Topic 1: Matter

Dr Zainab Ngaini
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

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 States of Matter
• Gases
– indefinite volume and shape, low density.
• Liquids
– definite volume, indefinite shape, and high density.
• Solids
– definite volume and shape, high density

• Solids and liquids have high densities because their

molecules are close together.

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Heating Curve & Characteristics

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 The Kinetic Theory of Gases

A gas is composed of particles

• molecules or atoms
• Considered to be hard spheres far apart that
we can ignore their volume.
• Between the molecules is empty space.
• Volume gas = volume of container

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The particles are in constant random motion.
• Move in straight lines until they bounce off each other or
the walls.
• Kinetic energy greater than attractive forces between
molecules
Perfume molecules moving across
the room are evidence of this.

All collisions are perfectly elastic

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 Gas and Characteristics
• Pressure = the result of collisions of the molecules with
the sides of a container.

• SI unit = 1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2

• Pressure is also measured in units of atmospheres (atm).
• A vacuum is completely empty space - it has no pressure
• It is measured with a device called a barometer.

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 Atmosphere Pressure and Barometer

• Barometer – a device to measure atmospheric pressure

• If a tube is inserted into a container of mercury open to

the atmosphere, the mercury will rise 760 mm up the
tube.

• Standard atmospheric pressure is the pressure required

to support 760 mm of Hg in a column.

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Barometer
• At one atmosphere
pressure a column
of mercury 760
mm high.
76 cm
• 1 atm = 760 mmHg

101.325 kPa
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 Gas laws
• Boyle’s law - a relationship between the
volume and pressure of gases (constant
temperature)
– Volume of a gas decreases the pressure
increases
– The smaller the space a gas occupies, the
more pressure

• Charles’ law - a relationship between the

temperature and volume of a gas (constant
pressure)
– Temperature of a gas increases its volume
increases
– Heating air causes it to expand

• Avogadro’s law a relationship between

volume and the amount of substances of a
gas
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 The Ideal Gas Equation
* Consider the three gas laws.

* We can combine these into a general gas law:

nT
V
P

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 Gas Laws

Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT 101.325 kPa

where P = pressure R = 0.08206 atm.L

V = volume mol.K
n = moles
T = temperature (K) R = 62.36 L.torr
mol.K
R = gas constant
R= 8.314 kPa•L
mol•K

Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP):

0 oC → 273.15 K and 1 atm. 11
 Temperature & Thermometer

• At absolute zero (which is about -273.15 oC, 0 K) all

molecular motion stops

• Temperature Conversion Formulas

– Celsius to Kelvin K = C + 273; 21oC = 294 K
– Kelvin to Celsius C = K – 273; 313 K = 40 oC
– Fahrenheit to Celsius C = (F - 32) x 5/9; 89 oF = 31.7 oC
– Celsius to Fahrenheit F = (C x 9/5) + 32; 50 oC = 122 o F

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Moles

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 Moles of gases
Gas is a molecule
• H2 = 2 x 1.01g = 2.02 g = 1 mole
• O2 = 2 x 16.0g = 32.0 g = 1 mole
• N2 ? Ne2 ?

As
Q1b= 15g ?
Volume = ?

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 Sample problems
1. a) How many moles of H2 is in a 3.1 L sample of H2
measured at 300 kPa and 20°C? R = 0.08206 atm.L
PV = nRT mol.K

R = 62.36 L.torr
mol.K

R= 8.314 kPa•L
mol•K

b) What is the mass of the sample?

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 Sample problems
2. How many grams of O2 are in a 315 mL container that has a pressure of
12 atm at 25°C?
P= 1215.9 kPa, V= 0.315 L, T= 298 K
PV = nRT

(1215.9 kPa)(0.315 L) = n = 0.1547 mol

(8.314 kPa•L/K•mol)(298 K)
R = 0.08206 atm.L
mol.K

How many grams of O2 ? R = 62.36 L.torr

mol.K
0.1547 mol x 32 g/mol = 4.95 g
R= 8.314 kPa•L
mol•K

Q= calculate the mass of the oxygen gas in grams, if 5.49 L at 45ºC has a
pressure of 11.25 kPa. 18
 Discussion on Assignment
Calculate each of the following quantities for an ideal gas:

Q1a) Calculate the pressure exerted by 0.0153 moles of CO2 gas in a container of
1.467 L at 20.0o C

PV = nRT
T= 20 + 273 = 298K, V= 1.467 L, R = 0.08206 atm.L
P = nRT mol.K
n= 0.0153 moles
V
R = 62.36 L.torr
mol.K
= (0.0153 moles)(0.0821 atm.L) x 293 K
mol.K R= 8.314 kPa•L
mol•K
1.467 L

= 0.251 atm

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 Dalton’s Law of partial pressure
The total pressure of a mixture of gases = sum of the partial
pressures of all the gases present (T = V)

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