose distance from 25. Let Q be the foot of perpendicular from the origin
the origin is 3O units (z-coordinate is positive to the plane 4x- 3y * z* 13 : 0 and R be a point
of every point on the line), the find least value of
la+b+c+pl. (- l,l, - 6) on the plane. The length QR is

Single Option Correct (a)7 (b)e

(c) ll (d)13
1. A variable plane passes through a fixed point
(1,2, 3). The locus of the foot of the perpendicular 4. The distance of the point P(3, 8, 2) from the line
drawn from origin to this plane is: -_t ,,_2J -_1
')/ - " "measured oarallel to
- - :0
the
(a) xz + 1,? + z2 - x 2Y 3z 243
(b) x2 + 2f + 322 - x - 2y - 3z : 0 plane 3x +2y-22+ 17:0is
(c)f++f+S*+x+2y+3:0 (a) 2 (b) 3

(A*2+f+22+x+2y+32:0 (c) 5 (47

2. If line v:(i -2i - i1+x(2i + j +2[)is 5. Thevalueof cr forwhichpoint M(ai+Zf +t),ties
paralleltotheplane. V.(3i -2i -mi): 14,then in the plane containing three points e(i +i + tc),
the value of z is s(zi+U+t) and c(3i-[) i'
(a) 2 (a) | (b) 2
(b) -2 (c), I @t-r
(c) o
6. The distance of the point (-1, -5, -10) from the
(d) cannot be predicted with these informations *
point of intersection of the line, --2 = Zl) = 1:2
3. Given the vertices A (2, 3, l), B (4, l, 1), C (6, 3, 7) andtheplane,x-y+z:5,is: 3 4 12
and D (-5, -4, 8) of a tetrahedron. The length of the
(a) l0 (b) ll
altitude drawn from the vertex D is:
(c)r2 (AB
 i Dimensionol Geometry 76.43
7. ABC is a triangle where A : (2, 3, 5), B : (-1, 2, 2) x+2 _y-l _z-l
(b)
and C (I, 5, p), if the median through I is equally 4rl
*-2
inclined to the positive axes, then l" + p is (c) =y+l _z+l
(a) 7 (b)
-ll3
6
, x+2 v-l z-l
(c) 15 (A e \d) ) = l-
8. The values of '1.' for which the two lines 13. The equations of the straight line through the origin
x-l y-2 z and*+7 Y
4 11 - ='*L *" ), x-6
and parallel to the line (b + c) y, + (c + a) y + (a + b)

coplanar
2
z : k : (b - c)x + (c - a) y + (a - b) z are
(a)),8 xv z
(b) 2,-8 (a\ -
b- -c-"=-iL1
c- -a'
=-o2
-b2
(c) 3,5 (d) 1,2 ,,, r y z
\D);=
9. Equation ofthe angle bisector ofthe angle between the Dca-=-
.. x-l v-2 =z-3 and,:
,x-l v-2 z-3 x_z
Irnes,: I I l:{
(c)
o2-b" b2-ca c2-ab
IS: (d) none ofthese

.. x y_zx-l_y-2_z-3
14. Ifthelinesl=r=i,3 =-= 4 und
x+k
32h-Y-l ='-2
ur"concurrentthen

(a) h:-2,k:-6 (b) h: !,0:,

I
(c) h: 6, k= 2 (A h:2, k: :
z

15. Equation of plane which passes through the point

10. A plane mirror is placed at the origin so that the
direction ratios of its normal are l, -1, l. A ray of of intersection of lines '- l = y - 2 ='-3 and
light, coming along the positive direction of the x-3 v-l z-) -3 2
.r-axis, strikes the mirror. The direction cosines of 123"
the reflected ray are the point (0, 0, 0) is:
122 122 (a) 4x+ 3y + 5z:25
(a)
?1'z @) -a,i,,
(fi ax+3y+52:50
(c)
122 I 22
(d) -;'-;,; (c) 3x+ 4y+ 5z:49
JJJ J JJ
11. The equation of the plane bisecting the acute angle (d) x+7y-52=2
between the planes 2x - y + 2z + 3 :0 and 3x - 2y +
16. The non zero value of 'a' for which the lines 2* - y
6z+8:0is + 3z + 4 : 0 : ax * ! - z + 2 andx - 3y + z : 0 : x *
(a) 23x-l3y+322+45:0 2y +, + I are co-planar is:
(b) 5x-y-42:3 (oYz (b) 4
(c) 5x-y-42+45:0 (c) 6 (d) 0
(d) 23x - l3y + 322 + 3:0
17. A line having direction ratios 3, 4, 5 cuts 2 planes 2x
12. A straight line passes through the point (2, -1, -l). - 3y + 6z - 12: 0 and 2x - 3y -r 6z + 2 : 0 at point
P and Q, then find length of PQ
It is parallel to the plane 4x + y + z + 2: 0 and
is perpendicular to the line = + =' .
:t-2.
5
. T"he .3sJ,
(0)n .
@) u
3sJ,
I
equations of the straight line are

tal
x-2 y+l z+l (c) 3sJ, (d) 3sJ,
4tl =- 6 8

-=-
76.44 Mothematics
24. A mimor and a source of light are situated at the
18. Let I, be the line d = 2i + i - i *L(i +2k)and origin O and at a point on the line OXrespectively.
let Lrbethe line r, : ti * i + p(i + i - il. A ray of light from the source strikes the mirror at
Let fI be the plane which contains the line Z, and is O and is reflected. The direction ratios of the normal
parallel to Lr. The distance of the plane P from the to the plane of the mirror are (1, -1, l); then the
origin is - direction cosines ofthe reflected ray are
..1 22 1))
@)Jut (b) u7 ta) t'-i,? @ -i,i,i
k) Je (d1 none of these t 2 2 (4)
-J,-
(c)
,^12 2
f'- f J'J'- 5
19. A variable plane forms a tetrahedron of constant
volume 64r( with the coordinate planes and the 25. Consider the line +: +: +,
origin, then locus of the centroid of the tetrahedron then which of the following statement is
is- incorrect?
:6P (b) xyz:61€
(a) The line is parallel to xy plane.
(a) x3 + yz + z3
(b) The line is perpendicular to z-axis.
@) *+f +*:41( (d) *1+y4+za:41c2
(c) The line passes through point (6, 3, 1).
20. The expression in the vector form for the point (d) The line intersects the plane x - 3y I z : 3.
{ of intersection of the plane [Link]' = d and the 26. Ifall three planes
perpendicular line i : 7o + tfi where / is a parameter
PrQ + lf x + @ + 2f y * (a + 3f z : 0,
given by
Pz:(a * l)x * @ + 2)y + (a * 3)z : 0,
d P1.x*ylz:0
trl ,i=%n( -[Link]
n-7 ), passes through a point other than origin, then a
equals
(b) 4=h-( '+:),
n) (a) -3 (b)2
(c) -2 (43
frl a = rt,-(
W), 27. A plane which is perpendicular to two planes
(a; ii =ro+( *,)' 2x - 2y * z : 0 and x - y I 2z : 4, passes through
(1,- 2,1 ). The distance of the plane from the point
(I ,2,2) is
21. The coordinates of a point of the line
x-l y+l z at a (a) 0 (b)1

2-3 'Jistance 4J4 from the

-=-=(1, -1, 0) nearer the origin are @{1 @2O
point
28. The equation of the plane through the line of
(a) (9, -13,4) :0
intersection ofthe planes 2x + ! - z- 4 and 3x +
(6) (8J14 + t, - t2JA -1,4Jr4) 5z - 4: 0 which cuts off equal intercepts from the
(c) (-7, I l, -4) r-axis and y-axis is

-t,- aal:u) (a)3x+3Y-82+8:0

fO (-alr+ +1,12'114
(D)3x+3y-82-8:0
22. The shortest distance between a diagonal of a cube
(c)3x-3Y-82-8:0
of edge-length one unit and the edge not tneeting it,
is-
(Ax+Y-82-8:0
I
(,)E ._.
{b)E r 29. Through a pointP (cr,F,y), aplane is drawn at right
angles to OP (O being the origin). The plane meets
@) A (r/) None of these the axis in A, B & C [Link] OP:p then the
23. The shortest distance between the lines fu+y+ z: 1, area of the triangle ABC is
! + 2z:2 x: y:
3x + and

(D ^/,
z.
@& @k
a
E @# (a#
(c)
a
_E
J
(o+
 3 Dimensionol Geometry 76.45
30. If )" is the length ofany edge ofa regulartetrahedron, lll
then the distance of any vertex from the opposite
(a)-+-*-=l
'xyz
face is- x-l y-l . z-l
1-fT (b);+ yz
(o) |L'
t;
(b) | t)" -=z
(d) None of these
(c) I * I + I =l
@ +)t 1-x l-y l-z
M u lti p I e O ptio n s Cor rect xyz
:2, (d) r-x*i;*;+2=o
31. lf a, b, c, x, y, z
= R such that ax + by * cz
following
then
which of the is alu,avs tnre
36. If the n-plane 7x + (a + 4)y + 4z -r: 0 passes through
(o) (oz + bz + c1 @2 + y2 + z\ >4
+
the points of intersection of the plane s 2x + 3y - z + 7:
(b) (*2 + b2 + 22) @2 + y2 r'2) >4
0 and x + y - 2z + 3 : A and, is perpendicular to the plane
(r) z\ @2 + bz + 12) > 4
(a2 + y2 +

(A@2+bz+*)@r+f+c21>+ ,I p, -tg s7) trimageofpoint

3x-y-22:4ani(tz '

