ABRA VALLEY COLLEGES THE LANGUAGE OF SET

BANGUED,ABRA
SET
 use of this word as a formal mathematical term was introduced in 1879 by George
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Cantor (1845-1918)
 - collection of elements - if C is the elements of countries that are currently in the
United Nations, then the United States is an element of C, and
 if I is the set of all integers from 1 to 100, then the number 57 is an element of I
MODULE IN
Notation
GE 4- MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
• If S is a set, the notation x ∈ S means that x is an element of S
• The notation x ∉ S means that x is not an element of S
• A set may be specified using the set-roster notation by writing all of its elements between
braces

Axiom of Extension
- says that a set is completely determined by what its elements are---not the order in which
they might be listed or the fact that some elements might be listed more than once.

HALLEL JHON BUTAC Example 1: (Using the Set-Roster Notation)

INSTRUCTOR a. Let A = {1, 2, 3} , B = {3, 1, 2} , and C = {1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3}. What are the elements of A, B,
and C? How are A, B, and C related?
b. Is {0} = 0?
c. How many elements are in the set {1, {1}}?
d. For each nonnegative integer n, let Un = {n, -n}. Find U1, U2, and U0

Example 2: (Using the Set-Roster Notation)

a. Let X = {a, b, c} , Y = {a, c, b} , and Z = {a, b, b, c, c, c}. What are the elements of X, Y,
and Z? How are X, Y, and Z related?
SET–BUILDER NOTATION
Another way to specify a set uses a set-builder notation.   Let S denote a set and let
c. How many elements are in the set {a, {a,b}, {a}}? P(x) be a property that elements of S may or may not satisfy. We may define a new set to be
the set of elements x in S such that P(x) is true. The set is denoted by
d. For each positive integer x, let Ax = {x, x2 }. Find A1, A2, and A3 .

Occasionally we write { x | P(x) } without being specific about where the element x comes
from.

Set of real numbers (R)

- usually pictured as the set of all points on a line
- divided into 3 parts: the set of positive real numbers, the set of negative real numbers, and
the number 0.
 Subsets
When we define a set, if we take pieces of that set, we can form what is called a subset.

Example: the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

A subset of this is {1, 2, 3}. Another subset is {3, 4} or even another is {1}, etc.

But {1, 6} is not a subset, since it has an element (6) which is not in the parent set.

In general:

A is a subset of B if and only if every element of A is in B.

Example 2: (Using the Set-Builder Notation)
Given that R denotes the set of all real numbers, Z the set of all integers, and Z - the set of all
negative integers, describe each of the following sets:
a. {x ∈ R│-5 < x < 1}
Proper Subset
b. {x ∈ Z│-5 < x < 1}
• Let A and B be sets, A is a proper subset of B if, and only if, every element of B is in B but
c. {x ∈ Z -│-5 < x < 1} there is at least one element of B that is not in A.

Example 3: Distinction between ∈ and ⊆

Solution: Which of the following are true statements?
a. A, B, and C have exactly the same three elements: 1, 2, and 3. Therefore, A, B, and C
a. 2 ∈ {1, 2, 3}
are simply different ways to represent the same set.
b. {0} ≠ 0 because {0} is a set with one element, namely 0, whereas 0 is just the symbol b. {2} ∈ {1, 2, 3}
that represents the number zero.
c. U1 = {1, –1}, U2 = {2, –2}, U0 = {0, –0} = {0, 0} = {0}. c. 2 ⊆ {1, 2, 3}
d. {2} ⊆ {1, 2, 3}
e. {2} ⊆ {{1}, {2}}
f. {2} ∈ {{1}, {2}}
Solution:
Only (a), (d), and (f) are true.
For (b) to be true, the set {1, 2, 3} would have to contain the element {2}. But the only
elements of {1, 2, 3} are 1, 2, and 3, and 2 is not equal to {2}. Hence (b) is false.
For (c) to be true, the number 2 would have to be a set and every element in the set 2 would
have to be an element of {1, 2, 3}. This is not the case, so (c) is false.
Example: Ordered Pairs
1. If A = {7, 8} and B = {2, 4, 6}, find A × B. 
Solution:
A × B = {(7, 2); (7, 4); (7, 6); (8, 2); (8, 4); (8, 6)} 
The 6 ordered pairs thus formed can represent the position of points in a
plane, if a and B are subsets of a set of real numbers. 
2. If A × B = {(p, x); (p, y); (q, x); (q, y)}, find A and B.

For (e) to be true, every element in the set containing only the number 2 would have to be an Solution:
element of the set whose elements are
A is a set of all first entries in ordered pairs in A × B.

B is a set of all second entries in ordered pairs in A × B.

