Lesson 1.

2
SOME RELATIONS ON SETS
Equal and Equivalent Sets
Universal Set
Subset and Proper Subset
 A B C

Snickers Lindtt Tulips

Ferrero Snickers Roses
Lindtt Ferrero Orchids

What can you say about Set A and Set B?

What can you say about Set B and Set C?
 EQUAL SETS
Two sets are equal iff (if and only if)
they contain exactly the same
elements.
EQUIVALENT SETS
Two sets are equivalent iff (if and
only if) there is a one-to-one
correspondence between the sets.
State whether the sets are equal or
equivalent.
A = { 2, 3, 5} and B = { 5, 2, 3}
EQUAL SETS

C={ , } and D = { , }
EQUIVALENT SETS
If two sets are equivalent,
are they equal?
NO!

If two sets are equal, are

they equivalent?
YES!
 1. A = { numbers less than 5}
1 6
A = {1,2,3,4}
2 7 2. B = {even numbers less than 6}
3 8 B = {2,4}
3. C = {prime numbers}
4 9
C = {1,2,3,5,7}
5 10 4. D = {numbers from 1 to 4}
D = {1,2,3,4}
U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10} UNIVERSAL SET
UNIVERSAL SET
is denoted by U and contains all
elements being considered in a
given situation .
 A = {1,2,3,4} C = {1,2,3,5,7}
B = {2,4} D = {1,2,3,4}
Proper Subset
B  A or B  A - A set is a proper
subset of another
Subset set iff every element
subset
- A set is a subset of the 1st set is also
of another set iff an element of the
every element of 2nd set and that the
the 1st set is also
proper
2nd set contains at
an element of subset least one element
the 2nd set. that is not in the 1st
set.
 A = {1,2,3,4} C = {1,3,5,7} E=
B = {2,4} D = {1,2,3,4}

Identify if the given is TRUE or FALSE.

AD TRUE
AD FALSE
ED TRUE
ED TRUE
VENN DIAGRAM
used to represent a set or relations between sets. It was
introduced by John Venn who is an English
Mathematician. He used diagrams of overlapping circles
in his Symbolic Logic.

U
A B
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SETS
 U
A B

The Venn diagrams represents that the elements of Set

A and Set B are in the Universal Set. There are no
common elements between Set A and Set B. DISJOINT
SETS
F = { 3,7}
D = {7,16}
They have some elements in common. JOINT SETS
 U
B
C
1 2 4

3 5

B = { 1,2,3,4,5} and C = { 1, 2, 4}
The elements of Set C are in Set B, therefore C  B or
C  B. ONE SET CAN BE A SUBSET OF THE OTHER
Which of the following is a subset of
{ 1,3,5,7,9}?
1. {3,5}
2. {7}
3. { }
4. {1,3,5,7,9 }
5. {2,3}
6. 9
NOTE:
An empty set is always a subset of
every set.