0, BJ
32. The direction cosines of the lines bisecting the angle (1, 1, 1) in n-plane, then
between the lines whose direction cosines are lp mp
l,
n, and m, nrand the angle between these lines is (a)a: e p:-tt7 (b)
0, are (c) cr:-9 F: ll7 (r0
!.r+1., mt+m2 ry+n2 37. The planes 2x - 3y - 7z:0, 3x - l4y - l3z: 0
(o)
e'
cos-
e' cos-e
cos- and 8.r - 3ly - 332: 0
2 22 (a) pass through origin
1,, + l, mr+m2 ry+n2 (b) intersect in a common line
(b)
2 cos I e'^zcos-e
zcos- (c) form a triangular prism
2 22
l.r+!., mt+m2 \+n2 (d) pass through infinitely the many points
(') .0'e'0
sln 38. Two lines are
222sln - sln
x-l
l- '-=-
v-l x-l
z-l 'l - '---1L v-1 z-l
lr-lz mt-m2 nt-n2 "t'I 2 2'"2'2 I 2
@
zsin9 zsm9 zsm9 Equation of line passing through (2,1,3) and equally
222 inclined to Z, and L, islare
x-l L=-Brd
v+l z
33. Acuteanglebetweenthelines
-y-z ^ =
x*l - *-2:y-l _z-3
mn( =+:*rr.r./, *rI,undf,*,n (a) ,)
2 -3
are the roots ofthe cubic equation 13 + xz - 4x:4 x-3 y-2 z-5
(b)
is equal to: 1 I 2

J - v65
t--
(")
x-2 1t -l z-3
(a) cos-l
E (b) sin-t ,
x v+l z-6
J

(c) 2cos-r
E (d) tana 1
2
\d);- LL_J . - a

{r, 39. The volume of a right triangular pism ABCATB TC,

34. Theline'-2 -y+l ='-l intersectsthecurve is equal to 3. If the position vectors of the vertices of
32-l thebase ABC are A(1,0, l), 8(2,0,0) and C(0, l, 0),
x!: c2, z:0 if c is equal to: then position vectors of the vertex A, canbe:
(a)-r (b) -16 (a)(2,2,2)
(") .6 (Ar (b) (0,2,0)
35. The coplanar points l, B, C, D are (2 - x ,2 ,2), (c) (0,-2,2)
(2, 2 - y, 2), (2, 2, 2 - z) and ( l, l, I ) respectively,
(d) (0,-2,0)
then
76.45 Mothematics
40. The equation ofthe linex * y +, -|:
0, 4x + y - 2z 46. Equation of the plane passing through A(x, yp l)
+ 2: 0 written in the symmetrical form is and containing theline tr=+:T
(o) x*lt= y-2 _z-0
1S
x-xz y-yz z-22
-2 I (a) Xz-Xr yz-y\ zz-zt 0
x v z-l dr dz ds
1= j= |
(b\
x- xt y- )A z- zt
x+ll2 y-l x-xz y-y2 z-zz -0
(r)r= -2
=z-ll2 1
(b)
ddzdt
x-l v+2 z-2 x- dr y- dz z- dz
td) z = _l = 2
41. The plane lx * my :0 is rotated about its line of
(c) Xz-Xr yz-)4 z2-zt -0
intersection with the plane z:0, through an angle o,
ddzd3
then equation of lane in its new position may be x v zl
:0 @ Xr-Xz yt-yz rr-rrl:0
(a) lx + my-t z Jl';,rl tan cr
dt dz dt I

(b) lx+my-z L2 + m2 tan o:0 47. The equations ofthe lines of shortest distance between
(c) data is not sufficient x I z ano
,x-2 :-=-:
Y-l z*2
thelrnesZ=-:l 3 2
(d) None of these
are
42. Let E be vector parallel to line of intersection of
planes fi and Pz . Plane fi is parallel to the vectors
(a) 3(x - 2l): 92: 3z - 32
3y +
4 + Ztc aad 4j - 3f and that & is parallelto i - rt
and 3i + 3i then the angle between the vector I ,,, x_6213 _ y+31 _ z_3113
\b) u3: u3= u3
and a given vector zt +j -Zie rs

<ot @)+
..x_21 y+9213: z_3213
\c) rB= u3 u3

<qZ @+ @#: ,'i?:+

43Let tr={+f;:l;x:0 and tr=*-t:l; 48. Aplane P, has the equation 2x - y * z : 4 and the
y= 0 are two lines, and let 2d be the shortest
distance between them, then plane P, has the equation x + ny + 2z : 1l (where
(c) Plane containing Ir and parallel to Lz is n e N ). If the angle between P, and P, is then
unique f
(b) Equation ofplane containing and, Lr and the sum of all possible values of r, is

parallelto zz is f-{-f;+t=o (a) | (b) -16

tlll (c) t7 (A 16
\c) atF-V:7 l) A(-
49. Let A(1, - - 1) be the vertices of
@ #*#*\:*
44. If the equation pxz + y2 * qz2 + 2yz * zx 3ry : g
*
1,
triangle ABC suchthat
and 1, 1,
ZA: ZB.T\e locus of the
represents a pair of perpendicular planes, then vertex C is a plane which will be perpendicular to
p- q: (a)x+2y+z:0 (b)2x+y-z:0
(a)s (6)-s (c)x-y*z:0 (Ax-2y-32:5
<5
@t @-t 50. If the linef :+:f [Link] line 3$2x + 3
45. The coordinate of the points on the line
a (1-2cr) y + z : t : ]<au2.r+ 3 (1 - 2p)y+22)
+Z:+:ffwhbh are at distance
ZO fromthe point (1,2,3') then point (cr,p, I ) lies on the plane
(a) (-2,- 1, 3) (4 (2,2,4) (a')2x-y+z:4 (b\ x+y-z:2
(c) x-2y:0 (O 2x-Y=0
k)(#,#,+t) @(#,#,#)
 3 Dimensionol Geometry 76.47
Comprehension type Passage - 3 (Question. 57 - 59)
Passage - 7 (Question. 51 - 53) Given fourpointsl(2, 1,0); B(1,0, l); C(3,0, 1) andD(0,
* *l Y+2 z+l D lies on a line Z orthogonal to the plane
0, 2). The point
considerthe lines L.,
131 - 2 determined by the point l, B, and C
L2
*-2 _y+2 _z-3
I 2 J
On the basis of above information, answerthe fotlowing

51. The rnit vector perpendicular to both L, questions :

and L, is
57. Equation of the plane ABC is -
-i +ti +tk
(a)
Jee
@, (a) x+y+z-3:0 (b) y+z-l:0
(c) x+z-l:0 (d) 2y+z-l:0
(c)
-f +ti +si =#jL 58. Equation of the line L is -
5\6
--t ^ -+
52. The shortest distance between L, and Lris (a) r =2k+?,(i+k)(b) r =2k+),(2j+k)
t7 -+
(a) o (b) (c) i = 2i + ),f + [) (d) none of these
=
VJ
59. Perpendicular distance ofD from the plane ABC, is -
(,)m
4l
@iG
17

@) Ji (b),I
53. The distance of the point (1, l, l) from the plane
passing through the point (-1,1, -l) and whose
normal is perpendicular to both the lines Z, and Z, is
(c) 2 @') +
..12
Motching Column Type
2 7
(r) (b) 60. Column I Column II
Jts Ts
(o) The distance of the point (1, 3, (p) 0
l3 23
(c) @ 4) from the plane 2x - y + z:
..175
'llS 3 measured parallel to the line
Passage - 2 (Question. 54 - 56) xyz
,==={ "
A pyramid having square base ABCD & other vertex E
with l(0, 0,0), B(4,0, 0), C(4, 0, 4) & D(0, 0, 4) & E(2, ( b) The distance of the point (q) 7
6,6) P (3, 8, 2) from the line
54. Volume of the pyramid is :
x-l v-3 z-2
(a)32 (b) t6 243
measured parallel to the plane
(c) 8 (d) 4
3x+ 2y -22+ 17: 0 is
55. Centroids of faces EAB, EBC, ECD &. EDA are
(a) Non-coplanar (") The points (0, -1, -l), (4, 5, (r) 4
l), (3, 9, 4) and (4,4,k) are
(b) Coplanar but the plane is not parallel to base
plane coplanar, then k:
(c) Coplanar and plane is parallel to base plane
@ ln LABC the mid points of (s) 8
(d) Co-linear the sides AB, BC arrd CA
56. The distance of the plane EBC from ortho-centre of are respectively (1, 0, 0) (0,
LABD is: m, 0) and (0, 0, n). Then
(a) 2 (b) s AB2+BCz+CAz
t2 r ------;--;-
l'+m'+n"
is equal to
(c)
6 @ Jto
76.t18 Mothematics

61. Column I Column II 62. Column I Column II

(a) * (p) coincident (a) Foot ofperp. drawn for (p) /roz :o es)
2- -2 =4
=l =! 3 - 4 and t_--t
point(1,2,3) to the line I zg'zg'zs)
x-l -Y-3 -z-5 ---
x-2 v-l
......................_=!-=-
z-2
3-4-54re 234
(q) Parallel is
(b) x-l v-2 z-3
:-- =
234
and
and
( b) Image of line point (q) /t_ss _rzs _los)
- (1, 2, 3) in the line lzg' zg'zg)
x-3 v-5 z-7 different
234 x-2 v-l z-2
-=-= 234
(c) x;2 --YI.3 =4 (r) skew is
5 4 --2 ana
( c) Foot of perpendicular (r) /roz rzs ras)
x-7 _y-l z-2 I

