II. ASPECTS OF ARCHITECTURE A.

FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF ARCHITECTURE

III. MATERIAL
ASPECTS IN ARCHITECTURE
The Jean-Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre |
▪ FUNCTIONAL
Architect Renzo Piano
- the placement, form, and features of a
Pyramids of Giza
building must reflect its intended use and the
Guggenheim Museum Bilbao | Frank Gehry
people who use it while permitting future
A. FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF ARCHITECTURE
adaptations or improvements.
IV. SERVICE
▪ AESTHETIC
• Building services are the systems
- how beauty and design are inspiring each
installed in a buildings to make them
other & is a branch of philosophy concerning
comfortable, functional, efficient and
studies on the nature and expression of beauty
safe.
or taste.
• Structural
▪ PHYCHOLOGICAL
• Plumbing
Spatial SEQUENCE spatial FIT
• Electrical
A. FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF ARCHITECTURE
• Fire safety
A. FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF ARCHITECTURE
• Maintenance
SITE:
A. FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF ARCHITECTURE
• Location (geography)a point
V. CIRCULATION - Refers to the way people
or an area on the Earth's
move through and interact with a building
surface or elsewhere
A. FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF ARCHITECTURE
• Building site, a place
❑ APPROACH – the distant view
where construction takes
❑ ENTRANCE – from outside to inside
place
❑ CONFIGURATION OF THE PATH – the
A. FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF ARCHITECTURE
sequences of spaces
II. STRUCTURE:
❑ PATH-SPACE RELATIONSHIP – edges, nodes,
• It is an arrangement and organization
and termination of the path
of interrelated elements in a material
❑ FORM OF THE CIRCULATION SPACE –
object or system, or the object or
corridors, halls, galleries, stairways and rooms
system so organized
FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF ARCHITECTURE
A. FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF ARCHITECTURE
CIRCULATION: DIFFERENT TYPES
B. STRUCTURE:
FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF ARCHITECTURE
The Oculus, Santiago Calatrava The Ogden
CIRCULATION: DIFFERENT TYPES
Center by Daniel Libeskind | Office buildings
F. EXPRESSION
A. FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF ARCHITECTURE
in architecture implies a clear and authentic
III. MATERIAL
displaying of the character or personally of an
• It is used for construction process.
individual (Architect).
May naturally occurring substances,
FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF ARCHITECTURE
such as clay,rocks, sand and wood,
G. CHARACTER - and style of a building is based
even twigs and leaves, have been
on its functional aspects, associated aspects and
use to construct buildings.
personal aspect.
• Apart form naturally occurring
- The character of some building is expressed
materials, many man made products
through elements associated with certain
are in use, some or more and some
influences.
less synthetic
FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF ARCHITECTURE B. PROPORTION – the relationship between
FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF ARCHITECTURE: different things or parts with respect to
CHARACTER comparative size, number or degree.
H. EXPERIENCE - in architecture is the art of the Example : Golden section, classical orders, ken ,
articulating a dear user story/journey through a modular, anthropometry, scale and renaissance
design as intended by the architect. theories.
FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF ARCHITECTURE [Link] OF ARCHITECTURE : AESTHETICS
FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF ARCHITECTURE: ELEMENTS OF AESTHETIC :
EXPERIENCE C. SYMMETRY - is the reflection of shared
• Aesthetic of a building is one forms, shapes, or angles across a central line or
of the principal aspects point called the axis. Basically, components that
considered in architecture. mirror each other across an axis are
• The appeal of a building covers symmetrical.
the combined effects of a D. BALANCE – stability of an arrangement , it
building’s shape, size, texture, refer to the way an arrangement appears to the
colour, balance, unity, eye.
movement, emphasis, contrast, [Link] OF ARCHITECTURE : AESTHETICS
symmetry, proportion, space, ELEMENTS OF AESTHETIC :
alignment, pattern, decoration, E. CONTRAST - is mainly used to enhance the
culture and context. expressiveness of significant urban spaces, to
[Link] OF ARCHITECTURE : AESTHETICS create urban dominants, to form accents in
• ELEMENTS OF AESTHETIC : panoramas that are homogeneous in character.
a. Mass and space • A contrasting architectural object
b. Proportion can stand in a space separate
c. Symmetry from other buildings.
e. Balance [Link] OF ARCHITECTURE : AESTHETICS
d. Contrast ELEMENTS OF AESTHETIC :
e. Decoration F. DECORATION - refers to the 'dressing' of a
f. Massing room or interior space.
