PDU: Data Stream [Type text] Protocols:

DNS: used to resolve Internet names to IP Directly accessing the underlying processes addresses. that manage and deliver communication to the human network. HTTP: used to transfer files that make up the Web pages of the World Wide Web. SMTP: used for the transfer of mail messages and attachments (MUA MTA, MTA MTA) POP: mail delivery protocols. They deliver e-mail from the e-mail server (MDA) to the client (MUA) Telnet: terminal bits for transmission and decoding Encoding the emulation protocol used them at the destination. Describing the physical, electrical, and mechanical characteristics of the physical media and connectors that interconnect network devices. PDU: bits Enabling users to interact with the data network in a way that is meaningful and

This layer serves as the source and destination of communications across data networks.

Protocols: TCP UDP

OSI Reference Model

PDU: Segment

7. Application 6. Presentation 5. Session 4. Transport 3. Network 2. Data Link

Dividing data received from an application into segments Adding a header to identify and manage each segment Using the header information to reassemble the segments back into application data

Passing the assembled data to the correct Notes: different media (copper, fiber, wireless) 1. Physical PDU: Packet advantages/disadvantages of each kind. When to use ST/Cross? And how Protocols: IPv4, IPv6 to tell the difference between them. Preparing Network layer packets for Notes: placement onto the physical media Carrying data from one host to another that L3 uses logical addresses to PDU: Frametransports data. regardless of the type of data. identify and route traffic from one Layer 3 IP routing does not guarantee Notes: network to another. reliable delivery or establish a connection before data is transmitted. This L2 uses physical addresses to identify nodes Network/subnet address. connectionless and unreliable and deliver frames in the local Broadcast address. Host address. communication is fast and flexible, but network/segment. Subnet mask. upper layers must provide mechanisms to Ethernet is the most widely used LAN guarantee delivery of data if it is needed. Public vs. private addresses technology.