54 a are from the point (2, 3, 5) \zs'zs'zs

- - -l )
to the plane 2x + 3y -
@ x-3 v+2 z-4 and
(s) Intersect- 4z+17:0is
235 ing in a
@ Image of the point (2, (s) 7S\
68 44 _t
-=-=-
*-3
=y-2 _z-7
point 5, l) in the plane 3x - 29 29 2s)
are
325 2y+42-5:0is
(0 coplanar (/) (tz
t_-
st _tI 85\
lzs'zs 2s)
63. Match the following pair of with their lines of intersections
Column I Column II
(a ) x+!:0=y)'z (p) x-2 y-2007
0 -l
z+2004
I

(b) x:2,Y:3 (q) x-2 v z -l

0 ll
(c) x:2,y+ z:3 (r) x:-y:z
@ x:Z,x+Y+z:3 (s) x-2 y -3 z
0 0 I

Least Attempted Question (LAQS) UEE MAIN) E

Numericol Type

1. Let ,1 be an integer. If the shortest distance

2. If the distance between the plane, 23x-l0y-22+48:0

between the lines x-):2y-l:-22 and and the plane containing the fir", :
f +
x=y+ 2): z- ,1 is
fi, ,n"nthe value of lzi I
:: z*l and :x*3 : Y+2
- : z-l
- (treR) is
IS 3-'--26),
k
120211
'
equal to -=-
Jex , then k is equal to
eozol
-.
 3 Dimensional Geometry 76.49
Single Options Correct (a) (1, l, 1) (b) (- l,
- l, - l)
3. The vector equation of the plane passing through (c) (1, l, -l) (d) (- l,
- l, l)
the intersection of the planes i (i +j +k) = 1 ur6
10. Let Abe apoint on the lineT= (l - 3p)i +(p - l)
7 (i - 2i) =- 2, andthe point ( I , o, 2) is: j + (Z + 5 p)t 2,6) be a point in the space.
and B(3,
@) 7 (i+tj+3il=+ poztl Then the value of p for which the vector TE ts
(D ; Qi +ti +3i)= 7 parallel to the plane x - 4y + 3z: I is [20191

@) V.(i + t) + uc): t (o)l-l (b) g

t
@) V (i-tj+3il:+ l-l
(c)T @-t
4. The mirror image of the point (1,2,3) in a plane is
ll. lf Lr is the line of intersection of the plane 2x - 2y
| 7 4 1
). *r,.n of the fotlowing points i 3z - 2 : 0, x - | + z+ I : 0 and Lris the line of
\ l' 3' 31"' intersection ofthe plane x + 2y - z - 3 : 0, 3x - y + 2z
lies on this plane ? 120201 - I :0, then the distance ofthe origin from the plane
(o) (-1, -1, -l) (b) (1, -1,1) containing the lines L, and Lris : [2018]
(c) (-1,-l,l) (d) (1,1,1) I
\o) ,[r-2 rb\ J-
5. The plane through the intersection of the planes 4,/2
x'l y I z : I and U + 3! - z + 4: 0 and parallel to
y-axis also passes through the point [2019]
@,D 1

@+E
-v -

(a) (- 3, 0, - 1) (b) (3,2,1) 12. The length of the projection of the line segment
joining the points (5, -1, 4) and (4, -1,3) on the
(c) (-3, l, l) (d) (3,3,- l) plane, x + y + ,: 7 is : 120181
6. The equation ofthe line passing through (- 4, 3, l), 2
parallel to the plane x + 2y
!#=+=#it
-r1 rr-?
-,
--
- a5 : 0 and intersecting
@)G
2
(b)
6
the line _I t20l9l
-J Z (c) 3 @+
@)+f:+:+ 13. If the image of the point P(l , - 2, 3 ) in the plane,
x-r4=- Y-3 z-l 4z -t 22 :0 to
tDt ---^
r -1 - I 2x + 3y - measured parallel line,

@)+:+:+ +: + = f ir Q,thenPQ is equal to:- I20l7l

@\L=+=+ @) 6,8 (D 3,,8

7. Ifthe linesx : ay + b, z : cy + d andx : a' z * b', @) 2'[a2 @ ,142
!: c' z + d' are perpendicular, then [20191 14. The distance of the point (t,3,- 7)
(a) cc' * a* qt :Q (b) aa' + c+ c' :0 from the plane passing through the point
(c) ab' -t bc' + I :0 (A bb'+ cc' + I : 0
(1, - 1, - I ), having normal perpendicular
to both the lines +: + and
8. The equation of the plane containing the straight x-2-Y+l '
tine f:t:fiand perpendicular to the plane f, is
T='=7: -zl7'.- l20l7l
containing the straight
,.xYz
linest: t: t ^d tq)
lo
x_ v [Link] 77 ^+ ,/74
4 2 [201eI
tc)
lo (A -L
x+2y-22:0 (b) x-2y+ z:0
(a) @ /83
(c) 3x+2y-32:0 (A 5x+2y-42:0 15. The distance of the point (t,
- S,9) from the plane
9. The plane passing through the point (4, - 1,2) and x- y* z: 5 measured along the line x : y : z is
parallel to the lines
\2: +: ! urd
@)+ (b) 3\tto [2016]
+: + : ! arcopasses through the point l0
@) totE @
[2019] vJ
76.50 Mathemotics
18. The length of the perpendicular drawn from the
16. Ifthe lne, f =+:+ fiesintheplane,
to point (3, -1, ll)to the line =
| ,r,
k* my - z: 9, then 12 + mz is equal t20161 ;= +
(a)2 (b) 26 [201U
(c) l8 (O s
@) Jb
)4_ =, _2
_ ,_ a
17. rt the lines I . -; and (D) JE3
,-l= y-4=r-r'-*. coplanar, then & can have
(r) ..65
k 2 I [2013] @ J66
(a) any value (b) exactly one value
(c) exactly two values (d) exactly three values

Archives: Leost Attempted Question (LAQs) UEE Adv)

Single Option Correct 5. The equation of a plane passing through the line of
intersection of the planes x + 2y + 3z : 2 and x - y +
1. The equation of the plane passing through the
point (1,1,1) and perpendicular to the planes z:3 atdat a distance 4vr m^the point (3, l, -l)
2x+y-22- 5 and 3x-6y-22--7,is 120171
is eogl
(a) l4x+2y-l5z: I
(a)5x -z: 17 (b) ^l2x + Y = 3Ji - |
lly +

(b) l4x-2y+l5z:27 (c) x+y+z: Ji (A *-'fzy =t-J,

6. If the distance of the point P( l, -2, l) from the plane
(c) l4x * 2y * l5z : 3l
x + 2y - 2z : cr, where o ) 0, is 5, then the foot of
(d) -l4x+2Y*l5z:3
the perpendicular from P to the plane is [20101
2. From a point P(7', ?u,l,), perpendiaiars PQ and PR
are drawn respectively on the linesy : x, Z: 1 andy (z + 7\ 4 4l
= -x, z: -1. If P is such that IQPR is a right angle,
(o)[J,i,- i) (b)
3'- 1'1
then the possible value(s) ofl. is (are) l20l4l /r z ro\ (z l s\
@ t____t 3' 2)
@) Ji
(c)
(D) I []'l'TJ [:'
(c)-l (O -J, 7. Equation of the plane containing the straight
3. Perpendicular are drawn from points on the line xvz
line ; = 1= 4 and perpendicular to the plane
x+2 _y+l
Z _1 =z; to the plane x + y * z: 3. The
*
,,. containing the straight lines =l ='
342 and
line
feet of perpendiculars lie on the
[2013]
x v-l z-2 - x y-l =-5
z-2 xyz
_-L ic
(o);=-8 =-13(D)r= 3 423 -_

[2010]
x v-l z-2 .^ x Y-l z-2 (a) x+2y-22=0 (b) 3x+2y-22=0
(C) =-
-=L3-ldl -=-
43-72-75 (c) x-2y*z=0 @ 5x+2y-42:0
4. The point P is the intersection of the straight line
joining the point Q(2,3,5) and R(1, -1, 4) with 8. A line with positive direction cosines passes through
the plane 5x - 4y - z : l. If S is the foot of the the point P(2, -1,2) and makes equal angles with
perpendicular drawn from the point (2, 1,4\to QR, the coordinate axes. The line meets the plane 2x + y
then the length of the line segment P^9 is [20121 +z: 9 at point Q. The length of the line segment PQ
I
(a)= equals 120091
@ J,
.\l Z
(a\r @ J,
(c)2 @2J, (") .6 (a 2
 j Dimensionol Geometry 76.57
9. Consider three planes [20081 4 y-2 k
Pr:x-y+ z: I
13. The value ofk '- tl2
such that = ='- li",
Pr:x+y-z=-l in the plane 2x - 4y * z:7 is :

Pr:x-3y+ts:2
Let L' L2, L3 be the lines of intersection of the (o)7 (b) -7
planes P, and P, PrandP, , PrandP,respectively. (c) no real value (A 4 [20031
Statement 1: At least two of the lines 2,, Lrand L, Multiple Options Correct
arenon-parallel. and
Statement 2z The three planes do not have a 14. Let L, and Lrbe the following straight lines.
common point. r.x-l:_!__z-1
Lr: | -{: 3
_.r
and
(a) Stdtement-l is True; Statement-2 us True;
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for ,.x-l _ Y _z-l
Statement-1.
uz' 4 - --f -- I -
Suppose the straight line
(b) Statementl is
True, Statement-2 is True;
Statement-2 is Not a correct explanation for L x-a :y-l z-T
Statement-l
m -2
(c) Statement-l is True, Statement-2 is False lies in the plane containing L, and L, and passes

