PREPARED BY:

AGONIA, VEVIN LOTINO

Science Teacher 1
Gases

Properties
and
Characteristics
of
Gases
Gases
Learning Objectives:
- define pressure and give its
common units;
- express the gas laws in equation
form;
- use the gas laws to determine
pressure, volume, temperature of a
gas under certain conditions of
change;
- use the Ideal gas equation to
calculate pressure, volume,
temperature, or number of moles
of a gas; and
- use Dalton’s law of partial
pressures of gases in a mixture.
Properties of Gases
gases liquids solids
Density low high higher
Solubility readily soluble less soluble than least soluble
gas
Shape And fill container; no have fixed fixed shape
Volume fix volume volume; no fixed
shaped

Diffusion easily diffuse diffuse slower diffuse slowest

than gases
Motion very free to move freely to move least freely to
move
Particle widely separated not widely closely packed
Arrangement separated
Compressibility easy to compress difficult to extremely difficult
compress to compress
Characteristics of Gases
 Gases expand to fill any container.
• random motion, no attraction
 Gases are fluids (like liquids).
• no attraction
 Gases have very low densities.
• no volume = lots of empty space
Characteristics of Gases
 Gases can be compressed.
• no volume = lots of empty space
 Gases undergo diffusion & effusion.
• random motion
Physical Characteristics of Gases

Physical Characteristics Typical Units

Volume (V) liters (L)

Pressure (P) atmosphere

(1 atm = 1.015x105 N/m2)

Temperature (T) Kelvin (K)

Number of atoms or mole

molecules (n) (1 mol = 6.022x1023
atoms or molecules)
Pressure
 KEY UNITS AT SEA LEVEL
101,325 Pa
101.325 kPa
1 atm
760 mm Hg N
kPa  2
760 torr m
14.7 psi (lb/in2)
1.01325 bar
Pressure
 It is defined as force, F, that
acts on a given area, A.
 Pascal (Pa) being the standard
unit.

P = F/A
Pressure
 KEY UNITS AT SEA LEVEL
101,325 Pa
101.325 kPa
1 atm
760 mm Hg N
kPa  2
760 torr m
14.7 psi (lb/in2)
1.01325 bar
STP

STP
Standard Temperature & Pressure

0°C 273 K
-OR-
1 atm 101.325 kPa
Atmospheric Pressure
 It is the pressure exerted by
Earth’s atmosphere- dependent
with locations, temperature, and
weather conditions.
Answer this?
 What is the relationship
between altitude and pressure?
Example:
 The barometer in Manila gives a
reading of 0.95 atm. What is the
equivalent pressure in
a) torr; and
b) psi?
Solutions:
 Determine the conversion factor:
1 atm = 760 torr; 1 atm = 14.7 psi

P = 0.95 atm x 760 torr = 722 torr

1 atm

P = 0.95 atm x 14.7 psi = 13.97 or 14 psi

1 atm
Gases

The Gas
Laws:
BOYLES
CHARLES
GAY-
LUSSAC
 Boyle’s Law
 Pressure and volume are
inversely related at
constant temperature.
 PV = K
 As one goes up, the other
goes down.
 P1V1 = P2V2
“Father of Modern Chemistry”
Robert Boyle P
Chemist & Natural Philosopher
Listmore, Ireland
January 25, 1627 – December 30, 1690
V
Boyle’s Law: P1V1 = P2V2
Boyle’s Law: P1V1 = P2V2
 Gas Law Sample Problems:
 A gas occupies 100. mL at 150.
kPa. Find its volume at 200. kPa.
BOYLE’S LAW
GIVEN: P V WORK:
V1 = 100. mL P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
P1 = 150. kPa (150.kPa)(100.mL)=(200.kPa)V2
V2 = ? V2 = 75.0 mL
P2 = 200. kPa
 Charles’ Law
 Volume of a gas varies
directly with the absolute
temperature at constant
pressure.
 V = KT
 V1 / T1 = V2 / T2

Jacques-Alexandre Charles
Mathematician, Physicist, Inventor
V Beaugency, France
November 12, 1746 – April 7, 1823

T
Charles’ Law: V1/T1 = V2/T2
Charles’ Law: V1/T1 = V2/T2
 Gas Law Sample Problems:
 A gas occupies 473 cm3 at 36°C.
Find its volume at 94°C.
CHARLES’ LAW
GIVEN: T V WORK:
V1 = 473 cm3 P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
T1 = 36°C = 309K (473 cm3)(367 K)=V2(309 K)
V2 = ?
V2 = 562 cm3
T2 = 94°C = 367K
Quiz:
 Complete the following table. Show
your complete solutions.
ITEM P1 V1 P2 V2

A 3.0 atm 25 mL 6.0 atm ?

