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Source: NREL By 2025, we will need approx. 428 GW of new generation and capacity
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EPC 40%
Solar-Thermal, 80%
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Sun 5800 K blackbody with spectrum Visible spectrum ranges from 0.38 m to 0.78 m The terrestrial spectrum depends on how much atmosphere the radiation has to pass through Total area under blackbody curve = 1.37 kW/m2
Earths atmosphere reacts very differently to the much longer wavelengths emitted by the earths surface than it does to the short wavelengths arriving from the sun. This difference is the fundamental factor responsible for the greenhouse effect.
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Air mass ratio - m = h2/h1 = 1/sin h2 is the path length of atmosphere h1 is length with sun directly overhead. is altitude angle of the sun
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3/21 and 9/21 Equinox sun 90 at equator (equal day and night) 12/21 and 6/21 Solstice sun at 23.45 from North Pole
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Altitude angle - sun and the local horizon N= 90o L + Zenith is direct overhead
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Altitude angle of the sun = 49.6 The tilt angle - perpendicular to sun at noon would be Tilt = 90-49.6 = 40.4
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Use solar time for most solar work. sin = cos L cos cos H + sin L sin sin s = (cos sin H) / cos Hour angle H = (15 / hour) * hours before solar noon
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Altitude Angle
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ST = CT + 4min/ (LTM L) + E(min) Monthly corrections +/- 15 minutes Longitude correction W (+) / (-) E +/- 30 minutes http://www.susdesign.com/tools.php
Equation of Time adjustment
Example: EDT for solar noon in Boston (L = 71.1W) on July 1? n= 182; B= 360/364 (182-81) = 99.89 E = -3.5 min; LTM = 75 CT = 12 4(75 71.1) (-3.5) = 11:47.9 AM EST or 12:48 PM EDT
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Illustrating collector azimuth angle, solar azimuth angle and altitude angle
Diffuse radiation on a collector assumed to be proportional to the fraction of the sky that the collector sees
The ground is assumed to reflect radiation with equal intensity in all directions
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Tracking Systems
Racks that allow the collector to track the sun across the sky are quite cost effective Single-axis trackers Tracks the sun only in azimuth angle About 10 - 15 % increase
A Single-axis tracking mount with east-west tracking. A polar mount has the axis of rotation facing south and tilted at an angle equal to the latitude
Two-axis trackers Tracks both angles i.e., track the sun both in azimuth and altitude angles so the collectors are always pointing directly at the sun About 10 20 % increase
Two-axis tracking angular relationships
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Insolation Data
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List of Equations
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Thank You
Thank You !
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