(d) Statement-l is False, Statement-2 is True through the point of intersection of Z, and [Link] the

10. Consider the planes 3x 15 and 2x + y

line Z bisects the acute angle between the lines.L,
- 6y -22.= -22
:5. 120071 and L, then which of the following statements is/are
Statement-l: The parametric equations of the line TRUE?
of intersection of the given planes are x : 3 + l4t, y
120201

: I + 2t, z: l5t. because (a) o-y:3 (b) l+m=2

Statement-2: The vector rui + 2j + l5f is parallel (c) o-y:1 (S l+m:0
to the line of intersection of given planes.
(a) Statement-l is True,Statement-2 is True; 15. Let o,8,7,6 be real numbers such that
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for o' + B' + T' +0 and a * T : l. Suppose thepoint
Statement - I (3,2, -l) is the mirror image of the point (1, 0, -l)
(b) Statemenfl is True, Statement-2 is True; with respect to the plane ax+ By*yz:6. Then
Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
which of the following statements is/are TRUE?
Statement-I.
120201
(c) Statement-l is True, Statement-2 is False
(d) Statement-l is False, Statement-2 is True
(a) o+B:2 (b) 8-Y--3
11. A variable plane at a distance of I unit from the
(c) 8+p:4 (A o+8+r:8
origin cuts the co-ordinate axes at A, B and C. If 16. LetlrandZrdenotethelines 7= i + )(-i +4 +Ztc)
the centroid D (x, y, z) of triangle IBC satisfies the ;= +zi),p e R respectively.
111_
,i e R and p(2i -i
relation 2 + --l + -a : K, then the value of & is If Z, is a line which is perpendicular to both Z, and
x- y- z- 120051
Z, and cuts both of them, then which of the following
(a) 9 (b) 3

(c) I (a u3 options describe (s) Zr? I20l9l

x-l y+l z-l
_=-=- ),
(a) V : f,(+i^ +j + ic) + {zi + t
12. If the lines - ic),t e n
.2
,-3= y-k =1 intersect, then3fr: 4
and
l^
121 [20041 @) : iQi
V + i)+ {zi + 2j - i), t e n
)^
G) V : 6Qi -; + zt) + {zi + 4 - rr), t e n
2 9
(a) (b)
9 ,
(c) o (a -r (O 7={zi+4-i),ten
76.52 Mathematics
17. LetP, : 2x + y -z: 3 andP, : x * 2y + z: 2 be two 21. Aline / passing through the origin is perpendicular
planes. Then, which of the following statement(s) is to the lines
(are) TRUE? [20181
/,:(3+r) i +(- l+zt)i +(4+2t)t,-@<r<@
(a) The line of intersection of P, and P, has direction
ratios l, 2, I
- lr: (3 +2s); + (3 + 2s)i + (2 +s)f , -@ <.s < @
Then, the coordinate(s) of the point(s) on l, at a
(b) Theline $:+=f irp"[Link]
to the line of intersection of P, and Pr.
distance fr from the point of intersection of /
of
(d) The acute angle between P, and P, is 60o and /, is(are) 120131
(d) If P, is the plane passing through the point (t t s\
(4, 2, 2) and perpendicular to the line of t,l [],I,l.J (b) (-1, ,-1,0)
intersection of P, and P, then the distance of the
point (2, 1, 1) from the plane Yris (c) (1, l,1) rz z !')
ft @ \g'g'g)
18. Consider a pyramid OPpR,S located in the first octant
(, > 0, y > O, z >- O,) with O as origin, and OP and 22. Two lines I, : x: 5, ,\J-CL = |-2 : and Lr: x: a;
OR along the x-axis and they-axis, respectively. The
bases OPQR of the pyramid is a square with OP:
+ =
-l -2-a
are coplanar. Then cr can take value(s)

3. The point S is directly above the mid-point I of [20131

diagonal OQ such that ?.S: 3. Then [2016] (a)l (b) 2
(o) the acute angle between OQ and OS is (c)3 (44
n
T
(b) the equation of the plane containing the triangle 23. lf the straight lines x 2--7 = ' k:' = 12 and
OQSis x-y:0 x+l v+l I ur" coplanar, then the Plane(s)
(c) the length ofthe perpendicular from P to the plane 52k'
containing these two lines is (are) l20l2l
containing the rriangle OQS is pL (a) y+22:-l (b) y+z=-l
(d) the perpendicular distance from O to the straight
(c) y-z:-l (A y-22:-l
line containingRsis /f Comprehension with Numerical Type
19. Let P be the image of the point (3, l, 7) with respect Let a, B and Y be real numbers such that the system of
to the plane x - y + z : 3. Then the equation of the linear equations
plane passing through P and containing the straight x'f2y*32=d
fine f :t:f is t2o16l 4x-l5y+62=9
(a) x+y-32:0 7x* 8y + 9z: ^'( - |
(b) 3xl-z:0 is consistent . Let I M I represent the determinant of the
(c) x-4Y*72=0 matrix
(O b-v:o o.2\
20. In R3, consider the planes Pr: y:0 anLd Pri x * z:
l11f: Bl0
l. Let P, be a plane, different from P, and P2, which -l 0 1

passes through the intersection of P, and Pr. If the Let P be the plane containing all those (o, p,1) for
distance of the point (0, 1, 0) from P, is I and the which the above system of linear equations is consistent,
distance of a point (o, P, Y) from P, is 2, then which
and D be the square of the distance of the point (0,1,0)
of the following relation is (are) true ? [20151
(a)2a+B+2y+2:0
from the plane P. l202ll
' '' (b) 2a-9+2Y+4:0 24. Thevalueof lMlis
25. The value of D is .......... .
(c) 2c-+9-2y- l0=0
@ 2cr-9+2y-8:0
 3 Dimensional Geometry 76.53
Numerical Type 30. Consider the following linear equations 120071

V: )i,) G R, i= p(i +j),

26. Tbree lines are givenby
ax+by+cz:0
peR and 7:v(i+j+fr), veR. Let the lines bx+cy*az:0
cut the plane x *y*z=I at the points A, B and C cx*ay+bz:0
respectively. If the area of the triangle ABC is A then I
Column Column II
the value of (6A)2 equals t20191 (a) a*b+c+0and (p) the equations
a2+b2+C=ab represent planes
27. Let P be a point in the first octant, whose image Q
*bc*ca
in the plane x + y: 3 (hat is, the line segment PQ meeting only at a
is perpendicular to the plane x + 3 and the mid- y: single point.
point of PQ lies in the plane x + y = 3) lies on the (b) a+b+c=0and (q) the equations
z-axis. Let the distance of P from the x-axis be 5. If a2+b2+**ab represent the line x
R is the image of P in the xy-plane, then the length *bc*ca
of PR is =Y:2.
[2013]
28. If the distance between the plane Ax - 2y r z: d and ( c) a*b+c+0and (r) the equations
the plane containing the lines a2+b2+C*ab represent identical
r-l v-2 z-3 .x-2 y-3 z-4 *bc*ca planes
......'...'........_=-=-!-y:-=-=-
2 3 4 3 4 .5
@ a+b+c:0and (s) the equations
:is G,thenldlis [20101 a'+b"+ca--ab represent the
*bc*ca
Matching Column Type whole of the three

29. Consider the lines Z,

x-l v z+3 dimensional space.
2 1 I
Subjective Type
L2
x-4 y+3 z+3 and the planes Pr:7x +
2
31. Find the equation of the plane (s) containing the line
y * 2z:3, Pz:3x + 5y - 6z:[Link] ax + by + cz: 2x -y +z - 3: : 5 and at adistance of
0, 3x + y + z
dthe equation of the plane passing through the point I
from the point (2,1,-l) 120051
of intersection of lines Z, and L, andperpendicular U6'
to planes P, and Pr. Match List-I with List-II and 32. Aplane passes through (1, l, l) and is parallel to the
lines having direction ratios (1, 0, -1) and (-1, l, 0).
select the correct answer using the code given below
Find the volume of the tetrahedron formed by the
the lists: [2013]
intercepts of the plane on the x, y and z axis and the
List I List II origin. [20041
(4 (I) l3 33. Pt and, P, are planes passing through origin. L, and
(o) b: (2) -J tr, also passes through origin. I, lies on P, not on
(R)
P, and Z, lies on P, but not on P,. Show that there
(3) I
exists points A, B, C andwhose permutation A' . B' .
(,0 d: (4) a C' canbe chosen such that
Codes (t) I L' B on P, but not on Z, and C not on Pr.
is on
(ii) A' n on L, B' on P, but not on Lrand C not on
P a R S
(A) J 2 4 I
P2. [2004]
(B) I J 4 2
(c) 3 2 I 4
(D) 2 4 1 3
76.54 Mothematics

a@a
Exercise 7
1. (D) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4.(a) 5. (a) 6.(d) 7.(b) 8. (a) e. (a) 10. (a)
L(A 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (b) 1 5. (b\ rc-(a 17.(o 18. (a) 1e. (b) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (A 25. (b) 26. (b) 27.(O 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (c)
31. (d) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (c) 37.(d) 38. (a) 3e. (b) a0. @)
at. @) 42.(A 43. (a) 44. (a) 45. (b) 46. (b) 47.(A 48. (b) ae. @) 50. (a)
sl. (a) 52. (a) 53. (a) s4. (a) 55. (b) 56. (c) s7. (b) s8. (d) 59. (a) 60. (a)
61. (a) 62. (a) 63. (a) 64.(A 65. (a) 66. (a) 67. (b) 68. (b) 69. (c) 70.(a
71. (c) 72. (b) 73. (b) 7a. @) 7s. (b) 76. (a)
Exercise 2
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) s. (b) 6.(a) 7.(A 8. (d) e. (a 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (c) M. (c) 15. (a) 16.(a) 17.(d) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (a)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (a) 2s.(a 26.(b) 27. (b) 28. (a) 2e.(a 30. (d)
31. (a) 32. (b) 33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (c) 36.(c) 37.(A 38. (c) 39. (c) 40. (c)
41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (a) 44. (b) 4s.(o a6. @) 47. (a\ 48. (a) ae. @) s0. (D)