[Link] OF ARCHITECTURE : AESTHETICS • It can be referred to as 'interior
ELEMENTS OF AESTHETIC : decoration' or 'decor' and relates to the
a. Mass and space - are the raw materials of aesthetics of a space and its furniture,
architectural form; from them the architect furnishings, surface finishes, lighting,
creates an ordered expression through the and so on.
process of composition. [Link] OF ARCHITECTURE : AESTHETICS
• Mass - refers to the size or physical bulk ELEMENTS OF AESTHETIC :
of a building, and can be understood as G. MASSING - refers to the structure in three
the actual size, or size relative to context. dimensions (form), not just its outline from a
And single perspective (shape).
• Space - encompasses the volume of a - Massing influences the sense of space which
structure, the parts of a building we move the building encloses, and helps to define both
through and experience the interior space and the exterior shape of the
[Link] OF ARCHITECTURE : AESTHETICS building.
ELEMENTS OF AESTHETIC : [Link] OF ARCHITECTURE : AESTHETICS
mood and productivity
[Link] OF ARCHITECTURE :
PSYCHOLOGICAL
• Physical structure has a significant effect on
human behavior.
• Research suggests the design of residential
and commercial space has pervasive effects on
its inhabitants and is an important
consideration in architectural design.
• Space, form, and light are elements that are
often incorporated either purposefully or
unconsciously for aesthetic or practical reasons
but more pointedly give people meaning,
purpose and stability amidst an ever changing
physical universe of seeming chao
 BECOMES A LINE WITH LENGTH, DIRECTION
AND POSITION
I. VISUAL DESIGN ELEMENTS [Link] • PRIMARY ELEMENTS•
VISUAL DESIGN ELEMENTS Piazza del Campidoglio, Rome, c. 1544,
▪ ELEMENTS OF DESIGN Michelangelo Buonarroti. The equestrian statue
Are the components or part which can be of Marcus Aurelius marks the center of this
isolated and defined in any visual design or urban space
work of art. They structure and carry the work. The Saint Peter's Square is a large plaza located
I.A PRIMARY ELEMENTS POINT• LINES• PLANE• in front of St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City,
VOLUMES Rome, Italy. An iconic example of Baroque
PRIMARY ELEMENTS POINT• LINES• PLANE• architecture, it is considered one of the most
VOLUMES famous squares in the world and is often used
PRIMARY ELEMENTS POINT• LINES• PLANE• for religious ceremonies and events. The square
VOLUMES was designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini and was
[Link] • PRIMARY ELEMENTS• completed in 1667 CE
[Link] • PRIMARY ELEMENTS• [Link] • PRIMARY ELEMENTS•
▪ Marks a position in space POINT
▪ It has no length, width or POINT IS EXTENDED
depth Obelisk of Thutmose I, Karnak
▪ It is static, centralized and Rizal Monument, Manila , Philippines
directionless . Triumphal Column, Berlin, Germany
▪ The two ends of line . [Link] • PRIMARY ELEMENTS•
A point can serve : ▪ Other point-generated forms that share theses
▪ The intersection of two same visual attributes are the :
lines. [Link] • PRIMARY ELEMENTS•
▪ The meeting of line at the Tholos at Epidaurus
corner of a plane or ▪ CIRCLE
volume. [Link] • PRIMARY ELEMENTS•
▪ The center of field [Link] • PRIMARY ELEMENTS•
[Link] • PRIMARY ELEMENTS• ▪ CYLINDER
[Link] • PRIMARY ELEMENTS• [Link] • PRIMARY ELEMENTS•
[Link] • PRIMARY ELEMENTS• CENOTAPH FOR ISAAC NEWTON
▪ At the center of its environment, a ▪ SPHERE
point is stable and at rest, organizing [Link] • PRIMARY ELEMENTS•
surrounding elements about itself and ▪ Two points describe a line that connects
dominating its field. them.
[Link] • PRIMARY ELEMENTS• ▪ The line can also be considered a segment of
▪ To visibly mark a position in space or on the an infinitely longer path.
ground plane, a point must be projected [Link]: TWO POINTS • PRIMARY ELEMENTS•
vertically into a linear form, as a column, PRIMARY ELEMENTS POINT• LINES• PLANE•
obelisk, or tower. VOLUMES
▪ Any such columnar element is seen in plan as B. LINE • PRIMARY ELEMENTS•
a point and therefore retains the visual B. LINE • PRIMARY ELEMENTS•
characteristics of a point ▪ A point extended becomes a LINES.
