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Singleton Set
Universal set, U
2. Subset
A set (say, A) is a subset of
another set (say, B) written
as A ⊆ B , if only if, every
element of A is also an
element of B.
Alternative way: A is
DEFINITION OF TERMS contained in B or B
contains A
1. Set Number of subsets of B is
A well-defined collection of 2n where n is the cardinal number
of set B
objects.
Proper subset, ⊂
Def’n: A ⊂ B = { x | ((x ∈ A)
→ (x ∈ B) ∧ (A ≠ B) }
Subset, ⊆ + ¿|−2< x<5 }¿
3) {x ∈ Z = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Def’n: A ⊆ B = { x | ((x ∈ A)
→ (x ∈ B) ∧ (A may be = B) 4) {x ∈ R|−2< x <5 } =
}
( )
EX 1. List all possible subsets of of
set D = { 1, 2, 3 }
∅ Empty
ACTIVITY 1: Find the following.
Minus or
1) The set of all odd integers = {…, symmetric
-3, -1, 1, 3, … } \ difference
2) { x ∈ Z|−2< x< 5} = { -1, 0, 1, 2,
3, 4}
4) Difference of 2 sets: A – B = A\B =
{x ∈U |x ∈ A ∧x ∉ B }
Given Ex.
Let A = {0, 2, 4,
6, 8} 2∈ A
1∉ A 4. Cartesian Product of sets
3. Set Operations 1) A x B = {(a, 0), (a, 1), (a, 2), (b, 0),
(b, 1), (b, 2)}
Let A and B be subsets of a 2) B x A = {(0, a), (1, a), (2, a), (0, b),
universal set U. (1, b), (2, b)}
3) B x A x C = {(0, a, x), {0, b, x), (1, a,
a. Complement of a set: Ac x), (1, b, x), (2, a, x), (2, b, x)}
b. Union of 2 sets: A U B 4) | B x A x C | = |B| x |A| x |C| = 3 x 2
x1=6
c. Intersection of 2 sets:
5) Is B x A x C = C x A x B? No!
A∩B
Because they don’t the same
d. Difference of 2 sets: A – B or
ordered pairs.
A\B
6) How do you find C x C x C? Find
Let A and B be subsets of a universal set U. |C x C x C|
C x C x C = C3 = {(x, x, x)} ;
1) Complement of a set: Ac = |C x C x C| = 1
{x ∈U |x ∈ A }
2) Union of 2 sets:
A ∪B { x|x ∈ A∨x ∈ B } 5. Power sets
3) Intersection of sets:
The power set of a set A denoted by
A ∩ B {x|x ∈ A∨x ∈ B }
P ( A )∨ p ( A ) is the set of all d. X ∩U =X
subsets of set A. 6) Complement Laws
a. X ∪ X '=U
EX. Let A = {a, b} b. (X ') '=X
c. X ∩ X '=∅
Subsets of A = ?
d. X −Y = X ∩Y '
∅ , { a } , { b } ,{a , b }
7) De Morgan’s Law
a. (X ∪Y )' =X ' ∩Y '
So p ( A ) = ? b. (X ∩Y )' = X ' ∪ Y '
{∅ , { a } , { b } ,{a , b }
TRUE OR FALSE?
1) a∈ A TRUE
2) a ⊆ A TRUE
3) a ∈ p (A) FALSE
4) ∅ ⊆ A TRUE
5) ∅ ∉ A FALSE
6) ∅ ∈ p(A) TRUE
7) ∅ ⊆ p (A) TRUE
SET-THEORETIC EQUALITIES
1) Idempotent Laws
a. X ∪ X =X
b. X ∩ X =X
2) Commutative Laws
a. X ∪ Y =Y ∪ X
b. X ∩Y =Y ∩ X
3) Associative Laws
a.
( X ∪Y ) ∪ Z= X ∪ (Y ∪ Z)
b. ( X ∩Y ) ∩Z =X ∩(Y ∩ Z)
4) Distributive Laws
a.
X ∪(Y ∩ Z)=(X ∪ Y )∩( X ∪ Z)
b.