Thus A = {p, q} and B = {x, y}

Cartesian Product
Given sets A and B, the Cartesian product of A and B, denoted A x B and read “A cross B,”
is the set of all ordered pairs (a, b), where a is in A and b is in B. Symbolically:
A x B = {(a, b)│a ∈ A and b ∈ B}

If A and B are two non-empty sets, then their Cartesian product A × B is the set of all ordered
Example – Cartesian Products
pair of elements from A and B.
Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {u, v}.
        A × B = {(x, y) : x ∈ A, y ∈ B}
a. Find A × B
Suppose, if A and B are two non-empty sets, then the Cartesian product of two sets, A and set b. Find B × A
B is the set of all ordered pairs (a, b) such that a ∈A and b∈B which is denoted as A × B.
c. Find B × B c. S = {x ∈ Z | x > -3}
d. How many elements are in A × B, B × A, and B × B? d. S = {x ∈ Z | x ≥ -3}
3. Express the set of numbers shown on the number line in set builder
e. Let R denote the set of all real numbers. Describe R × R.
notation.
SOLUTION:
a. A × B = {(1, u), (2, u), (3, u), (1, v), (2, v), (3, v)}
b. B × A = {(u, 1), (u, 2), (u, 3), (v, 1), (v, 2), (v, 3)}
c. B × B = {(u, u), (u, v), (v, u), (v, v)}
a. {x ∈ Z | x < 7 or x ≥ 10}
d. A × B has six elements. Note that this is the number of elements in A times the number of
elements in B. B × A has six elements, the number of elements in B times the number of b. {x ∈ R | x ≤ 7 or x > 10}
elements in A. B × B has four elements, the number of elements in B times the number of c. {x ∈ R | x < 7 or x ≥ 10}
elements in B. d. {x ∈ R | 7 < x ≤ 10}
e. R × R is the set of all ordered pairs (x, y) where both x and y are real numbers. If 4. If the set S = {x ∈ Z | x ≥ -2} ∪ { x ∈ Z | x ≤ 4},
horizontal and vertical axes are drawn on a plane and a unit length is marked off, then each then what is another name for S?
ordered pair in R × R corresponds to a unique point in the plane, with the first and second a. S = {x ∈ Z | -2 ≤ x ≤ 4}
elements of the pair indicating, respectively, the horizontal and vertical positions of the point.
b. {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
PROBLEM SET c. S = {x ∈ Z | -2 < x < 4}
1. S = {..., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} What is S, expressed in set builder d. Z
notation? 5. Express the set of numbers shown on the number line in set builder
a. S = {x ∈ Z | -5 ≤ x ≤ 5} notation.
b. S = {x ∈ Z | x < 5 }
a. {x ∈ R | x ≥ -7 or x <
c. S = {x ∈ Z | x ≤ 5 }
5}
d. S = {x ∈ R | x ≤ 5 }
b. {x ∈ R | -7 ≤ x < 5}
2. S = {-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...} What is S, expressed in set builder
c. {x ∈ R | -7 < x ≤ 5}
notation?
d. {x ∈ Z | -7 ≤ x < 5}
a. S = {x ∈ R | x ≥ -3}
6. S = {2, 4, 6, 8,...} What is S, expressed in set builder notation?
b. S = {x ∈ Z | -3 ≤ x ≤ 3}
a. S = {2x, x ∈ Z | x ≥ 1} b. The set of all n in   such that n is any number less than or equal to 1
b. S = {x ∈ Z | x ≥ 2} c. {..., -3, -2, -1, 0, +1}
d. All of the above.
c. S = {2x ∈ Z | x ≥ 2}
12. Which of the following sets can be rewritten using set-builder notation?
d. S = {2x, x ∈ R | x ≥ 1} a. {apples, oranges, bananas, pears}
7. {q∨−4 ≤ q< 3} Which of the following sets is equal to the given set? b. {a, b, c, .., x, y, z}
a. (-4, -3, -2, -1, 0 1, 2, 3) c.
b. (-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 ) d. None of the above.
c. -4, -3,  -2,  -1, 0,  +1,  +2
d. None of the above. 13. Which of the following is the correct set-builder notation for the given
8. Which of the following accurately explains the meaning of the given set below? set below?
{1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4, 5.5, 6.6, 7.7, 8.8, 9.9}
{ x  :  x ≥ 4 }
a. { m  : 1 ≤  m  ≤ 9  }
a. The set of all x in   such that x is any number greater than 4
b. The set of all x in   such that x is any number greater than or equal to 4 b. { m  : 1 ≤  m  ≤ 9  }
c. The set of all x in   such that x is any number greater than or equal to 4.1
d. None of the above. c. { m  : 1 ≤  m  ≤ 9  }
9. Give a solution using roster method. A= (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) , B is a subset of A, the d.  None of the above.
elements of B is Even 14. The set of all positive integers which are multiples of 7.
a. 2 4 6 a. 7, 14, 21, 28
b. 3 5 7 b. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
c. 1 2 3
c. 23, 24, 25 26, 27
d. 4 5 6
10. Which of the following sets is an example of roster notation.
d. 32, 33, 34, 35 ,45
a. A= set of beautiful girls. 15. The set of all prime numbers less than 20.
b. A= set of characters in the avengers. a. 1,2,3,4,5
c. A=banana,mango,papaya b. 6,7,8,9,10
d. A= x/x is a planet c. 11, 12, 13, 14
11. Which of the following represents the given set below? d. All of the above
{ n  | n < 2 }
16. Write the set A = { x : x is a natural number ≤ 8} in roster form.
a. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
a. The set of all n in   such that n is any number less than 2
b. 12 13 14 15 16
 c. 20 21 22 23 24 25
d. 30 32 33 34 35
SITUATION 1:
Let A = {4, 5, 6} and B = {u, v}.
17. Find A × B
18. Find B × A
19. Find B × B
20 How many elements are in A × B, B × A, and B × B?
21. Let R denote the set of all real numbers. Describe R × R.

