GASEOUS STATE
Prepared by: Mrs. Cristina P. Soriano, RCh and Engr. Gil Stefan S. Mamaril, M.Sc.
Topic Learning Outcomes
Discuss Derive Solve Discuss
Discuss the different Derive the ideal gas Solve problems Discuss the principle
gas laws. equation using the involving ideal gas of Dalton’s Law of
different gas laws. laws. Partial Pressures.
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF GASES
⚫Indefinite shape
⚫Indefinite volume
⚫Take the shape and volume of container
⚫Particles are far apart
⚫Particles move fast
⚫high Kinetic Energy - particles can separate and move throughout container
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF GASES
Solid Liquid Gas
the most compressible of the states of matter
mix evenly and completely when confined to
the same container
GENERAL
Easily effuse (to flow through small holes) and
PROPERTIES diffuse (to spread to occupy available space)
OF GASES have much lower densities than liquids and
solids
Exert pressure on the containing vessel
Some Elements/Molecules Compounds
substances • H2 ▪ HF, HCl, HBr, HI
found as Gases • N2 ▪ CO, CO2
under normal • O2 ▪ NH3
atmospheric • F2 ▪ NO, NO2, N2O
• Cl2 ▪ SO2
condition (1
• Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, ▪ H2S
atm and 25oC) Kr, Xe, Rn ▪ HCN
Kinetic • Explains the regularity of the behavior of all gases
Molecular
Theory Postulates:
postulated by:
Daniel Bernoulli 1. Gases consist of small molecules that are in
(1738) constant random motion
2. The volumes of all molecules of a gas are small
compared to the space between molecules (A gas is
mostly empty space).
Kinetic 3. Intermolecular forces between particles are
negligible
Molecular
Theory
4. Collisions between molecules and with their
postulated by: container are perfectly elastic ( no energy is lost
Daniel Bernoulli due to friction and the pressure in the container
does not vary with time at any given
(1738) temperature)
5. Average kinetic energy of the molecules is
proportional to absolute Temperature.
Behavior of Gases
• IDEAL GAS
– gas described in kinetic molecular theory and strictly follow gas laws
• REAL OR NON-IDEAL GAS
- deviates from ideal gas behavior at high pressure and temperature
- the intermolecular attractions of these gases hold their molecules close to
one another and allow gases to be liquefied
Variables Temperature (T)
Affecting
Volume (V)
Behavior of
Gases Amount or number of moles (n)
Pressure (P)
Temperature
• A measure of the average kinetic energy of a gas sample measured in Kelvin
• The motion of the molecules is dependent on the temperature
• The molecular motion of molecules measured in terms of the average
kinetic energy increases as temperature is increased
• K = oC + 273.15
Volume (V) or Capacity
• Space occupied by the sample of gas which is equal to the volume of its
container
• Measured in liters (L) due to low densities of gases
Moles of Gas
• The amount or the number of particles present in a gas sample
• in terms of mole of gas (n)
n = moles of gas
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑛= = =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑀𝑊 𝐴𝑊
Pressure
• Force exerted by gas molecules on the wall of the container
• Gases exert pressure on any surface with which they come in contact because
gas molecules are constantly in motion
• Atmospheric Pressure
• Pressure exerted by earth’s atmosphere
• Actual value depends on location, temperature and weather conditions
• Standard Atmospheric Pressure = 1 atm
Conversion of Units for Pressure
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101325 𝑃𝑎
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 760 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1.013 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑙𝑏
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 14.7 2
𝑖𝑛
• 720 torr to mmHg
• 1.58 atm to Pa
Convert the ff: • 17.88 psi to atm
Gas Laws
• Boyle’s Law (volume is inversely proportional to the pressure of gas, at constant
temperature and number of moles)
1 𝑘
𝑉𝛼 →𝑉= (𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)
𝑃 𝑃
𝑷 𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑷 𝟐 𝑽𝟐
• Charles’ Law (Volume of gas is directly proportional to absolute temperature of
gas at constant pressure and number of moles)
𝑉 𝛼 𝑇 → 𝑉 = 𝑘𝑇 (𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)
𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟐
=
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
Gas Laws
• Avogadro’s Law (volume of gas is directly proportional to number of moles of
gas, at constant temperature and pressure)
𝑉 𝛼 𝑛 → 𝑉 = 𝑘𝑛 (𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)
𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟐
=
𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐
• Gay-Lussac’s Law (Pressure of gas is directly proportional to absolute
temperature of gas at constant volume and number of moles)
𝑃 𝛼 𝑇 → 𝑃 = 𝑘𝑇 (𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)
𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐
=
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
Gas Laws
• Combined Gas Law (combination of Boyle’s and Charles’ Law)
𝑇 𝑇
𝑉𝛼 →𝑉=𝑘 (𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)
𝑃 𝑃
𝑷 𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑷 𝟐 𝑽 𝟐
=
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
Sample Problem
A sample of argon gas occupies 105 mL at 0.871 atm. If the temperature and
number of moles of argon remains constant, what is the volume (in L) at 0.259 atm?