Exercise 3
1. (o) 2. (2) 1 e) (e)
4- s. (6) 6.(4) 7. (8) 8.(l) (6) e. 10. (2)
tr. (2) 12. (2) 13. (l) 14. (7) 1s. (18) 16. (0.s) 17. (6) 18. (17) le. (6) 20. (4)
21. (2) 22. (s) 23. (e) 24. (0) 2s. (s.61)
Exercise 4
r. (o) 2.(o) 3. (c) 4. (A s. (b) 6.(d) 7.(c) 8.(a) e.(a) 10' (d)
tr. (a) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (a ls. (b) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (a) re. (b) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (A 25. (d) 26. (c) 27- (O 28. (b) 2e. (a) 30' (b)
31. (a, b, , ,d) 32. @, A $. @,c) 34. (b' c) 35' (a, b)
36. (a, d) 37. (a, b, d) 38. (4, b, c ,A 39. (a, d) 40' (a, b, c)
41. (a,b) 42. @, A $. @, b, c) aa. @, d) 45' (a, c)
46. (a, b) 47. (a, b, c) 4s. (a) ae. @' b, d) 50' (a, b, c)
sl. (b) 52. (c) 53. (a) s4. (a) ss' (c)
s6. (c) s7. (b) 58. (c) se. (A
60. a-(p),b-(q),c-(r),d-,(s) 61. a'--(s,t),b'--(p,t),c--'(q,t),d'--+(r)
62. a---+ (s),0--- (p),c---(t),d---+(q) 63. a'--+(r),b---, (s),c--- (p),d'(q)
Archives: Least Attempted Question (LAQs) (JEE MAIN)
l. (l) 2.(3) 3. (c) 4. (b) s. (b) 6.(b) 7.(b) 8.(b) e'(a) 10' (a)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (c)
Archives : Least Attempted Question (LAQS) (tEE Adv)
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. @ a. @) 5. (r) 6-(a) 7. (c) 8. (c) e' (A fi' @)
tt. (a) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (a,b) c)
15. (a, b, t6' (a, b, c)

fi. k, A fi. @, c, d) te. (a) d)

20. (b' 2t' (b, A
22. @, A B. @, c) 24. (t) 2s. (1.s0) 26' (0'7s)
27. (8) 28. (6) 29. (a) 30. a---+ (r), b ---+ (p), c---'(p), d'G)
 Chnpre n

a7

Heights und Distunces

ANGLE OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION: (iz) Angular elevation: If PM is perpendicular to
(i) Angle of Elevationz Let P be an object and, OX be a OX, then the angle XOP is also called the altitude or the
horizontal line; an observer at O at perceive the object angular elevation of MP at O.
P has to elevate his eye from the direction OX to the
direction OP. As such, we define ZXOP as the angle of
(iv) Bearing of a point: LetNSandEZstand for lines
elevation of P at O. in the north-south and east-west directions respectively
P(Object) then the acute angle which the line OA makes with NS is

Line of
called the bearing of the point,4 from O. The bearing of I
may be indicated precisely, by giving the size of the angle
and speciffing whether it is measured from ON (or OS)
ofelevation
and whether to east (or west). For example, infigure, OA
x
(observer) is in the direction 30o east of north. Thus, the bearing is
(ir) Angle of depression: Let P be an object and, OX written as N30oE.
be a horizontal line; an observer at O to perceiver the
object P has to depress his eye from the direction OXto
the direction OP. As such, we define ZXOP as the angle
of depression of P at O. w
(observer)
o
Angle of
S

Line of
obsen'ation
P(Object)
 Unsolved Exercises

1. If a flagstaff 6m high placed on the top

r EXERCISE _

of a tower 5.
1

The uppet (i)- portion of a vertical pole subtends

throws a shadow of zJi m
on the ground, then the
angle that the sun makes with the ground is. an angle *-t [1') at a point in the horizontal plane
(a) 15' (6) 30" [5,/
through its foot and at a distance 40m from the foot.
(c) 45" (O 60"
Apossible height of the vertical pole is
2. An observer on the top of a tree finds the angle of (a) 40m (b) 60m
depression of a car moving towards the tree to be
(c) 80 m (d) 20m
30o. After 3 min, this angle becomes 60o. After how
much more time, will the car reach the tree? 6. A vertical lamppost of height 9 m
stands at the
corner of a rectangular field. The angle of elevation
(a) 4 min (D) 4.5 min
of its top from the farthest comer is 30o, whereas
(c) 1.5 min (d) 2min from another corner it is 45". The area of the field is

3. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from (a) uJzmz (b) gJr*2
point ,{ due south of the tower is cr and from point
(r) st.6m2 (O gJ3*2
l, oue easn oI me tower ls p. AR: d, the height of
the tower is 7. ABC is a triangulax park with AB : AC: 100 m. A
clock tower is situated at the midpoint of BC. The
(a)
d (b)
d ansle of elevation of the top of the tower at A and
"are
tan2o-tan2B tan2 cr + tan2 B
B corl 3.2 and cosec-l 2.6, respectively. The
height of the tower is
d d
(c) @ (a) 25m (b) sOm
cot2 cr - cot2 p
(c) 40 m (d) None of these
4. STATEMENT-I: Over a tower AB of height 10m, 8. ABCD is a trapezium such that AB and CD arc
there is a flagstaft BC. AB and BC are making equal parallel and BC L [Link] IADB = 0, BC: p and
angles at a point distance l5m from the footl ofthe CD: q,rhenAB is equal to
tower. The height of the flagstaffis 30m. + q2l siro
(a) 1p2
pcos0+4sinO
STATEMENT-2: Over a tower AB of height
ft metres, there is a flagstaff BCAB and BC are (b)
(p2 + q2) cos0
making equal anglq at a point distance dmetres from pcos0+qsin0
the foot ,4 of the tower. The height of the flagstaff is o2 +o2
In\
\L/ ' '
h(d2 + h2\ p2 coso+q2sino
meters.
(d' - h') (p, + 4r)sin 0
(4)
(a) Statement-l is true, statement-2 is true G;oso+qsinof
and statement-2 is correct explanation for 9. A bird is siuing on the top of a vertical pole 20 m
statement-I. high and its elevation from a point O on the ground
(D) Statement-l is true, statement-2 is true and is 45o. It flies offhorizontally straight away from the

statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for point O. After one second, the elevation of the bird
statement-l. from O is reduced to 30". Then the speed (in nrls) of
the bird is
(c) Statement-l is true, statement-2 is false.
@) qo(Ji-r) (ol qorJi-Jr)
(d) Statement-l is false, statement-2 is true.
k) zoJz (O zo(Jl-r)
10. If the angles of elevation of the top of a tower
from three collinear points A, B, and C, on a line (a1 gss-t
^F- @) ,i1r-t .@
leading to the foot of the tower, are 30o, 45o and 60o
ll a Yo
respectively, then the ratio, AB : BC is
(c) sin-'
,l; (d)
lzh
tan-'lt-;
(a) Ji:r (t) Ji:Ji lr-
17. The angles ofdepression ofthe top and the foot ofa
(c) l: S (d) 2:3 chimney as seen from the top of a second chimney,
11. A flagstaff 20 m high standing on the top of a house which is 150 m high and standing on the same
level as the first are 0 and Q respectively, then the
subtends an angle whose tangent i. ] ut a distance
70 m from the foot ofthe house. fh8height ofthe distance between their tops when tan 0 : 1 and tan
house is 53
,2 - rs
tb:
(a) 30m (b) 60m 150
(c) 50m (S 70m @) #nla
\IL
(b) roo",6m
(c) l50m (d) l00m
12. For a man, the angle of elevation of the highest point
of a temple situated east of him is 60o. On walking 18. Aflagstaff5m high is placed on a building 25m high.
240 m to north, the angle of elevation is reduced to Ifthe flag and building both subtend equal angles on
30o, then the height of the temple is the observer at a height 30m, the distance between
the observer and the top ofthe flag is
(a) s0J3m (6) 30.6'm
(c) oofim (d) 60m
2
-Trr ,
13. A ladder rest against wall making an angle o with .6<.6
a
the horizontal. The foot of the ladder is pulled away G\ s^1"-
v3
(a '",'
3
from the wall through a distance.r so that it slides a
distancey down the wall making an angle p with the
19. If the angle of elevation of a cloud from a foot h
meters above a lake is B and the angle of depression
horizontal. The correct relation is
of its reflection in the lake is cr, then the height is
(a\ v:tan 0+P ftl x:rtun 0+F
& sin(cr + p) fr sin(s + F)
2'2 (a) (b)
(c) x:ytan(cr+B) (O y:xtan(cr+p) sin(u-B) sin(B - cr)
14. Each side ofa square subtends an angle of60" at the ft sin(B-o)
(") (A h sin (ct + P)
top of a tower & meter high standing in the centre of sin(a + 0)
the square. tfa is the length ofeach side ofsquare,
20. STATEMENT 1: A flagstaffof length l00m stands
then
on tower of height h. If at a point on the ground,
(a) 2h2: a2 (b'S 2a2: h2 the angle of elevation of the tower and top of the
flagstaffare 30o and 45o, then h: 5}di +l) m.
(c) 3a2 :2h2 (A 2h2 :3a2
SIATEMENT 2: A flagstaff of length d stands
15. At the foot of a mountain, the elevation of its summit
on tower of height h. If
at a point on the ground,
is 45"; after ascending 1000 m towards the mountain
the angles of elevation of the tower and top of the
up a slope of 30o inclination, the elevation is found
to be 60o. The height of the mountain is flagstaffare cr and P, then h: afh
(d E#k* @ 6+k* (a) Statement-l is true, statement-2 is true
and statement-2 is correct explanation for
(ct -,[1+t
statement-l.
- tcm
- Ji+t.
ld) Tm (b) Statement-l is true, statement-2 is true
2r/l and
16. From the top of a cliff of height a, the angle of statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for
statement-l.
depression of the foot of a certain tower is found
to be double the angle of elevation of the top of the (c) Statement-l is true, statement-2 is false
tower of height [Link] 0 is the angle of elevation, then
its value is. (d) Statement-l is false, statement-2 is true,
ar,
L',q ir^tL^--t--
,Y'ULI'CII'UL'Ls
21. Atower stands at the centre of a circular park. A and b sin - p) (b)
sin(y sinasin(y
(a)
cr b - cr)
B are two point on the boundary of the park such
sin(y-o) - B)sin(y
thatAB (: a) subtends an angle of60" at the foot of
the tower and the angle of elevation of the top of the b sin(y - B) sin(y-0)
(c) @
tower fromA and B is 30o. The height of the tower is sin(y - cr) bsin crsin(y - cr)

