KNOWLEDGE 1

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LEVEL 1

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 KNOWLEDGE 1 LEVEL 1
K1L1 -
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001 Introduction to Sets
K1L1 - 002 Set Operations
K1L1 - 003 Sets and Venn Diagram
K1L1 - 004 Assessment
K1L1 - 005 Problem Solving about Sets

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INTRODUCTION TO SETS

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 Below are some objects. Group them as you see fit
and describe each group.
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How many groups did you identify?

Does each object belong to a group?

Is there any object that belongs to

more than one group?
 What is a Set?
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A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects.

The objects in a set are called the elements or
members of the set.
Sets can be represented using symbols. Elements
of a set can be listed or described between a pair of
curly braces { } . A set is named using a capital letter.
 Sets: Roster Form
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● A collection of counting numbers

A = { 1, 2, 3, … }
● A collection of months of a year
B = { January, February, March, …,
December }
● A collection containing only the letter g
C={g}
 Sets: Statement Form
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● A group containing all 7 colors of the rainbow

D = { all 7 colors of the rainbow }
● A group of years between 2000 and 2020
E = { years between 2000 and 2020 }
● A group of positive even numbers less than 45
F = { positive even numbers less than 45 }
 Well-Defined Sets
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A set must be well-defined, meaning that its

elements can be described and listed with clarity,
and without multiple meanings or confusion.
Examples:
● The set containing numbers 1, 3, and 5
● The set of all letters of the English alphabet
 Are the following sets well-defined or not?
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1. A set of household objects

2. A set containing school subjects Math, Science, and English
3. The set of all countries in Southeast Asia
4. Set J = { students in a classroom }
5. Set K = { numbers 11 to 20 }
6. Set L = { 120, 401, 502, 710, 830 }
 Elements of a Set
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Elements or members of a set are the objects

present in a set. To represent that an element is
contained in a set, we use the symbol ∈ . If an
element is NOT contained in a set, we use ∉ .
Example: A = { 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8 }
5 is an element of set A → 5
∈A
3 is NOT an element of set A → 3∉A
 TRUE or FALSE?
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For set D = { 4, 6, 8, 9, 10 } and set H = { 15, 16, 18, 20 } :

★ 10 ∈ D ____________ ★ 16 ∉ H ____________
★5∈D ____________ ★ 20 ∈ H ____________
★ 11 ∉ D ____________ ★ 18 ∈ H ____________
★6∈D ____________ ★ 17 ∉ H ____________
★8∉D ____________ ★ 14 ∈ H ____________
 Write ∈ if the element belongs in the set, and
write ∉ if the element does not belong in the set.
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For set F = { 1, 4, 9 } and set J = { 1, 2, 4, 8 } :

★ 1 ____ F ★ 9 ____ J
★ 4 ____ F ★ 8 ____ J
★ 2 ____ F ★ 1 ____ J
★ 9 ____ F ★ 4 ____ J
★ 8 ____ F ★ 2 ____ J
 Equal Sets
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Two sets are called equal if they have exactly the

same elements.
Example: Set A = { 2, 3, 4 }
Set B = { 2, 3, 4 }
Thus, A = B
 Equal Sets
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In equal sets, the order is irrelevant.

Example: Set A = { 2, 3, 4 }
Set B = { 3, 4, 2 }
Same elements, the order
is irrelevant.
Thus, A = B
 Equal Sets
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In equal sets, any repetition of an element is ignored.

Example: Set A = { 2, 3, 4 }
Set B = { 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4 }
Same elements, repetition
is ignored.
Thus, A = B
 Equal Sets
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If two sets are NOT equal, this is shown by using the

symbol ≠ .
Example: If Set A = { 1, 2, 3 } and Set B = { 2, 3, 4
}
Set A and set B do not have
exactly
the same elements.
 Are the following pairs of sets equal or not?
Use the correct symbol.
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1. If A = { 1, 2, 3 } and B = { 1, 2, 3 }, A ____ B
2. If C = { 4, 5, 6 } and D = { 5, 4, 6 }, C ____ D
3. If E = { 2, 4, 6, 8 } and F = { 2, 4, 6, 7 }, E ____ F
4. If G = { 3, 4, 5 } and H = { 5, 3, 4, 3, 5 }, G ____ H
5. If J = { 1, 3, 5, 7 } and K = { 1, 3, 5, 1 }, J ____ K
 Finite and Infinite Sets
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We can list all the elements of a finite set, up until its

last element.
We cannot list all the elements of an infinite set, as
we cannot determine its last element. Even so, what
matters more is that the infinite set is well-defined.
 Examples of Finite Sets
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Example 1:
{ whole numbers between 2000 and 2005 }
= { 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 }
Each element of the set is listed.
 Examples of Finite Sets
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Example 2:
{ whole numbers between 2000 and 3000 }
= { 2001, 2002, 2003, …, 2999 }
The three dots ... stand for the other 995 numbers in the
set. We can use the dots to save space, instead of listing
all the elements. This three-dot notation can only be
used if the meaning is completely clear.
 Examples of Infinite Sets
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Examples:
{ even whole numbers }
= { 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, … }