Sample Problem
A balloon is filled with 1.95 L of air at 25ᵒC and then placed in a car in the sun. What is
the volume of the balloon (in L) when the temperature in the car reaches 90ᵒC?
IDEAL GAS LAW
𝑷𝑽 = 𝒏𝑹𝑻
where P = pressure of a gas in atm
V = volume of a gas in L
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑔𝑎𝑠
n = number of moles of a gas; 𝑛=
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑊 𝑔𝑎𝑠
T = temperature of a gas in Kelvin; 𝑇𝐾 = 𝑇°𝐶 + 273.15
atm ∙ L
R = 0.08205
mol ∙ K
Example 1
An automobile tire at 23°C with an internal volume of 25.0 L is filled with air to a
total pressure of 3.18 atm. Determine the number of moles of air in the tire.
Solution:
Example 2
What is the pressure in a 19-L tank that contains 5.67 g of helium at 25°C?
Solution:
Example 3
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a gas used as a long-term tamponade (plug)
for a retinal hole to repair detached retinas in the eye. If this compound
is introduced into an evacuated 500.0-mL container at 83°C with a
pressure of 760 torr, what is the mass (in grams) of the compound?
Molar mass: S = 32 g/mol ; F = 19 g/mol
DENSITY OF A GAS
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚
𝐷= =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉
Formula for n
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚
𝑛= =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑊 𝑀𝑊
Using Ideal Gas Law
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑚
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑅𝑇
𝑀𝑊
𝑚 𝑃𝑀𝑊
𝐷= =
𝑉 𝑅𝑇
Unit of density of gas is g/L
STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE (STP)
P = 1 atm
T = 273.15 K
• At STP, one mole of any gas occupies a volume of 22.41 L
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐺𝑎𝑠 = 22.41 𝐿 𝐺𝑎𝑠
Ex: At STP,
1 mol O2 = 22.41 L O2
Ex: At STP,
1 mol CH4 = 22.41 L CH4
Example 4
Calculate the volume occupied by 7.40 g of NH3 at STP.
Solution:
Example 5
Calculate the density of NO2 at STP.
Solution:
Example 6
Calculate the density of HCl(g) at 850 mmHg and 39°C.
Solution:
Try this
Calculate the density of CH4 at STP
Molar mass: C = 12 g/mol ; H = 1 g/mol
𝒈
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑫𝑪𝑯𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟒 𝑪𝑯𝟒
𝑳
• Gases mix homogeneously in any proportions
Mixture of • Each gas in a mixture behaves as if it were the
Gases only gas present (assuming no chemical
interactions).
• In a mixture of unreacting gases, the total
pressure is the sum of the partial pressures of
the individual gases.
Dalton’s
Law of 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵 + 𝑃𝐶 + …
Partial
Pressures Partial Pressure
• It is the pressure exerted by each gas in a
mixture
• In a mixture of unreacting gases, the total pressure
is the sum of the partial pressures of the individual
gases.