ABRA VALLEY COLLEGES

BANGUED ABRA

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

GE-4 ( MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD )

SEMI – FINAL EXAM

NAME: ____________________ DATE: _____________________

COURSE: __________________ SCORE_____________________ 20 21 22 23 24 25
c.
30 32 33 34 35
d.
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE.
7. The set of all prime numbers less than 20.
1. One side of a golden rectangle is approximately 6 cm. Which of the following is NOT a
possible measure for the adjacent side? a. 1,2,3,4,5
a. 10 b. 6,7,8,9,10
b. 4 c. 11, 12, 13, 14
c. 5
d. 6 d. All of the above
2. Which number is next in the Fibonacci sequence of numbers: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21 . 8. Express the set of numbers shown on the number line in set builder notation.
a. 55
b. 34 a. {x ∈ R | x ≥ -7 or x < 5}
c. 45 b. {x ∈ R | -7 ≤ x < 5}
d. 20
e.
c. {x ∈ R | -7 < x ≤ 5}
3. The perimeter of Snowflake Island is: d. {x ∈ Z | -7 ≤ x < 5}
9. S = {2, 4, 6, 8,...} What is S, expressed
a. 14 miles
b. equal to 1.62 times its area
in set builder notation?
c. infinite a. S = {2x, x ∈ Z | x ≥ 1}
b. S = {x ∈ Z | x ≥ 2}
4. A sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion balance or an object.
c. S = {2x ∈ Z | x ≥ 2}
a. Symmetry d. S = {2x, x ∈ R | x ≥ 1}
b. Unsymmetrical 10. {q∨−4 ≤ q< 3} Which of the following sets is equal to the given set?
c. Asymmetrical a. (-4, -3, -2, -1, 0 1, 2, 3)
d. Metrical b. (-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 )
5. A symmetry around a fixed point known as the center and it can be classified as either cyclic c. -4, -3,  -2,  -1, 0,  +1,  +2
or dihedral. d. None of the above.
11. Which of the following accurately explains the meaning of the given set below?
a. Radial Symmetry
b. Bilateral Symetry { x  :  x ≥ 4 }
c. Symmetry
d. Fractals a. The set of all x in   such that x is any number greater than 4
b. The set of all x in   such that x is any number greater than or equal to 4
6. Write the set A = { x : x is a natural number ≤ 8} in roster form.
c. The set of all x in   such that x is any number greater than or equal to 4.1
a. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 d. None of the above.
b. 12 13 14 15 16
 12. Give a solution using roster method. A= (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) , B is a subset of A, the elements
of B is Even
a. 2 4 6
e. 3 5 7
f. 1 2 3
g. 4 5 6
13. Which of the following sets is an example of roster notation.
a. A= set of beautiful girls.
e. A= set of characters in the avengers.
f. A=banana,mango,papaya
g. A= x/x is a planet
14. Which of the following represents the given set below?
{ n  | n < 2 }

a. The set of all n in   such that n is any number less than 2

a. The set of all n in   such that n is any number less than or equal to 1
b. {..., -3, -2, -1, 0, +1}
c. All of the above.
15. Which of the following sets can be rewritten using set-builder notation?
a. {apples, oranges, bananas, pears}
b. {a, b, c, .., x, y, z}
c.
d. None of the above.

PREPARED BY: CHECKED BY: NOTED BY:

HALLEL JHON BUTAC ENGR. JESSIE H. PALATTAO DR. TERESITA J. GARCIA

INSTRUCTOR DEPARTMENT HEAD VPEA