{ whole numbers greater than 2000 }

= { 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, … }
 Examples of Infinite Sets
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For infinite sets, no matter how many elements we list,

there are always more elements in the infinite set that
are not in the list.
The three dots ... now have a slightly different meaning,
because they stand for infinitely many elements that we
could not possibly list, no matter how long we try.
 Subsets
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A set can be a subset inside another set. We use the

symbol ⊆ to show that a set is a subset of another set.
Example 1:
The set of all owls is a subset of the set of all birds
→ { owls } ⊆ { birds }
because every owl is also a bird.
 Subsets
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Example 2:
If A = { 2, 4, 6 } and B = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
→ A ⊆ B
because every element of A is also an element in B.
 Subsets
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The symbol ⊈ means that at least one element of the

first set in NOT an element of the second set.
Example 1:
The set of all birds is a NOT a subset of the set of
all
flying creatures → { birds } ⊈ { flying
creatures }
An ostrich is a bird, but it does not fly.
 Subsets
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Example 2:
If A = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 } and B = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
→ A ⊈ B
because 0 ∈ A, but 0 ∉ B.
 Subsets
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Any set is a subset of itself.

Example:
{ birds } ⊆ { birds }
Every bird in the first set (the set of all
birds)
also belongs to the second set (which is
also
the set of all birds).
 TRUE or FALSE?
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1. If A = { 1, 2, 3 } and B = { 1, 2, 3 }, A ⊆ B ______________
2. If C = { 4, 5 } and D = { 4, 5, 6 }, C ⊆ D ______________
3. If E = { 2, 4, 6, 7 } and F = { 2, 4, 6, 8 }, E ⊆ F ______________
4. If G = { 4, 5, 6 } and H = { 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 }, G ⊈ H
______________
5. If J = { 1, 3, 5, 7 } and K = { 3, 5 }, J ⊈ K ______________
 Subsets: Proper Subsets
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If A ⊆ B and A ≠ B, then A is called the proper subset

of B and it can be written as A ⊂ B. Otherwise, A ⊄ B.
Example:
If A = { 2, 5 } and B = { 2, 5, 7 },
→ A⊂B
because A⊆B and also A≠B.
 TRUE or FALSE?
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1. If A = { 1, 2, 3 } and B = { 1, 2, 3 }, A ⊄ B ______________
2. If C = { 4, 5 } and D = { 4, 5, 6 }, C ⊂ D ______________
3. If E = { 2, 4, 6, 7 } and F = { 2, 4, 6, 8 }, E ⊂ F ______________
4. If G = { 4, 5, 6 } and H = { 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 }, G ⊄ H
______________
5. If J = { 1, 3, 5, 7 } and K = { 3, 5 }, J ⊂ K ______________
 Universal Set
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A universal set is a set that contains all the elements

of other sets, including its own elements. It is usually
denoted by the capital letter U.
Example:
The set E = { 2, 4, 6, 8 } is contained inside the
universal set U = { whole numbers 0 to 9 }.
 The Null Set
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The symbol Ø represents the null set, which we also

call the empty set. It is the set that has no elements
at all. It can also be written as a pair of empty curly
braces { } .
● Nothing in the whole universe is an element of the
null set Ø.
● The null set Ø is a subset of every set.
 The Null Set
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● There is only one null set - any two null sets have
exactly the same contained elements (none at all),
so they must be equal to one another.
{} = {}
 Cardinality of a Set
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Cardinality refers to the number of elements that

are contained in a set. It is expressed in symbols as
two vertical lines enclosing the set name.
Example: For A = { 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 },
the cardinality of set A is
expressed as
| A | = 5 , because it has
five elements.
 Give the cardinality of the following sets:
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1. If X = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }, then | X | = ______
2. If Y = { 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 }, then | Y | = ______
3. | Ø | = ______
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GOOD JOB!
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LET US
GO TO
THE NEXT
LEVEL!
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