Dalton’s
𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵 + 𝑃𝐶 + …
Law of
Partial Where:
PT = Total pressure inside the vessel
Pressures PA = partial pressure of Gas A inside the vessel
PB = partial pressure of Gas B inside the vessel
PC = partial pressure of Gas C inside the vessel
Gas Mixture
http://www.chem.uiuc.edu/rogers/Text9/Tx96/tx96.html
The total moles of gas mixture is the sum of the
moles of the individual gases.
𝑷 𝑻 = 𝑷 𝑨 + 𝑷𝑩 + 𝑷 𝑪 + …
𝒏𝑻 = 𝒏𝑨 + 𝒏𝑩 + 𝒏𝑪 + …
Where:
PT = Total pressure inside the vessel
nT = Total pressure inside the vessel
nA = mole of Gas A inside the vessel
nB = mole of Gas B inside the vessel
nC = mole of Gas C inside the vessel
http://www.chem.uiuc.edu/rogers/Text9/Tx96/tx96.html
Partial Pressures and Mole Fraction
• Each component in a mixture contributes a fraction of the total
number of moles in the mixture.
• Mole Fraction (X)
𝑛𝐴 𝑛𝐵 𝑛𝐶
𝑋𝐴 = ; 𝑋𝐵 = ; 𝑋𝐶 =
𝑛𝑇 𝑛𝑇 𝑛𝑇
Partial Pressures and Mole Fraction
Mole Fraction (X)
𝑛𝐴 𝑛𝐵 𝑛𝐶
𝑋𝐴 = ; 𝑋𝐵 = ; 𝑋𝐶 =
𝑛𝑇 𝑛𝑇 𝑛𝑇
Since the total pressure is due to the total number of moles, the partial pressure
of a gas in gas mixture is equal to the total pressure multiplied by the mole
fraction of a gas.
𝑃𝐴 = 𝑋𝐴 𝑃𝑇
𝑃𝐵 = 𝑋𝐵 𝑃𝑇
𝑃𝐶 = 𝑋𝐶 𝑃𝑇
Sample Problem 1
Dry air contains the following mole Gas Mole Fraction
fraction: Component (X)
N2 0.78
Calculate the partial pressure (in kPa) O2 0.21
for N2, O2, and Ar. The total pressure Ar 0.01
is equal to the atmospheric pressure
(101.325 kPa)
Sample Problem 2
A mixture of consisting of 7.0 g of CO and 10.0 g of SO2 has a total pressure of 0.33 atm
when placed in a sealed container. What are the partial pressures (in atm) of CO and SO2?
Molar mass: CO = 28 g/mol ; SO2 = 64 g/mol
Try this!
A chemical engineer places a mixture of noble gases consisting of 5.50 g of
He, 15.0 g Ne, and 35.0 g of Kr in piston-cylinder assembly at STP. Calculate
the partial pressure (in atm) of each gas.
Molar mass: He = 4 g/mol ; Ne = 20.18 g/mol ; Kr = 83.79 g/mol
Try this!
A chemical engineer places a mixture of noble gases consisting of 5.50 g of
He, 15.0 g Ne, and 35.0 g of Kr in piston-cylinder assembly at STP. Calculate
the partial pressure (in atm) of each gas.
Molar mass: He = 4 g/mol ; Ne = 20.18 g/mol ; Kr = 83.79 g/mol
Answers:
𝑷𝑯𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝒎
𝑷𝑵𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟑 𝒂𝒕𝒎
𝑷𝑲𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟓 𝒂𝒕𝒎
References
• Silberberg (2004). “Chemistry. The Molecular
Nature of Matter and Change, 4th edition”
McGraw – Hill International Edition
• Zumdahl and Zumdahl (2012). “Chemistry: An
Atoms First Approach, 1st edition” Cengage
Learning
• Masterton and Hurley (2016). “Chemistry:
Principles and Reactions 8th edition” Cengage
Learning
Thank You!
