Mathematics - Unit 1
Set Theory & Functions
1. SET THEORY
Introduction: A set is a collection of well-defined objects. Example: A = {1,2,3}.
Methods of Representation:
1 Roster Form: Listing elements directly. Example: A = {1,2,3,4}
2 Set Builder Form: Using property of elements. Example: A = {x | x is a natural number < 5}
Types of Sets:
1 Finite Set: Limited elements. Example: {1,2,3}
2 Infinite Set: Unlimited elements. Example: {1,2,3,...}
3 Empty Set: No elements. Example: {}
4 Singleton Set: One element. Example: {5}
5 Equal Sets: Same elements. Example: {1,2} = {2,1}
6 Equivalent Sets: Same number of elements. Example: {1,2,3} and {a,b,c}
7 Disjoint Sets: No common elements. Example: {1,2} and {3,4}
8 Subset: A ⊆ B means all elements of A are in B
9 Proper Subset: A ⊂ B means A is a part of B but not equal
10 Power Set: Set of all subsets. Example: A={1,2}, P(A)={{}, {1}, {2}, {1,2}}
Set Operations:
1 Union (A ∪ B): All elements from both sets
2 Intersection (A ∩ B): Common elements
3 Complement (A'): Elements not in A
4 Difference (A - B): Elements in A but not in B
5 Symmetric Difference: (A - B) ∪ (B - A)
Properties of Set Operations:
1 Commutative: A ∪ B = B ∪ A, A ∩ B = B ∩ A
2 Associative: (A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ (B ∪ C)
3 Distributive: A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
4 De Morgan’s Law: (A ∪ B)' = A' ∩ B', (A ∩ B)' = A' ∪ B'
5 Cardinality: Number of elements in a set
6 Cartesian Product: A × B = {(a,b) | a∈A, b∈B}
2. FUNCTION
Definition: A function is a relation where each input has exactly one output. Example: f(x)=x²
Domain, Codomain, Range:
1 Domain: All possible inputs. Example: For f(x)=x², domain=■
2 Codomain: The set into which all outputs fall.
3 Range: Actual outputs obtained. Example: For f(x)=x², range=[0,∞)
Types of Functions (Based on Mapping):
1 One-One: Each input has unique output. Example: f(x)=x+1
2 Many-One: Different inputs give same output. Example: f(x)=x²
3 Constant: Output is always same. Example: f(x)=5
4 Onto: Every element of codomain is mapped.
5 Into: Some codomain elements are not mapped.
Types of Functions (Based on Degree):
1 Constant Function: f(x)=c
2 Linear Function: f(x)=mx+c
3 Quadratic Function: f(x)=ax²+bx+c
4 Cubic Function: f(x)=ax³+bx²+cx+d
5 Polynomial Function: General form with degree n
6 Exponential Function: f(x)=a^x
Graphs of Functions:
Graphs show the relation between x (input) and f(x) (output). Example: y=x² is a parabola.