▪ It has length but no width or depth. perform structural functions :
▪ Whereas a point is by nature static, line ▪ Linear elements can express a
in describing the path of a point in movement across space
motion, capable of visually expressing Ex.: Salginatobel Bridge in Switzerland
direction, movement and growth. [Link]: LINEAR ELEMENTS • PRIMARY
B. LINE • PRIMARY ELEMENTS• ELEMENTS•
▪ A line is a critical element in the formation of Salginatobel Bridge, Switzerland
any visual construction. It can serve to: . ▪ Linear members provide support for
▪ Join, link, support, surround or intersect an overhead plane
other visual elements Ex.: Caryatid Porch, The Erechtheion , Athens
B. LINE • PRIMARY ELEMENTS• [Link]: LINEAR ELEMENTS • PRIMARY
▪ Describe the edges of and give shape to ELEMENTS•
plane ▪ Form a three-dimensional
B. LINE • PRIMARY ELEMENTS• structural frame for architectural
▪ Articulate the surfaces of planes space
[Link]: LINEAR ELEMENTS • PRIMARY Ex.: Katsura Imperial Villa, Kyoto Japan
ELEMENTS• [Link]: LINEAR ELEMENTS • PRIMARY
▪ The orientation of a line affects its role in a ELEMENTS•
visual construction : ▪ A line can be an imagined element
▪ A vertical line can express a state of rather than a visible one in architecture
equilibrium with the force of gravity, ▪ Axis
symbolize the human condition, or mark a ▪ A regulating line established by
position in space two distant points in space and
▪ A horizontal line can represent stability, about which elements are
the ground plane, the horizon, or a body at symmetrically arranged
rest [Link]: LINEAR ELEMENTS • PRIMARY
▪ An oblique line may be seen as a vertical ELEMENTS•
line falling or a horizontal line rising [Link]: LINEAR ELEMENTS • PRIMARY
▪ VERTICAL LINE ELEMENTS•
▪ have been used throughout history to ▪ Linear form of Architectural Spaces
commemorate significant events and ▪ Accommodate path of movement through
establish particular points in space a building and link its spaces to one
[Link]: LINEAR ELEMENTS • PRIMARY another
ELEMENTS• [Link]: LINEAR ELEMENTS • PRIMARY
Column of Marcus Aurelius, Piazza Colonna ELEMENTS•
Rome AD 174 ▪ Repetitive spaces organized along a circular
Obelisk of Luxor, Place de la Concorde Paris path ( ex. Cornel University Undergraduate
▪ Vertical linear elements can Housing , Ithaca NY , Richard Meier)
also define a transparent ▪ Enclose exterior spaces
volume of space ▪ Adapt to the environmental conditions of a
[Link]: LINEAR ELEMENTS • PRIMARY site
ELEMENTS• [Link]: LINEAR ELEMENTS • PRIMARY
▪ Linear members that possess the ELEMENTS•
necessary material strength can
▪ Articulation of edges and surfaces of planes ▪ COLONNADES
and volumes : ▪ often used for public façade of a building,
▪ Use of joints, frames, structural grid of especially one that fronts on major civic space.
