1.

CONCEPTS OF SETS
O
B
J • Define the term set and related terms.
E
• Describe sets using different methods
C
T • Identify the cardinality and kinds of sets
I • Differentiate the relationships between
V and among kinds of sets.
E
S
 SET- a well-defined
collection of distinct
E objects. Elements of the set
X • A set is well-defined if an
A object/element can be
determined whether it
M A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
belongs to the given set or
P not.
L • It is usually named Name of the set

E using capital
letters.
.ELEMENTS OF A SET
 Each member of a set is called the
element. In symbol : ∈ (element of).
Otherwise, the symbol ∉ means not
element of.

 To denote elements of a set, lowercase

letters and separated by commas are
used.

 Curly braces { } denote a list of elements in

a set.
 DESCRIBING SETS
METHOD DEFINITION EXAMPLE
-Set A is the set of counting
Verbal numbers less than 5.
- sentences are
Description used to describe -Set B is a vowel in English
alphabet.
sets
(Verbally) -Set C is the set of one-digit
prime numbers.

- makes use of - A = { x| x is counting

SET the description numbers less than 5}
BUILDER { x| x … } -B= { x|x is a vowel in the
read as English alphabet }
(Algebraically) “the set of all x -C= {x| x is the set of one-
such that x” digit prime numbers}
 DESCRIBING SETS
METHOD DEFINITION EXAMPLE
A = { 1, 2, 3, 4}
Roster/ - listing of each
Listing distinct element
B = { a, e, i, o, u}
of the set inside
(Numerically) the braces { }
C= { 2, 3, 5, 7}
 VENN DIAGRAM
-used in showing the
ideas, relationship of
sets and visualizing
set operations.
A B
- rectangle is used
Venn to represent the
Diagram universal set and
1 2 a e i
3 ou
(Graphically)
circle/s for subsets.

- named after
John Venn(1834- Note: The word “or” suggests
1923) the English union and the word “and” is
to intersection
mathematician and
logician.
 CARDINALITY OF A SET
A = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 }
n(A) = 6
since set A has 6
The cardinality (n) of elements.
a set A denoted by B C
n(A), is the number
of elements of set A. 1 2 3
a e i
ou

n(B) = 3 n(C) = 5
 KINDS OF SETS

DEFINITION EXAMPLE
Null set
or A set with no
∅ or { }
empty element.
. set

Singleton
or A set with one
{a}, { ∅ }
unit set element.
 KINDS OF SETS

DEFINITION EXAMPLE

A set that has a A = { 2, 4, 6, 8}

M= { a, e, i, o,
Finite limited numbers of u}
elements.
.
B= { 1, 2, 3, 4,…}
G= { …,3, 4, 5}
A set that has a
Infinite unlimited numbers Y=
of elements. { …, 5, 6, 7, 8,…}
 KINDS OF SETS

DEFINITION EXAMPLE

A set that contains all

U = { letters in
Universal the elements or objects
the English
set under consideration
alphabet}
(denoted by U).
.

Subset =
A set whose elements
{vowels in the
Subset are part of a bigger
English
set.
alphabet}
 SUBSETS
DEFINITION EXAMPLE
B = {2, 3, 4}
Set A is a proper subset of set
Proper Proper subsets :
B if there exist at least one
subset 1 element ={2}, {3}, {4}
element in B that is not in A.
(A ⊂ B) 2 elements =
In symbols: A ⊂ B
{2, 3}, {2, 4}, {3, 4}
.
Set A is a subset of set B, if
and only if, every element B = {2, 3, 4}
Improper in A is also an element in B.
subset / In symbols: A ⊆ B, Improper subsets :
subset no element ={ }
(A ⊆ B) Note: There are two improper subsets
3 elements =
of any given set: empty set and the {2, 3 , 4}
set itself.
 SUBSETS
DEFINITION EXAMPLE
Set A is a proper superset of
set B if set A contains all of
If set A = {4,5,6}
Superset the elements of set B, and
& set B = {5,6}
(A ⊃ B) there exists at least one
then A ⊃ B.
element in set A that is not in
. set B.

Improper Set A is a superset of set B if If set A = {d,e,f}

superset/ set A contains all of the & set B = {d,e,f}
superset elements of set B. Then A⊇ B.
(A⊇ B) .
 SUBSETS & POWER SET
FINDING THE NUMBER OF SUBSETS

n(A) = 2 n A = {2, 3, 4} → 2 n and n =3,

-n denotes the
number of n(A) = 2 3
elements of the n(A) = 8 subsets
given set
.
The power set P of A denoted by P(A) is a
set of all subsets of A including the empty set
and set A itself.
Breakdown:
no element = {}
Power Set 1 element = {2}, {3}, {4}
2 elements = {2, 3}, {2, 4}, {3, 4}
3 elements = {2, 3 , 4}
P(A) = { { }, {2}, {3}, {4}, {2, 3}, {2, 4}, {3, 4}, {2, 3 , 4} }
 SET RELATIONSHIPS

DEFINITION EXAMPLE

Equal Two sets A and B that A = {a, e, i, o, u}

sets contain exactly the and B = {e, o, i,
(A = B) same elements. u, a}
.
A = {1, 2, 3, 4,}
Equi- Two sets A and B that and B = {m, a, t,
valent contain exactly the h}
sets same number
(cardinality) of Both sets contain
(A ≈ B ) elements. four elements,
n(A) = n(B) = 4
 SET RELATIONSHIPS

DEFINITION EXAMPLE

If A = { 2, 4, 6, 8}
Joint Sets with common
and
sets element/s. B= { 6, 8, 10, 12}
.

If A = { 2, 4, 6, 8}
Disjoint Sets with NO
and
sets common element/s. B= { a, e, i, o, u}
 Tell whether the statement is true or false.

E 1. D ∈ { d, e, f, g, h}
X
E 2. {∅}= { }

R 3. { 3 , 4 , 5, 7 } ≈ { 10, 12, 21, 32}

C
4. { 5 } ↔ { x|x is an even prime number}
I
S 5. { x|x is a letter in the word Philippines}
E ≈ { x|x is a prime number less than 20}
S
 Fill out with the correct set relationship using
the symbols ≈, ⊂, ⊆, = .

1. { x| x is a factor of 12} __ { 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12}

2. 5 ___ { The set of factors of 50}

. 3. { Palawan} ____{ The set of provinces in

MIMAROPA }

4. ∅ __ { }

5. Y __ U
E
X
E
R
C
I
S
E
S
 Given : U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}
D = { 2, 4, 6, 8 , 10} E = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9}
F = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 11} G = { 5, 4, 3, 1, 2}
O 1. D _____ U
U 2. D _____ F
Fill out with the
T correct set
3. D _____ G.
P 4. { } _____ F
relationship using
U 5. D _____ G
the symbols
6. D _____ G
T below.
7. 12 _____ G
≈ , ⊂ , ⊆ , = , ⊃, ⊇, ∈,
8. F _____ G
1 ∉ and ≉
9. G _____ U
10. D _____ E