2a
(b) 27. A tower subtends angles a,2a and 3o respectively
r")
a za Ji at point A, B and C, all lying on a horizontal line
through the foot of the tower. Then AB/BC is equal
c)Ea @J' to

22. AB is a vertical pole with B at the ground level and sin 3cr
(q) (b) I + Zcos2a
A atthe top. A man find that the angle of elevation of sin2o
the point A from a certain point C on the ground is
60o. He moves away from the pole along the lne BC
(c) 2- cos2a (a'i120
sln ct
to a point D such that CD :7 m. From D, the angles
28. An aeroplane flying with uniform speed horizontally
of elevation of the point A is 45o. Then the height of
1 km above the ground is observed at an elevation of
the pole is
60'. After l0s if the elevation is observed to be 30o,
r,', lE(j-)* rar lE[]),,
z
then the speed of the plane (in kmlh) is.
2 [J3-rj [J:+tJ
@ +V3
@) zooJl
) 2

23. When the length of the shadow of the pole is equal

@ zqoJ, @) ry
./3
to the height of the pole, then the elevation of the 29. From the top of a hill /z metres high, the angles of
source oflight is depression ofthe top and the bottom ofa pillar are
cr and B, respectively. The height (in metres) of the
(a) 75" (b) 60'
pillar is
(c) 45' (d) 30'
i(tanp-tano) ft(tano-tanB)
24. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a (a) (b)
tanP tanct,
point on the ground is 30o and it is 60' when it is
viewed from a point located 40 m away from the ft(tanp+ tancr) ft(tanp + tano)
(c) @
initial point towards the tower. The height of the tanp tan cl
tower is 30. P is a point on the segment joining the feet of two
vertical poles of height a and b. The angles of
(a) ro..6m (a) f ,o elevation of the tops of the poles from P are 45"
20
each. Then, the square of the distance between the
(,) (a zoJlm
#-
25. A house subtends a right angle at the window of
tops of the poles is

an opposite house and the angle ofelevation ofthe (a1 a2 +b2 (b) a2 + b2
window from the bottom of the first house is 60'. If 2
the distance between the two houses is 6m, then the (c) 2(a2 + b2) (A 4@2 + b2)
height ofthe first house is
31. ABCD is a rectangular field. A vertical lamp post
(c) 8.6 m (6) 0..6 m of height l2m stands at the corner A. If the angle of
(c) +.6 m (A nJi m elevation of its top from B is 60" and from C is 45o,
then the area of the field is
26. The angle of elevation of the top of a hill from a
point is cr. After walking b metres towards the top (a) 48J2 sq.m (b) +4.6 sq.m
of a slope inclined at an angle p to the horizon, the
angle of elevation of the top becomes y. Then the (c) 48 sq.m (A DJz .q.-
height of the hill is
 Heights ond Distonces 77.5
32. From the top of a tower, the angle of depression of
a point on the ground is 60o. Ifthe distance ofthis
@) srJ, mz (b) gJ, m2

point from the tower is -r! m, then the height of

(') st.6-2 (d) gJtmz
the tower is r/: +t 37. A spherical ball of diameter-8 subtends an angle cr at

@ +* ro {#^ the eye of an observer when the elevation of its centre

is B. Then the height of the centre of the ball is

nlil; tat 16sin8..o...9 (b) [Link].".9

(r) '-v'rn (d) lf m 2222
22
33. Ahouse ofheight l00m subtends a right angle at the (.) f6."or".9 (d
' [Link]
)------- ) 2
window of an opposite house. If the height of the
window is 64m, then the distance between the two 38. lf PQ is a vertical tower subtending angles o, B, y
houses is at the points A, B, C, respectively, on the line in the
horizontal plane through the foot Q of tower and on
(a) 48 m (b) 36 m (c) 54 m (d)72 m
-
the same side of it, then BC cot a CA cot B + AB
34. A tower subtends an angle of 30o at a point on the cot y is equal to
same level as its foot, and at a second point h m
above the first, the depression of the foot of tower is
(a)0 (b) |
60o. The height of the tower is (c)2 (43
(a) hm (b) 3 hm 39. A flagstaff stands in the centre of a rectangular field
whose diagonal is 1200 m, and subtends angles 15o
k) ^,Ehm @ :*
J
and 45'aLthe [Link] nf the sides nf the field. The
height of the flagstaff is
35. Letcrbethesolutionof 16sin'?0 a 16cos'0 - fO in (0,f;). (a) 200 m (t) toorfiTz *
If the shadow of a vertical pole is ] of its height, 1r1 too^[Link] * (fi 4oo m
J3 40. The base of a cliff is circular. From the extremities
then the altitude of the sun is of a diameter of the base, the angles of elevation of
the top of the cliffare 30o and 60o. If the height of
(a) a (b) g
2 the cliff is 500 m, then the diameter of the base of
the cliffis
(c) 2a (d)
'3 +
36. A vertical lamp-post of height 9 metres stands at the
@)
#^ @) tooo,E m

corner ofa rectangular field. The angle ofelevation G) @) tolo^f2m

of its top from the farthest comer is 30o, while from ff*
another corner it is 45o. The area ofthe field is

T EXERC'SE - 2

NumericalType 4. A flagstaff on the top of the tower 80 meter high,

1. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower by subtends an angle (+) at a point on the ground
standing on a horizontal plane at a point I is l5'.
"r-'
100 meters away from the foot of the tower. Find the
After walking 40 m from I towards this angle height of the flag-staff(in metres)
becomes 30". The height of the tower (in metres) is
5. A 6-ft tall man finds that the angle of elevation of the
2. An aeroplane flying at a height 300 metre above
top of a 24-fthighpillar and the angle of depression
the ground passes vertically above another plane at
an instant when the angles of elevation of the two of its base are complementary angles. The distance
planes from the same point on the ground are 60' of the man (in metres) from the pillar is.
and 45' respectively. Then the height of the lower 6. A flagstaff 5 m high is placed on a building 25 m
plane from the ground (in metres) is
high. If the flag and building both subtend equal
3. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower at the angles on the observer at a height 30 m,the distance
top and the foot of a pole ofheight l0 m are 30' and between the observer and the top of the flag (in
60' respectively. The height of the tower (in metres) metres) is
is
77.5 Mathematics
7. A man standing on a level plane observes the 9. A man from the top of a 100 metres high tower
elevation of the top of a pole tobe 0. He then walks sees a car moving towards the tower at an angle of
a distance equal to double the height ofthe pole and depression of 30'. After some time, the angle of
then finds that the elevation is now 20. The cotd is depression becomes 60'. The distance (in meters)
equal to travelled by the car during this time is

8. Two parallel towers A and B of different heights are 10. From the top of a light house, 60 m high with its
at some distance on same level ground. If angle of base at sea level, the angle of depression of a boat
elevation of a point P at 20 m height on tower B is 15". The distance of the boat (in metres) from the
from a point Q at l0 m height on towerl is d and is light house is
equal to half the angle of elevation of point R at 50
mheight on I from point P and B, then sine of d is

Archives: Least Attempted Question (LAQs) (tEE MAIN)

Numericol Type of water), the boat has reached a point B, where the
angle of depression is 45". Then the time taken (in
1. The angle of elevation ofthe top of a hill from a point seconds) by the boat from B to reach the base ofthe
on the horizontal plane passing through the foot of tower is: l202ll
the hill is found to be 45" . After walking a distance
of 80 meters towards the top, up a slope inclined at
(a) l0 (b) Lo\E
an angle of 30" to the horizontal plane, the angle of (c) ro(/5+ r) (at ro(/l - r)
elevation of the top of the hill becomes 75' . Then 4. The angle of elevation of the summit of a mountain
@i-*-- from a point on the ground is 45'. After climbing
120201 up one km towards the summit at an inclination of
Single Options Correct 30" from the ground, the angle ofelevation ofthe
2. The angle of elevation of a jet plane from apoint A summit is found to be 60" . Then the height (in km)
on the ground is 60'. After a flight of 20 seconds of the summit from the ground is : 120201
at the speed of 432 kmlhour, the angle of elevation
shanges to 30' . Ifthejet plane is flying at a constant
h\ -)-
\/3-l b\ -J-
^/3+l
:
height, then its height is

