Edexcel IAL M2 (2018) Knowledge
Note: Edexcel IAL M1 (2018) Knowledge is also required
Kinematics – particles moving in a straight line
For a projectile with constant speed, distance = speed x time
Calculus can be used to convert between displacement (x), velocity (v) and acceleration (a)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑑, 𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑣 = 𝑓’(𝑥) = 𝑎 = 𝑓’’(𝑥) = =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ,
𝑎 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑣 = - 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = - 𝑣 𝑑𝑡
Constants are important in integrating as they represent the initial displacement or velocity.
Unit vectors and calculus
/r /v /4r
r = 𝑥i + 𝑦j v = /1 = 𝑥̇ i + 𝑦̇ j a = /1 = /1 4 = 𝑥̈ i + 𝑦̈ j
/6 /7 /46 /47
r = 𝑥i + 𝑦j v = /1 i + /1 j a = /1 4 i + /1 4 j
a = 𝑓(𝑡) v = ∫ a 𝑑𝑡 x = ∫ v 𝑑𝑡
Constants are important in integrating as they represent the initial displacement or velocity.
Centres of mass
For a linear body we use either 𝑥 or 𝑦 as an axis (relevant to a point)
For a lamina we use 𝑥 and 𝑦 as axis relevant to a point (or sides)
We use the fact that at right angles forces are independent, so:
If have a system of n particles with masses If have a system of n particles with masses
𝑚< , 𝑚, , 𝑚> , … 𝑚@ placed along the x axis at 𝑚< , 𝑚, , 𝑚> , … 𝑚@ placed along the x axis at
(𝑥< , 0), (𝑥, , 0), (𝑥> , 0), … (𝑥@ , 0) (0, 𝑦< ), (0, 𝑦, ), (0, 𝑦> ), … (0, 𝑦@ )
Then Then
@ @ @ @
B 𝑚C 𝑥C = 𝑥̅ B 𝑚C B 𝑚C 𝑦C = 𝑦F B 𝑚C
CE< CE< CE< CE<
And the centre of mass is at (𝑥̅ , 𝑦F)
The centre of mass for a uniform rod:
𝑥< + 𝑥, 𝑦< + 𝑦,
(𝑥< , 𝑦< ), (𝑥, , 𝑦, ) G , J
2 2
The centre of mass of a triangle is found at the intersection of its three medians, this is called the centroid
of the triangle.
The centre of mass for a uniform lamina that is a triangle:
𝑥< + 𝑥, + 𝑥> 𝑦< + 𝑦, + 𝑦>
(𝑥< , 𝑦< ), (𝑥, , 𝑦, ), (𝑥> , 𝑦> ) G , J
3 3
From the white formula book:
Work energy and power
Work done (J) = force (N) in direction of motion x distance (m) in direction of motion.
Units
m = mass (kg) v = velocity (ms-1) h = height (m) s = seconds (s)
Joules (J) = Nm Watts (W) = Js-1 = Nms-1 kW = kilowatt
Energy
PE = mgh KE = ½mv2
Gravity Potential Energy = mass (kg) x gravity (ms-2) Kinetic energy = ½ x mass (kg) x velocity (ms-1)
x height (m)
PE changes if the object changes height KE changes if the velocity changes
PE can be positive or negative KE cannot be negative
A zero point needs to be set to calculate the height
PE is the work done against the force of gravity
Work energy principle
The change in the total energy of a particle is equal to the work done on the particle
Principle of conservation of mechanical energy
If there are no external forces (other than gravity) KE + PE remains constant
Power = fv
Power = driving force (N) x velocity (ms-1) = Nms-1 = Watts
Power (W) is the rate of work, often given in kW (kilowatts)
Collisions
𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒆𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒗
Impulse (I) = ft 𝒆 = 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒂𝒄𝒉
= 𝒖
impulse = force(N) x time(s) = Ns Newton’s law of restitution
Impulse momentum principle
I = mv - mu e = coefficient of restitution
Principle of conservation of linear momentum (M1) 0 ≤𝑒 ≤1
Loss of KE due to impact 0 = totally inelastic (no force is transferred)
1 1 1 1 1 = perfectly elastic (all force is transferred)
G 𝑚< 𝑢< , + 𝑚, 𝑢, , J − G 𝑚< 𝑣< , + 𝑚, 𝑣, , J
2 2 2 2
Statics of rigid bodies
Moments (M1)
Equilibrium (M1)
Limiting equilibrium (about to move) – M1 notes
