THE GASES STATE

CHAPTER 6

CHM 131
D
LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Define the gas laws: Boyle’s law, Charles’s law, Gay
Lussac’s law and Avogadro’s law
• Determine density and molar mass of the gas
• Determine reaction stoichiometry involving gases
• Find partial pressures using Dalton’s law
• Solve Graham’s law of diffusion and effusion
• Interpret the deviation from ideal gas behavior
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
GASES
• Gases assume the volume and shape of their container.
• Most compressible of the states of matter.
• Mix evenly and completely when confined to the same
container.
• Lower densities than liquids and solids
UNIT OF PRESSURE
PRESSURE
PRESSURE = FORCE/AREA

FORCE = MASS X ACCELERATION

1 Standard atmosphere 1 atm

1 atm 760 mmHg (exactly)

760 mmHg (exactly) 760 torr

760 torr 101.325 kPa

100 kPa 1 bar

GAS PRESSURE
EXERCISE
1. The pressure outside a jet plane flying at high altitude falls
considerably below standard atmospheric pressure.
Therefore, the air inside the cabin must be pressurized to
protect the passengers. What is the pressure in
atmospheres in the cabin if the barometer reading is 688
mmHg?

2. The atmospheric pressure in San Francisco on a certain

day was 732 mmHg. What was the pressure in kPa?
GAS LAWS
 DALTON’S
LAW
CHARLES’S
LAW
AVOGADRO’
S LAW
GAS LAWS

BOYLES LAW
VARIABLES THAT EFFECT THE
PROPERTIES
Pressure (p) OF THE GAS
Volume (V)

Temperature Number of
(T) Mole (n)
BOYLES LAW
The pressure of a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature is
inversely proportional to the volume of the gas

P1V1 = P2V2
BOYLES LAW ILLUSTRATION
VOLUME AND PRESSURE
PLOTS
EXERCISE
A sample of chlorine gas occupies a volume of 946 mL at a
pressure of 726 mmHg. What is the pressure of the gas (in
mmHg) if the volume is reduced at constant temperature to
154 mL?
CHARLES’S LAW
The volume of a fixed amount of gas maintained at constant
pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the
gas.

GAY LUSSAC’S LAW

CHARLES’S LAW ILLUSTRATION
VOLUME-TEMPERATURE PLOTS
APPLICATION OF CHARLES’S
AVOGADRO’S LAW
At constant pressure and temperature, the volume of a gas
is directly proportional to the number of moles of the gas
present
IDEAL GAS
EQUATION
IDEAL GAS EQUATION
 UNIVERSAL GAS CONSTANT

Depends
on the unit
you use.
STANDARD TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE (STP)

STP : Standard Temperature and Pressure

Standard Temperature 0.0⁰C 273.15 K

760 mmHg
1 atm 760 torr
Standard Pressure
101325 Pascals 101.325 kPa

AT STP, 1 mole of any ideal gas has a volume of 22.42 Liters

What is the volume (in liters) occupied by 49.8 g of HCl at
STP?
T = 0 0C = 273.15 K

P = 1 atm
PV = nRT 1 mol HCl
n = 49.8 g x = 1.37 mol
nRT 36.45 g HCl
V=
P
L•atm
1.37 mol x 0.0821 mol•K
x 273.15 K
V=
1 atm

V = 30.7 L
Argon is an inert gas used in lightbulbs to retard the vaporization of the
filament. A certain lightbulb containing argon at 1.20 atm and 18 0C is
heated to 85 0C at constant volume. What is the final pressure of argon in
the lightbulb (in atm)?

PV = nRT n, V and R are constant

nR
= P = constant P1 = 1.20 atm P2 = ?
V T
T1 = 291 K T2 = 358 K
P1 P2
=
T1 T2
T2
P2 = P1 x = 1.20 atm x 358 K = 1.48 atm
T1 291 K
 DENSITY
AND MOLAR
MASS
DENSITY & MOLAR MASS
CALCULATIONS

M= d=

The density of a gas is directly proportional to its

molar mass
A 2.10-L vessel contains 4.65 g of a gas at 1.00 atm and 27.0 0C.
What is the molar mass of the gas?

dRT m 4.65 g g
M= d= = 2.10 L = 2.21
P V L

g L•atm
2.21 x 0.0821 mol•K
x 300.15 K
L
M=
1 atm

54.5 g/mol
M=
 GAS
STOICHIOMETRY:
When the reactants and/or
products are gases, we can also
use the relationships between
amounts (moles, n) and volume (v)
to solve the problems
What is the volume of CO2 produced at 37 0C and 1.00 atm when
5.60 g of glucose are used up in the reaction:
C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g) 6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l)

1 mol C6H12O6 6 mol CO2

5.60 g C6H12O6 x x = 0.187 mol CO2
180 g C6H12O6 1 mol C6H12O6

L•atm
0.187 mol x 0.0821 x 310.15 K
nRT mol•K
V= = = 4.76 L
P 1.00 atm
What volume of H2 at 765 torr and 225oC is needed to reduce 35.5 g of
copper(II) oxide to form pure copper and water?