(a)r800t6m (b) 36oo^5m

I202ll
aEa
y'3+l aE*l
,/3-l
5. PQR is a triangularpark with PQ : PR : 200 m. AT.
@) zaoo^Em @) r2oo,Em V. tower stands at the mid-point of QR. If the angles
3. A man is observing, from the top of a tower, a of elevation of the top of the tower at R Q and R are
boat speeding towards the tower from a certain respectively 45o, 30o and 30o, then the height ofthe
point A, with uniform speed. At that point, angle tower (in m) is : 120181
of depression of the boat with the man's eye is 30o
(Ignore man's height). After sailing for 20 seconds, @) soo (b) loo
towards the base of the tower (which is at the level (c) s0 (A rco\E

Answer Key
Exercise 7
r. (d) (c) 2. 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (a) e.(a 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (b) M. (a) ls. (a) 16.(d) 17.(d) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (A 2s. (a) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (c) 36. (a) 37. (a\ 38. (a) 39. (c) 40. (a)
Exercise 2
1. (20) 2. (173.2) 3. (1s) 4. (20) s. (10.3e)
6. (6.1) 7. (3.732) 8. (0.s) e. (l l5.s) 10. (223.e)
Archives: Leost Attempted Question (LAQs) UEE MAIN)

r. (80.00) 2. (O 3. (c) 4. (a) s. (b)

 U chopr.o

18
Muth em otic ul In du ctio n
7. INTRODUCTION
(tii) 13 + 23 +33 + ...... * n3 :2n3 : n\2 = t"@ -Df
The process of drawing a valid general result from
particular results is called the process of induction.
lzl
(iv) 2 + 4 + 6 + ..... + 2n = E2n = n(n + l)
The principle of mathematical induction is a mathematical
(v) 1 + 3 + 5 + ..... + (2n -l) : 2(2n -l) : n2
process which is used to establish the validity of a general
(vi) f -f :(x-y)(/-t+Py+Ff +......+xya
result involving natural numbers. + f-t)
2. THEOREM.I . (vii, # t *- (; t ,rQE*t *{7 t ,cF3r2 )- ., --}t'-2
+ ft)
lf P(n) is a statement depending upon n, then to prove P(z)
when n is odd positive integer
by induction, we proceed as follows :
(i) Veriff the validity of P(n) for n : I s. |MPoRTANT flPS ]

r!
I

(ii) Assume that P(n) is true for any positive integer (i) Product of r successive integers is divisible by |

m and then using it establish the validity of P(z) for (ii) Forx *y,xn-y'isdivisibleby
n=tnll. (a)x+y,ifniseven I

(b) x - y, ifn is even or odd

Then P(n) is fiue for each n e N
(A f+lisdivisibleby I

3. THEOREM-II x*y,lfnisodd
I

(rv) For solving objective question related to natural

I

If P(n) is a statement dependingupon n butbeginningwith I

any positive integer ( then to prove P(n) by Induction, we numbers we find out the correct alternative by I

proceed as follows : negative examination of this principle. If the given I

statement is P(z), then by putting n = 1,2, 3 ....

(r) Veriff the validity of P(n) for n : k. I

use
in P(n) we decide the correct afflwer. We also
(ii) Assume that the P(z) is tnre for n : m> k.
I
to
the above formulae established by this principle I

Then using it establish the validity of P(n) for this

find the sum of z tenns of a given series. For I

n: m* l. we first express Tras a polynomial in n andthen I

Then P(z) is true for each n > &

for finding 4, we put E before each term of this I
polynomial and then use above results of 2n,2n2, I

4. SOME USEFUL RESULTS BASED ON En3 etc. I

PRI NCIPLE OF MATH EMATICAL lllustration 1

INDUCTION Prove by the principle of mathematical induction
For any natural number z that for all n e N:

n(n +l) t + 4 + 7 + ... + (3n - 2) = - l)

(r) 1+2+3+.....+n:2n: f,n 6n
2
Solution:
n(n +l)(2n +l) Let P(n) be the statement given by
QD 12 + 22 + 32 + ....-r n2:Zn2:
6
P(n) : t + 4 + 7 + ... + (3n -4 : (3n - t)
;n
78.2 Mothemotics
4
Step-I: WehaveP(l) : I : frl x (3 x I - l)
|><
1*E*€* .....to nterms =
'.'l:rx(l)x(3xl-1)
I
41664
So, P(1) is true (r)z-
Step-II: Let P(m) be true, then
+-:
t +4 +'7 + ... + (3m - 2):
:* Qm - t) .(,) (2) n + +-+
We wish to show that P(m + 1) is true. For this we 4nl
(3) z +
to show that
1
T-l
l+4+7+.. +(3m-2)+13(m + l)-21: ,(m+
r) (3(m + l) - l)
(4)n- +.+
Now 1 + 4 + 7 +. . . + (3m -2) + l3(m+ l) -21 5t,ii;i:,:;:
I : l, we have
For n
: m (3m - l) + [3(m + l) - 2) [Using (i)]
=z 4n I , 4 l_ 2

: !rl m(3m- l) + (3rz + l) : 33 3 3 3

jl3m2 - m + 6m + 2l

n+_
4-nl4-t13 lr--il
(m + ) (3m + 2) (m+ I
33'r34
13*2 + 5m + 2l 2
2 2
4'I 41
n+ ' -l=l +---=2
l3(m + 1) - ll .'. P(m + l) is true
3 3 33
Thus P(z) is true P(m + l) is tnte
= 4-nl4-tl5
Hence by the principle of mathematical induction the tl --+-=l--+-=-
result is true for all n e N. 3 3 3 34
AIso, for n:2,wehave
lllustation 2
T - I -I = 27 .3
4-il I 2+-- 15 27
The sum of the terms in the nth bracket of the series tt --- -+ - =-
(l) + (2 + 3 + 4) + (5 + 6 + 7 +8 + 9) +....., is- - 334831641616 -and
(1)(n-l)3+nr Hence, option (2) is conect. Ans. (2)
Q\@+1)3+8n2
. . (n+lXr+2)
tll %- ()(n+ l)3+,rr
lllustration 5

Solution: By using P.M.I. prove that 1gn 13.4d+2 + 5 is divisible

For n :
l, we have Sum of the terms in first bracket: 1 by9,zeN.
And, (n - l)3 + n3: (l - l): + 1r: 1 Solution:
For n = 2, we have Given statement is true for n: 1 as l0 + 192 + 5 :207
Sum of the terms in the second bracket :2 + 3 + 4 = 9 is divisible by 9.
And, (n - 1)3 + n3: (2 - l)'+ 23 : I + 8 : 9 Ans. (1) Let us assume that the result is true for r: ft

lllustration 3
i.e. l}k + 3.4k+2 * 5 :9?u, )" e N.
LetP(n\be the statement *7 divides (23" -l)".What Now for n: |
15+

isP(z+1)? l0r*r + 3.4k+3 +5 : 10(91, _ 3.4k*2_ 5) + 3.4k*3 + 5

Solution: : 90r - 288.4k - 45

P(n + l) is the statement "7 divides - 1)" +
(23(n l) which is divisible by 9. so the result is true for n: 7 + I
Clearly P(n+ l) is obtained by replacing nby (n + l) in so by P.M.I. the result is true for all n e N.
P(n)
 Mathemotical lnduction 78.3
6
IfP(z) is the statement 6(23"
- I is an integral multiple Ifx andy are any two distinct integers, then prove
of 7", and if P(r) is true, prove that P(r + 1) is true. by mathematical induction that ({ - f) is divisibte
Solution: by (x-y) for all n e N.
Let P(r) be true. Tlten 23'- 1 is an integral multiple S*l*tion:
of1. Let P(n) be the statement given by
We wish to prove that P(r + l) is true i.e. 23(r+ l) - 1 1.
P(n) : (f -l) is divisible by (x -y)
an integral multiple of 7.
Step-I: P(l) : (xr -.yt) is divisible by (x -y)
Now P(r) is true
+ ': *, - y, : (x - y) is divisible by (x -y)
- | is an integral multiple of 7
23'
23' - | :7?' for some l. e N .'. P(l) is true
=
=) 23r :7X + I ...(, Step-II: Let P(m) be true, then
Now 23(,+1)_ I = 23r . 23 _ | : (7?,,+ l) x g _ 1
@" - f) is divisible by (x - y)
= 23(r+t) - l:561"+ 8- l:561"+ 7:1(gX+ l) + ({ - f) : }"(x - y) for some }. e Z (,)
+ 23(r+1) -l=Tlt,wherep:81.+ I c N We shall now show that P(m + l) is true. For this it
+ 23(r + 1) - I is an integral multiple of 7 is sufficient to show that (x'+r - )/"*\ is divisible by
= P(r + 1) is true - y).
(x

lllustrdtion 7 Now xr*l _

f*l : x*+r _ lry + f"y _ f*r
lf 49" + 16n + 7," is divisible by 64 for all z e N, then =et*
:
the least negative integral value of )" is- x^ (x - y) + ylt(x - y) [Using (i)]
: (* - y) (*
(r)-2 (2)-r
+ y7,,) which is divisible by (x - y)

