INTRODUC

TION TO
SETS
MELC Mathematics 7
M7NS-Ia-1

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DEFINITION OF SET

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 NOTATION OF SET

A = {a, b, c,d,e,…}

Name of the Set Elements of the Set

Ellipsis

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 REPRESENTATION OF A
SET FORM
(i) ROSTER/LISTING
METHOD
N={1,2,3,4,5, ...}
(ii) STATEMENT FORM METHOD
N is the set of natural numbers.
(iii) RULE/SET BUILDER FORM
METHOD
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 ELEMENTS
N = {1,2,3,4,5,...}
xϵA
x∉A
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 INFINITE SET
N={1,2,3,4,5, ...}
Z={...,1,2,3,4,5}
FINITE SET
F={index, middle, ring, pinky}
A={1, 2, 3, ..., 10}
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CARDINAL NUMBER OF A SET
-number of distinct elements in a finite set
B={3,4,5,6}
n(B)=4

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 EQUAL SET
B={1,2,3,4,5}
C={2,4,1,4,3}
EQUIVALENT SET
D={1,2,3,4,5}
E={6,7,8,9,10}
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EMPTY SET / NULL SET

{} or Ø
Examples:
1.The set of all 2-year old Grade one pupils.
2.The set of all two-digits counting numbers less than 10.

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 SUBSET
A is a subset of B. In symbols, A ⊆
B.
A is not a subset of B. In symbols,
A ⊄ B.
Given: A={1,2}
B={3} C={2,1} D={2}
B⊄A C ⊆A D ⊆A 10
Given: A={1,2}
Subsets of A {1,2} { } {1}
{2}
IMPROPER
PROPER SUBSETS (⊂)
SUBSETS
A is a proper subset of B if and
1. Set Itself only if every element of A is also
2. Empty set in B, and there exists at least one
element in B that is not in A.

{1,2} ⊆A {1} {1} ⊂ A

{ } ⊆A ⊆A {2} ⊂ A
{2}
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 Number
Cardinality of a
Sets Subsets Set
of
Subsets
1. A = { 1 } 1. { } 2. { 1 } n (A) = 1 2

2. B = {1, 2} 1. { } 2. {1} 3. { 2 } 4. {1, 2} n {B} = 2 4

3. C = {1, 2, 3} 1. { } 2. {1} 3. {2} n {C} = 3 8

4. {3} 5. {1,2} 6. {1, 3}
7. {2, 3} 8. {1,2,3}

 
To determine the number of subsets, use the formula:

where is the cardinality of the given set.

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UNIVERSA
L SET
A set which
contains all the
elements of other
given sets is called
a universal set. The
symbol for denoting
a universal set is U.

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 SET
OPERATION
MELC Mathematics 7
M7NS-Ia-1

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 ∪
UNION OF SETS  
means to combine the elements in the given sets to form a new set.

Elements that are common to the given sets are COUNTED ONCE. The words EITHER/ OR is used to
denote union of sets.

 
Given: A = {3, 6, 9, 12}
B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
 
= {3, 6, 9, 12}
INTERSECTION∩ OF SETS
 

refers to the common elements of the given sets.

The word AND is used to denote intersection of sets.

 
Given: A = {3, 6, 9, 12}
B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
C={2,4,8}
=  
{3, 6, 9, 12}

 
= {3, 6, 9, 12}
 − SETS
DIFFERENCE OF
 

If A and B are two sets, then their difference is given by A - B or B - A.

 
Given: A = {a,b,c,d,e,f}
B = {b,d,f,g}
= {a,b,c,d,e,f}− {b,d,f,g}

 
= {b,d,f,g}
COMPLEMENT OF
 
𝐴′ SETS
 the set that includes all the elements of the universal set that are
not present in the given set
 
Given: U = {1,2,4,6,7,8,9}
A = {1,2,4,6} B = {1,2,8}
= {1,2,4,6,7,8,9}− {1,2,4,6}

= {1,2,4,6,7,8,9}− {1,2,8}
OPERATION ON SETS (OTHER EXAMPLES)

 
Given: A = {1,2,4,6} B = {1,2,8} C={5,6,7}
=
OPERATION ON SETS (OTHER EXAMPLES)
 
Given: U = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
A = {1,2,4,6} B = {1,2,8}
=