CuO(s) + H2(g) Cu(s) + H2O(g)

mol CuO 1 mol H2

35.5 g CuO = 0.446 mol H2
79.55 g CuO 1 mol CuO

atm*L
0.446 mol H2 x 0.0821 x 498 K
mol*K = 18.1 L
1.01 atm
DALTON
LAWS
&
GRAHAM
LAWS
DALTON’S LAW
The total pressure of a mixture of gases is just the sum of the
pressures that each gas would exert if it were present alone.

P TOTAL = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + …………
MOLE FRACTION
• The mole fraction (X) is a ratio of the number of moles of one
component to the number of moles of all components present.
• In general, the mole fraction of component A in a mixture is given
by
Mole fraction = NA

NTOTAL
• Express the partial pressure as
PA = XAPT
A sample of natural gas contains 8.24 moles of CH4, 0.421 moles of
C2H6, and 0.116 moles of C3H8. If the total pressure of the gases is 1.37
atm, what is the partial pressure of propane (C3H8)?

Pi = Xi PT PT = 1.37 atm

0.116
Xpropane = = 0.0132
8.24 + 0.421 + 0.116

Ppropane = 0.0132 x 1.37 atm = 0.0181 atm

EXERCISE
In a study of O2 uptake by muscle at high altitude, a physiologist
prepares an atmosphere consisting of 79 mole % N 2, 17 mole % 16O2,
and 4.0 mole % 18O2. The pressure of the mixture is 0.75 atm to
simulate high altitude. Determine the mole fraction and partial
pressure of 18O2 in the mixture.
EXERCISE
A mixture of gases contains 4.46 moles of neon (Ne), 0.74 mole
mole of argon (Ar) and 2.15 moles of xenon (Xe). Calculate the
partial pressures of the gases if the total pressure is 2.00 atm at a
certain temperature.
GRAHAM’S LAW
Effusion OF DIFFUSION &
EFFUSION

Phenomena based
on gases motion

Diffusion
EFFUSION:
The process by which a gas
escapes from its container
through a tiny hole into an
evacuated space

DIFFUSION:
The process of gas movement
of one gas through another
RATE OF EFFUSION
DEVIATION FROM IDEAL BEHAVIOUR
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY: POSTULATES

a) Gas consist of tiny particles of negligible volume

b) Intermolecular forces of attraction do not exist between
gas particles
c) Gas are in continuous random motion
d) The gases particles are perfectly elastic
e) The average kinetic energy of gas α absolute temperature.
 Low
DEVIATIONS
High PressureFROM IDEAL GAS
Temperature
BEHAVIOUR
• Deviations of from the ideal gas behaviour happen at 2 conditions:

• At this conditions, the gas behave as a REAL GAS, rather than

IDEAL GAS
• Under these conditions, the two basic assumptions behind the
ideal gas law—namely, that gas molecules have negligible volume
and that intermolecular interactions are negligible
DEVIATIONS FROM IDEAL BEHAVIOR OF GASES
 What really happen at this condition (low temperature & high pressure).

• The
intermolecular
distances
become
smaller • Kinetic energy
• Volume of the gas
occupied by molecules
the molecules decreases
becomes • Molecules
significant can no longer
compared overcome the
High FROM IDEAL BEHAVIOR

with the intermolecular

volume of the attractive
container forces
• Total volume • The gas
occupied by liquefies
the gas is (condenses to
greater than a liquid)
the volume
predicted by
the ideal gas
law. Temperature
Pressure
DEVIATION

Low
 IDEAL GASES VS. REAL GASES

IDEAL GASES REAL GASES

Volumeless • Finite volumes
• Particles do take up space
• Volume of the gas is actually less
than the volume of the container

Do not interact with each other Particles do attract each other

Molecules would travel in straight Paths would curve due to the

lines attractions between molecules.
MOLECULAR SPEED
• Although the molecules in a sample of gas have an
average kinetic energy (and therefore an average speed)
the individual molecules move at various speeds, i.e. they
exhibit a distribution of speeds
• At the same temperature, lighter gases move on average
faster than heavier gases.