Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sets- a well-defined collection of objects. - Is the set that contains all objects
of interest in a particular discourse.
- An undefined term in mathematics.
Example:
Elements- objects in a set. In algebra, the usual domain of
discourse is the set of real numbers, ℝ.
Example:
2 is an element of the set of even numbers. 3. Subset
- More than one set.
2 ∈ {even numbers}
- is a set whose elements are all
- Denoted as capital letters. members of another set.
- A set B is said to be a subset of a set
A if every element of B is also an element
Three (3) ways to denote a specific set of A. This can be denoted as B ⊆ A.
1. Verbal Description Example:
Example: The set of even integers is a subset
“The set of all even numbers” of the set of integers. (This is because
“The set of even numbers between 1 and even numbers are also integers)
19”
4. Cartesian Product
2. Listing - the set of all ordered pairs (x, y)
such that x belongs to A and y belongs to
Example: B.
{…, -4, -2, 0, 2, 4,…} and {2, 4, 6, …,16, 18} - Given the two sets A and B, the
cartesian product A × B (read as A cross
Weaknesses: B) is the set of all ordered pairs (a,b)
1. cannot list down all the elements; it where a ∈ A and b ∈ B.
needed an ellipsis! A × B= {(a, b) | where a ∈ A and b ∈ B}
2. Not all ellipsis means infinite! Ellipsis
is used to indicate pattern. Example:
3. Problem in using ellipsis: causes
ambiguity and violates one of the Let A be the English alphabet (in
characteristics of Mathematics which capital) = {A, B, C, …, X, Y, Z} and B be the set
is precise. of whole numbers= {0, 1, 2, 3, …}. Then
examples of elements of A × B are:
- (A,1)
3. Set- builder notation - (Z,5)
- (G,6)
Example:
Relations- connection between two or
{x|x is an even number} can be read as: more sets.
“The set of all x such that x is an even
number.” - A relation R from set A to set B is a
subset of A × B. If A=B, we say that
{x|x is an even number, 1<x<19} R is a relation on A.
Check for more info: Example:
https://bit.ly/3D1joDR
Let A and B be as in our previous
Special Kinds of Set example. If we let R={(A,1), (Z,5),
1. Empty Set (G,6)},
- Is said to be empty, denoted Ø, if it Then R is a relation from A to B. (This is
is does not contain any element. true since (A,1), (Z,5), (G,6) are
Example: elements of A × B, and so R ⊆ A × B.)
Suppose we define the set A to
contain dogs which are also cats. Here we say that:
“A is related to 1 by R”
2. Universal Set (or Domain of
Discourse) “Z is related to 5 by R”
1
MIDTERM REVIEWER MMW
Suppose we have x,y,z ∈ ℝ such that f1= {(1,e), (2,a), (2,c), (4,b), (4,d)}
(x,y), (y,z) ∈ R3 .
f2= {(1,a), (2,d), (3,e), (4,b), (5,a)}
i.e. “x is less than y” and “y less than
f3= {(1,a), (1,d), (2,e), (3,b), (4,a),
x”, so that (x,z) ∈ R3 .
(4,c), (5,a)}
2
MIDTERM REVIEWER MMW
Polynomial Functions
- A polynomial is an expression
that can be written using
constant (fixed values) and
variables (or determinates), and
using the operations addition,
multiplication, and
Binary Operations
exponentiation by a non-
negative integer. - Let A be a set. Then a binary
- A constant multiplied to a operation is a function from
variable called coefficient. A×A to A.
- Note: A polynomial can have - Describes an interaction
more than 1 variable, and its between two objects from a set
degree is the highest of the A to obtain a new object in the
sums of exponents of every same set.
term.
Examples:
Example: x2y3 + x5y4 (9th degree
polynomial) or (polynomial of o Addition of natural numbers is
degree 9) binary an operation, since the sum
3
MIDTERM REVIEWER MMW
Examples:
p: I am hungry.
or
Examples:
p: I am hungry
q: I am happy
p ∧ q: I am hungry and I am happy
p ∧ q: I am hungry but I am happy.