B 99.97 kPa 550 mL ? 275 mL

C 0.89 atm ? 3.56 atm 20.0 L

D ? 800 mL 500 kPa 160 mL

E 0.040 atm ? 250 atm 1.0 x 10 -2 L

 Gay-Lussac Law
 At constant
volume, pressure
and absolute
temperature are
directly related.
 P=kT
 P1 / T1 = P2 / T2 Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac
Experimentalist
Limoges, France
December 6, 1778 – May 9, 1850
 Avogadro’s Law
At constant temperature
and pressure, the volume
of a gas is directly related
to the number of moles.
V =Kn
V1 / n1 = V 2 / n 2
Amedeo Avogadro
Physicist
Turin, Italy V
August 9, 1776 – July 9, 1856

n
Avogadro’s Law: V1/n1=V2/n2
 Let’s try this one:
 5.00 L of gas is known to contain 0.965
mol. If the amount of gas is increased to
1.80 mol, what volume will result (at an
unchanged temperature and pressure)?
 A 25.5 liter balloon holding 3.5 moles of
carbon dioxide leaks. If we are able to
determine that 1.9 moles of carbon
dioxide escaped before the container
could be sealed, what is the new volume
of the container?
Gases

Ideal Gas Law

Ideal gas Law
 An ideal gas is a hypothetical
gas whose pressure-volume-
temperature behavior can be
completely accounted for by the
ideal gas equation.
 Before we can apply the ideal gas
equation to a real system, we must
evaluate the gas constant R. At 0
o
C (273.15 K) and 1 atm pressure,
many real gases behave like an
ideal gas. Experiments show that
under these conditions, 1 mole of
an ideal gas occupies 22.414 L.
The conditions at 0 oC and 1 atm
are called STP.
Ideal Gas Law

V
PV
k
=R
n
nT
T
UNIVERSAL GAS
CONSTANT
R=0.0821 Latm/molK
R=8.315 dm kPa/molK
3
Ideal Gas Law

PV=nRT
UNIVERSAL GAS
CONSTANT
R=0.0821 Latm/molK
R=8.315 dm kPa/molK
3
Combined Gas Law
 Ideal Gas Law
 Calculate the pressure in atmospheres of
0.412 mol of He at 16°C & occupying 3.25 L.
IDEAL GAS LAW
GIVEN: WORK:
P = ? atm PV = nRT
n = 0.412 mol
P(3.25)=(0.412)(0.0821)(289)
T = 16°C = 289 K L mol Latm/molK K
V = 3.25 L
P = 3.01 atm
R = 0.0821Latm/molK
 Ideal Gas Law
 Find the volume of 85 g of O2 at 25°C
and 104.5 kPa.
IDEAL GAS LAW
GIVEN: WORK:
V=? 85 g 1 mol = 2.66 mol
n = 85 g = 2.7 mol 32.00 g
T = 25°C = 298 K
PV = nRT
P = 104.5 kPa
(104.5)V=(2.66) (8.315) (298
R = 8.315 dm kPa/molK
3
kPa mol dm3kPa/molK K
V = 63.07 dm3
 Gases

Dalton’s Law of
Partial Pressures
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
 The total pressure in a
container is the sum of the pressure
each gas would exert if it were
alone in the container.
 The total pressure is the sum
 of the partial pressures.

 PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P5 ...

*(For each gas P = nRT/V)

John Dalton
Chemist & Physicist
Eaglesfield, Cumberland, England
September 6, 1766 – July 27, 1844
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
 Hydrogen gas is collected over water at
22.5°C. Find the pressure of the dry gas
if the atmospheric pressure is 94.4 kPa.
The total pressure in the collection bottle is equal to atmospheric
pressure and is a mixture of H2 and water vapor.

GIVEN: WORK:
PH2 = ? Ptotal = PH2 + PH2O
Ptotal = 94.4 kPa 94.4 kPa = PH2 + 2.72 kPa
PH2O = 2.72 kPa PH2 = 91.7 kPa
Sig Figs: Round to least number
of decimal places.
 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
 A gas is collected over water at a temp of 35.0°C
when the barometric pressure is 742.0 torr.
What is the partial pressure of the dry gas?
The total pressure in the collection bottle is equal to barometric
pressure and is a DALTON’S LAW
mixture of the “gas” and water vapor.

GIVEN: WORK:
Pgas = ? Ptotal = Pgas + PH2O
Ptotal = 742.0 torr 742.0 torr = PH2 + 42.2 torr
PH2O = 42.2 torr Pgas = 699.8 torr
Sig Figs: Round to least number
of decimal places.
Useful equation in Dalton’s Law:
Let’s try this one:
 A mixture of gases contains 3.78
mol of Helium, 1.36 mol of Neon,
and 2.09 mol Argon. Determine the
partial pressures of the gases if the
total pressures of the mixture is
4.25 atm at a particular controlled
temperature.
Gas Stoichiometry
 Gas Stoichiometry Problem
 How many grams of Al2O3 are formed from
15.0 L of O2 at 97.3 kPa & 21°C?
4 Al + 3 O2  2 Al2O3
15.0 L
non-STP ?g
GIVEN: WORK: Given liters: Start with
Ideal Gas Law and
P = 97.3 kPa PV = nRT calculate moles of O2.
V = 15.0 L (97.3 kPa) (15.0 L)
n=? = n (8.315dm kPa/molK) (294K)
3

T = 21°C = 294 K NEXT 

R = 8.315 dm kPa/molK
3 n = 0.597 mol O2
 Gas Stoichiometry Problem
 How many grams of Al2O3 are formed
from 15.0 L of O2 at 97.3 kPa & 21°C?
4 Al + 3 O2  2 Al2O3
15.0L
Use stoich to convert moles non-STP ?g
of O2 to grams Al2O3.

0.597 2 mol 101.96 g

mol O2 Al2O3 Al2O3
= 40.6 g Al2O3
3 mol O2 1 mol
Al2O3