X ∩(Y ∪ Z)=(X ∩Y ) ∪( X ∩ Z)
5) Identity Laws
a. X ∪∅= X
b. X ∪ U=U
c. X ∩ ∅=∅
Displaying RELATION as a…
Table
x y
2 3
-1 5
4 -2
CHAPTER 2 9 9
0 -6
MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE &
SYMBOLS
2.3 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS Mapping
Relation
Graph
Equation
Written in sentences
only one y-value that
corresponds to it.
o If the set of ordered pairs
has same x-coordinates, it
is NOT a FUNCTION.
o y-coordinates have NO
BEARING in determining
functions. y-values CAN be
repeated.
EX 1. {(0, -5), (1, -4), (2, -3), (3, -2),
(4, -1), (5, 0)}
o Relation? Yes
o Function? Yes
Function EX 2. {(-1, -7), (1, 0), (2, -3), (0, -8),
(0, 5), (-2, -1)}
It is a relation in which every input
o Relation? Yes
has exactly one output.
o Function? No
EX 6. f ( x )= √ x
Find:
DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS
o f(0)
FUNCTIONS
o f(4)
o Function? Discrete
EX 1.
EX 2. Function? No
Type: Discrete
Domain: {-7, 1, 5, 7, 8, 10}
Range: {1, 0, -7, 5, 2, 8}
EX 2.
Type: Continuous
Domain: [-8, 8]
Range: [-6, 6]
Operations
Composition of Functions
Given two functions f and g where x
is in the domain of g and g(x) is in
the domain of f then,
( f ∘ g )( x )=f ( g ( x ) )
and
( g ∘ f )( x )=g ( f ( x ) )
Composition of Functions on an Infinite
Set
g ( x )=x 3, then:
( f ∘ g )( x )=f ( g ( x ) ) =f ( x 3 )=¿
2 ( x )+ 4=2 x + 4
3 3
then EX 2. ( g ∘ f )( 1 ) =216
g ∘ f ={ ( 1, 2 ) , (2 , 3 ) , ( 3 ,1 ) , ( 4 , 2 ) }
as shown in the figure
EX. If an airplane’s altitude at time t
is a(t), and the air pressure at
altitude x is p(x), then ( p ∘a ) (t) is
the pressure around the plane at
time t.
Symmetric
WHY is {(2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 2), (3, 3),
(3, 4)} TRANSITIVE?
( 2 , 2 )∧( 2 ,3 ) → ( 2, 3 ) ∈ R
( 2 , 2 )∧( 2 , 4 ) → ( 2 , 4 ) ∈ R
( 2 , 3 )∧( 3 , 2 ) → ( 2 ,2 ) ∈ R
( 2 , 3 )∧( 3 , 3 ) → ( 2 , 3 ) ∈ R
( 2 , 3 )∧( 3 , 4 ) → ( 2 , 4 ) ∈ R
( 3 , 2 )∧( 2 , 2 ) → ( 3 ,2 ) ∈ R
( 3 , 2 )∧( 2 , 3 ) → ( 3 , 3 ) ∈ R
( 3 , 2 )∧( 2 , 4 ) → ( 3 , 4 ) ∈ R
2.4 BINARY OPERATIONS
8 + 2 = 16106
5 + 4 = 2091
9 + 6 = 54153
Binary Operations
2 3 1 4 2
* a b c d 1)
* 0 1 2 3
0 0 1 2 3
b 1 2 3 0 2)
c 2 3 0 1
d 3 0 1 2
line. IF the table is symmetric the
operation * is commutative.
ACTIVITY
Which are binary operations and WHY?
1) For a , b ∈ R , a∗b=a+ b
2) For a , b ∈ N , a∗b=a−b
3) For a , b ∈W , a∗b=a−b
a
4) For a , b ∈ N , a∗b=
b
DEFINE a * b = max (a, b), where 5) For a , b ∈ Z , a∗b=ab
IF…
* 1 2 3
AB CDEFGHIJ
KL 1 1 2 3 MNOPQRS
TU 2 2 2 3 VWXYZ
3
EQUALS…
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Is there an identity element for *?
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Is * commutative?
THEN…
How to see * is commutative?
K+N+O+W+L+E+D+G+E = 96%
H+A+R+D+W+O+R+K = 98%
BUT…
A+T+T+I+T+U+D+E = 100%