(3)-3 (4)4 So P(m+ 1) is tme

S*lution:
Thus P(rn) is true + P(m + 1) is true
Hence by the principle of mathematical induction P(n)
For n : l, we have
is true for all n e N
49" + l6n + )": 49 + 16 + l" : 65 + l,
i.e. (x' - f) is divisible by (x - y) for all n e N
: 64 + (i. + 1), which is divisible by 64 if )': -l
Forn:2, wehave 49+ l6n+)':492+ 16 x 2+),": 70
2433 + ?," : (64 x 38) + + l), which is divisible by 64
(1,
If to is an imaginary cube root of unity then value of
if l" : -1. Hence, l" : -1. Ans. (2)
the expression

w
For n e N, f*r + (.r + 1)2,-l is divisible by-
l.
(n
(2 -o).(2
- ro) (n -
- ro2; + 2.13
ot2) is-
- o).(3 - (l)2) +..... + (z - t)

(1)x Q\x+t g1
!n2g
+ r12 py
ln'zg
+ t)2- n
(3)ri +x+ r @)* -x+t
Solution: Q)
lo'o+ 1)2 -I (4) None of these
For n : 1, we have
f+r + (x+ 1)2n-t : * + (.r + 1) : * +r + l, which is
Solution:
divisibleby*+x+1.
: i tr -r) tr -r) (n - o'2'1 =
f, {n -r)tn' - n{c,r+o2 ;+
For r :2, we have
Sum ro3 1

l*1+ (r + l)zn-t: y3 + (x + l)3: Qr + l) (x2 +.r + 11, ['.' when r = l, sum:0]

which is divisible by * + x + I :2(n-1)(n2+n+l)
Hence, potion (3) is true. Ans. (3)
:Z(r3 - 1) :2nz _X1 : + n21n + t)2 - nAns. (2)
4
78.4 Mothemotics
71 13

Prove by the principle of mathematical induction Prove that : I + 2 +3 +.. .+ n 1(zrlt)2

8
ro.
that for all n e N, 32'when divided by 8 the remainder allneN.
is always l.
5*lution: Let P(n) be the statement given bY
Let P(n) be the statement given bY
(2n+l)2
P(n) :32" when divided by 8 the remainder is I P(n) : 1 +2+ 3+. ..+ n.
8
or :32': 8)" + I for some )" e N
P(n) Step-I: We have
Step-I: P(l) :32: 81" + I for some 1. e N
(2xt+t\2 '.' (zxt+t)2 g
32: 8 x I + I : 8)"+ I wherel": I P(l): l. f ,.
P(l) is true
--6-= 8

Step-II: Let P(m) be true then .'. P(l) is true

32^ :8?, + 1 for some ), e N Step-II: Let P(m) be true, then
We shall now show that P(m + 1) is true for which we
have to show that 32(m+1) when divided by
g the remainder is I i... 32(m+l) = 8p + 1 for some !r € N t+z+3+... **.Q':!- ...(,)

Now 32(, * t) :32n . 32 = (81, + l) x !

[Using (i)]
P(m + l) is true We shall now show that P(m + l) is true i.e.
=
Thus
+ P(m + 1) is true I + 2 +3 + . . . + m + (m+ 1) < lz(m+l)+l)2
8
Hence by the principle of mathematical induction
P(z) is true for all n e N i.e. 32" when divided by 8 the Now P(z) is true

remainder is always l. (2m+l)2

= I +2+3 + "' + *a
8
72
(2m+l)2
Prove by the principle of mathematical induction l+2+3+...*m*(m+l)< 8
+
thaitn<2 for alln e N. (m+ l)
Solution:
Let P(n) be the statement given by P(n) : n <2' I + 2+ 3 + ... + m + (m + r. @fi#9
Step-IP(1):l<2r
I <2r
P(l) is true t+2+3+...+ m+(m+l)< @P
Step-II: Let P(m) be true thenm <2^
= l+2+3+...+m+(rr+ l)
We shall now show that P(m + l) is true for which we
will have to prove that (m + l) < 2m + |
-(2m +3)2 lzlm+t;+tl2
Now P(m) is true 1-=
88
+ m<2^
2m<2.2^ >2m<zm+t (m + m)<2m+1 P(m + l) is true
= =
= m* I <m * m<2m+l Thus P(z) is ffue
['.'l<m:.m+l<m+mf > P(m + l) is true
+ (m+l)<zn+t:+ P(m+l)istrue
Thus P(z) is true + P(m + l) is true Hence by the principle of mathematical induction P(n)

So by the principle of mathematical induction P(n) is is true for all n e N.

true for alln e N i.e. n <2n for all n e N.
 Mathematical lnduction 78.5
lllustrotion 74
Step-II: Let P(m) be true, then
tk
tf A: 0r , then for some n e N, An is equal to- . (m+l\^.
slnl _ m0
lHsln_
n kn sin 0 + sin 20 +. . . + sin z0 : l'2 ) 2

(1) (2) q
sln
0 ) Il I 2
..(,)

I nk
(3) (4)
0 I t; t) We shall now show that P(m + 1) is true

i.e. sinO + sin20 +... + sin z0 + sin(m + l)0

Solution:
We find that ,,,[rsjlrr]u.*[#'],
_
:[; k I t\ t:t(t 2k .e
sm,
trz
I
)t 0 r)[o r
We have sin 0 + sin20 + ... + sin me + sin(rn + l)e
trt :6 2kI )( I 0 f): (i T) m+l m0
sln SM
Similarly 2 2
+ sin(z + l)0 [Using (i)]
t4k t5k sln
,
A4= etc.
0l ),r':( 0l n4
sln sln
lnk 2 2 m+I m+
so A' :( Ans. (3) + 2 sln
0 I sin
e 2 ), ""rI 2 )'
2

W :,'(,#)r{.,{p*r*.(,1r)r}
Prove by the principle of mathematical induction
that for all r e N, I srnz )

.ro[ttl)r.io4
2 _T
m0 0 m*l
sinO+sin20+sin30+...+sinn0= \ 2 )= . /m+l\
: srn\__Z_/
SM -r z smzcos 0

sin9 '{ srnt

2
Solutian:

:.*('#) "lt[.*(4) +,i"(u]Z), -,*4

Let P(n) be the statement given by
^ I
P(r) : sin 0 + sin 20 + sin 30 +. . . + sin n0

. /n +l\lHsln-
. n0 I srnz )
stnl
[2- ) 2

sln 9 -''{11-}*(^,
2 _-*[gJ,''[#J,_
.e e
)'
*in[lr)e..[ug)
l.. 2
sm-
) sln
,
Step-I: We have P(l) : sin O:
.e
'I - [. 2 J
sln -2 :. P(m + l) is true
Thus, P(4a) is true

sin 0 _''[Tlr.,,[Tcl = P(m + l) is true

Hence by principle mathematical induction P(n) is true

sln 9
2 forallne.l/
P(l) is true
78.6 Mathematics
INTEXT EXERCISE: 7
3. Given Un*t : 3U,- 2un_tand Uo : 2, Ut: 3, the
1. The smallest positive integer n, for which
value of U, for all n e N is

nt.(
n*t\' hord is (a) 2'- l (b) 2'+ l
[2 ) (r) 0 (d) None of these
(a)| (b) 2
4. (l + x)n -nx - 1 is divisible by (where n e N
(c)3 (44
(a) 2x (b) xz
2. When P is a natural number, then P'*l + (P + 11zn-r
(r) 2x3 (d) All of these
is divisible by
(a)P (b) Pz+P
(c) tr +P+ I (O P-r

Answer Key
r. (b) 2.(c) 3. (b) 4.(b)
 Unsolved Exercises
EXERC'SE _ 1

l. Ifp(n): n2 > 100 then

(a) p(l) is true
3. l+ 2+3+.....*n.@+-2)2 ,ne N,istruefor
(D p@) is true (a) n> I (b) n>2
(c) p(k) is true V k> 5, k e N (c) all n (d) none ofthese
(d) p(k+ l) is true wheneverp(t) is true where fr e N 4. lf x + y, then for every natural number n, x, - f is

2.)-*l*l*.....* I divisible by
1.2 2.3 3.4 =ft
n(n +t) n +t' (a) x-y (b) x + y
n e N, is true for (") * -f @) a|of these
(a) n> 3 (b) n>2
5. n3 + (n + l)3 + (n + 2)3 is divisible for all n e Nby
(c) n> 4 (d) attn
(r)3 (qe
(c) 27 (4 8l
Archives: Leost Attempted euestion (LAes) (tEE MAIN)

Single Options Correct 3. LetS(fr) :

I + 3 + 5 +.......+ (2k- t):3 +p. Then
1. Consider the statement : " P(n) : n2 - n+ 4 I is prime". which of the following is true ? IZ004l
Then which one of the following is true? t2019I (a) S(l) is correct
(a) P(5) is false but P(3) is true
(b) .t(fr) + ^s
(/c + l)
(b) P(3) is false but P(5) is true
(c) S(@ ;+ S(r+ l)
(c) Both P(3) and P(5) are false
(d) Both P(3) and P(5) are true (d) Principle of mathematical induction can be used
to prove the formula
2. Statement l. For every natural number n> 2.
lll-
--= *--r *......* ---- ) i n
{l ,12 rln
Statement 2. For every natural number z > 2.
n(n+l) <n*l [20081

(a) Statement-l is False, Statement-2 is True.

(b) Statement-l is True, Statement-2 is True; State-
ment-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(c) Statement-l is True, Statement-2 is True;
Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
Statement-l
(d) Statement-l is True, Statement-2 is False
78.8 Mothematics
Answer Key

Exercise 7

r. (o 2.(O 3.(A 4. @) s. (D)

Archives : Leost Attempted Question (LAQs) AEE MAINI

L (A 2.@) 3. (b)

I
I
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