columns ▪ Facades can be penetrated easily for entry,
and beams offers a degree of shelter from elements and
▪ Depending on the elements’ visual weight, forms a semi-transparent screen that unifies
spacing, and direction , linear elements create individual building forms behind
distinct surface textures. [Link]:LINEAR ELEMENTS DEFINING PLANE •
SEAGRAM BUILDING – MIES VAN DE ROHE AND PRIMARY ELEMENTS•
PHILIP JOHNSON ▪ Trellis and Pergola
[Link]: LINEAR ELEMENTS • PRIMARY ▪ a linear members that can provide a moderate
ELEMENTS• degree of definition and enclosure for outdoor
CROWN HALL, SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND spaces while allowing filtered sunlight breezes
URBAN DESIGN , ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF to
TECHNOLOGY CHICAGO, MIES VAN DE ROHE penetrate
TOWN HALL, SAYNATSALO, FINLAND , ALVAR ▪ Vertical and horizontal linear
ALTO elements:
[Link]:LINEAR ELEMENTS DEFINING PLANE • ▪ define a volume of space
PRIMARY ELEMENTS• ▪ The form of the volume is determined
▪ TWO PARALLEL LINES solely by the configuration of the linear
▪ Have the ability to visually describe plane elements
▪ Closer lines produce stronger sense of plane [Link]:LINEAR ELEMENTS DEFINING PLANE •
[Link]:LINEAR ELEMENTS DEFINING PLANE • PRIMARY ELEMENTS•
PRIMARY ELEMENTS• C. PLANE • PRIMARY ELEMENTS•
▪ SERIES OF PARALLEL LINES C. PLANE • PRIMARY ELEMENTS•
▪ repetitiveness reinforces human perception of ▪ A line extended in a direction other than
the its intrinsic direction
plane ▪ Conceptually has length and width but
▪ The implied plane becomes real and original no depth
voids between the lines revert to being mere C. PLANE • PRIMARY ELEMENTS•
interruption of the planar surface. ▪ SHAPE
[Link]:LINEAR ELEMENTS DEFINING PLANE • ▪ primary identifying characteristic of a
PRIMARY ELEMENTS• plane
▪ Rows of columns and pilasters: ▪ It is determined by the contour of the line
▪ articulate penetrable boundaries of spatial forming the edges of a plane
zones CIRCLE SQUARE TRIANGLE
“The column is a certain strengthend part of C. PLANE • PRIMARY ELEMENTS•
wall, carried upperpendicular from the ▪ General Characteristics of Planes
foundation to the top…. A row of columns is ▪ Texture: sensed through touch
indeed nothing but a wall, open and ▪ Color: visually sensed
discontinued in several places “ ----- Leon ▪ Shape or form: visually sensed
Battista Alberti ▪ Size (area of volume): visually sensed
[Link]:LINEAR ELEMENTS DEFINING PLANE • ▪ Visual Inertia: visual impression depicting
PRIMARY ELEMENTS• stability or movement
(Inertia - The degree of concentration and ▪ GROUND PLANE
stability of a form. ) ▪ Elevated to honor sacred or
C. PLANE • PRIMARY ELEMENTS• significant places
▪ Properties of each plane determining visual ▪ Bermed to define outdoor spaces or
attributes of form and qualities of space : buffer against undesirable conditions
▪ Size ▪ Carved or terraced for a suitable
▪ Shape platform to build on
▪ Color ▪ Stepped to allow changes in
▪ Texture elevation to be easily traversed
▪ Spatial Relationship of the Properties to one MORTUARY TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT DER EL-
another BAHARI, THEBES. SENMUT.
C. PLANE • PRIMARY ELEMENTS• C. PLANE:PLANAR ELEMENTS • PRIMARY
▪ Supplementary properties of a plane affecting ELEMENTS•
visual weight and stability C. PLANE:PLANAR ELEMENTS • PRIMARY
▪ Surface ELEMENTS•
▪ Color ▪ FLOOR PLANE
▪ Pattern ▪ Horizontal element sustaining the
▪ Texture force of gravity as users move
C. PLANE:PLANAR ELEMENTS • PRIMARY around and place object to use
ELEMENTS• Sitting Area, Lawrence House, Sea Ranch
▪ In architectural design, we manipulate California MLTW
three generic types of planes: C. PLANE:PLANAR ELEMENTS • PRIMARY
▪ Overhead plane, which can be either the ELEMENTS•
roof or the ceiling plane; ▪ Like the ground plane, the form of the floor
▪ Wall plane , the vertical orientation plane can be stepped or terraced to break the
▪ Base plane, which can be either the scale of a space down to human dimensions and
ground or floor plane create platforms for sitting, viewing, or
C. PLANE:PLANAR ELEMENTS • PRIMARY performing.
ELEMENTS• BACARDI OFFICE BUILDING,
OVERHEAD PLANE SANTIAGO DE CUBA, MIES VAN DE ROHE
WALL PLANE C. PLANE:PLANAR ELEMENTS • PRIMARY
BASE PLANE ELEMENTS•
C. PLANE:PLANAR ELEMENTS • PRIMARY ▪ EXTERIOR WALL PLANES
ELEMENTS• ▪ Isolate portions of space creating a
▪ GROUND PLANE controlled interior environment
▪ Supports all architectural construction ▪ Provides privacy and protection from
▪ The building can merge with, rest firmly on, climatic elements
or be elevated above the ground plane ▪ Openings within or between boundaries
▪ Can be manipulated to establish a podium reestablish a connection with the exterior
for a building form environment
Scala De Spagna (Spanish Steps) Rome. S. MARIA NOVELLA
Alessandro Specchi FLORENCE, ITALY. ALBERTI.
C. PLANE:PLANAR ELEMENTS • PRIMARY C. PLANE:PLANAR ELEMENTS • PRIMARY
ELEMENTS• ELEMENTS•
▪ EXTERIOR WALL PLANES C. PLANE:PLANAR ELEMENTS • PRIMARY
▪ Shape exterior space and describe the form, ELEMENTS•
massing, and image of a building in space ▪ ROOF PLANE
▪ As a design element, it can be articulated as ▪ Expressed as a single sheltering form
the front or primary façade of a building (e.g: encompassing various spaces beneath its
walls defining courtyards, streets, public canopy or comprise a number of hats
gathering places such as squares and articulating series of spaces within a single
marketplaces). building
PIAZZA SAN MARCO, VENICE . ▪ Can extend outward forming overhangs
C. PLANE:PLANAR ELEMENTS • PRIMARY shielding door and window openings from
ELEMENTS• climatic elements or continue downward
C. PLANE:PLANAR ELEMENTS • PRIMARY further to relate itself more closely to the
ELEMENTS• ground plane
▪ INTERIOR WALL PLANES C. PLANE:PLANAR ELEMENTS • PRIMARY
▪ Govern the size and shape of internal spaces ELEMENTS•
or ▪ ROOF PLANE
rooms within a building ▪ Fallingwater (Kaufmann House)
▪ Visual properties, relationships, size, and Pennsylvania. Frank Lloyd Wright.
distributions of openings within boundaries ▪ Reinforced concrete slabs express the
determine quality of defined spaces and degree horizontality of the floor and roof planes as
to which adjoining spaces relate to one another they cantilever outward from a central
C. PLANE:PLANAR ELEMENTS • PRIMARY vertical core
ELEMENTS• C. PLANE:PLANAR ELEMENTS • PRIMARY
▪ CEILING PLANE ELEMENTS•
▪ Often out of reach and is almost ▪ ROOF PLANE
always a purely visual event in a ▪ Schroder House, Gerrit
space Rietveld
▪ Can symbolize the sky vault or be ▪ The overall form of the
the primary sheltering element building can be endowed with
unifying different parts of a space a distinctly planar quality by
▪ Form can be manipulated to introducing openings which
control the quality of light or sound expose the edges of vertical
within a space and horizontal places
C. PLANE:PLANAR ELEMENTS • PRIMARY D. VOLUME • PRIMARY ELEMENTS•
ELEMENTS• [Link] • PRIMARY ELEMENTS•
▪ ROOF PLANE ▪ A plane extended in a direction other than its
▪ Essential sheltering element intrinsic direction.
protecting the interior of a building ▪ a volume has three-dimensions: length, width
from climatic elements and depth.
▪ As a design element, the roof plane is [Link] • PRIMARY ELEMENTS•
significant because of the impact it can ▪ All volumes can be analyzed
have on the form an silhouette of a and understood to consist of:
building within its setting Points or vertices where several planes come
together
Planes or surfaces which define the limits or
boundaries of a volume
Lines or edges where two planes meet
[Link] • PRIMARY ELEMENTS•
▪ Form is the primary identifying characteristic
of a volume.
▪ It is established by the shapes and
interrelationships of the planes that describe
the boundaries of the volume. .
[Link] • PRIMARY ELEMENTS•
▪ VOLUME CAN EITHER BE
▪ Solid: Space displaced by mass
▪ Void: Space contained or
enclosed by planes
▪ It can be seen to be:
▪ Plan and Section: space defined
by wall, floor, ceiling or roof planes
▪ Elevation: Space displaced by the
mass of a building.
[Link]: Volumetric Elements • PRIMARY
ELEMENTS•
▪ Building forms that stand as objects in
the landscape can be read as
occupying volumes in space
( Ex. Notre Dame du Haut Ronchamp, France. Le
Corbusier)
[Link]: Volumetric Elements • PRIMARY
ELEMENTS•
▪ Building forms that serve as containers can be
read as masses that define volumes of space.
▪ In this structure, the interior rooms surround a
cortile - the principal courtyard of an Italian
palazzo
Properties of Primary Visual Elements in
Architecture