JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

BASIC CONCEPTS OF SETS

Module 1: SETS: An Introduction and Venn Diagram

MATHEMATICS 7
DEXTER CARPIO
 MODULE 1 | WEEK 1 – FIRST QUARTER: AUGUST 16 – 20, 2021
SETS: AN INTRODUCTION AND VENN DIAGRAM

A. Illustrates well-defined sets, subsets, universal sets, null set, cardinality of sets, union and intersection
of sets and the different of two sets.

1. I can describe and illustrate well-defined sets, subsets, universal sets, null set, and cardinality of sets.
2. I can use Venn Diagrams to represent sets and subsets.

SETS: An Introduction and Venn Diagram

Textbook Device Writing materials Schoology Account

Dear guardian/parent,
As your child take this lesson, please ensure that he/she is taking this module seriously. You may
participate in the student’s work if necessary and possible. If you have concerns or questions, you can
reach me on the contact number that can be found at the end of this learning packet. Thank you and God
bless!
- The Teacher

1 2 3
GIVE ME A NAME CONCEPTS AND EXAMPLES
GROUP ME (5 minutes)
(5 minutes) (40 minutes)

4 5
DRAW ME ASSESSMENT
(15 minutes) (45 minutes)

PRAYER
() In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen

THE MATHEMATICIAN’S PRAYER

Heavenly Father, thank you for the blessings You gave unto us,
Add joy to the world, Subtract evil from our lives.
Multiply the good things for us. Divide the gifts and share them
to others.
Convert badness to goodness. Help us raise our needs to You.
Extract the roots of immoralities and perform our different
functions in life.
Tell us all that life is as easy as math. Help us all to solve our
problems.
 Welcome to your first lesson in Mathematics subject for the SY 2021-2022!

This is an introductory lesson on sets. A clear understanding of the concepts in this lesson will help you
easily grasp number properties and enable you to quickly identify multiple solutions involving sets of numbers.
Set is one of the most fundamental concepts in Mathematics. The set theory which was developed in
the 19th century is now a common part of Mathematics and can be used as a foundation from which nearly all
Mathematical concepts can be derived.

GIVE ME A NAME
Direction: Name each group or collection of objects shown below. Write your answer on the space provided.

1.

Answer: _____________________________

2.

Answer: _____________________________

3.

Answer: _____________________________
GROUP ME
Direction: Below are some objects. Group them according to their appropriate category and label each group.
Then, answer the processing questions below.

Processing Questions:
a. How many groups are there?
Answer: ____________________
b. Does each object belong to a group?
Answer: ____________________
c. Is there an object that belongs to more than one group? Which one?
Answer: ____________________

CONCEPTS AND EXAMPLES

Definition
A set is a collection of well-defined objects that share the same characteristic(s).
The groups are called sets for as long as the objects in the group share a characteristic and are thus,
well defined.
Each object in a set is called an element or a member of a set.
The symbol ∈, which is read as, “is an element of”, is used to denote an element of the set.
The symbol ∉ is read as, “is not an element of”. It denotes that the element is not a member of the
set.
 EXAMPLES
S

Ways of Writing a Set

There are two ways of writing a set. These are the roster notations or tabular forms and the set-builder
notations or rule forms.

Roster Notation or Tabular Form – listing all the elements of the set separated by commas and
enclosed by braces.

EXAMPLES

a) set of planets = {Mercury, Venus, Mars, Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus}
b) set of weekdays = {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday}
c) set of distinct letters in the word book = {b, o, k}
In the last example, notice the letter “o” was written just once. Thus, if a set
has same elements, that element is written only once.

Set-Builder Notation or Rule Form – describing the elements of a set as one.

EXAMPLES

a) A = {Diosdado Macapagal, Ferdinand Marcos, Corazon Aquino, Fidel Ramos}

answer: A = {presidents of the Philippines}
b) B = {Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday}
answer: B = {days in a week}

When you are listing elements, it’s up to you whichever comes first to write as long as the
elements are complete.
The Cardinality of a
Set The cardinality of a set is the number of element(s) in a set, denoted by n(S), which is read as, “the
cardinality of S”, where S is the given set.

EXAMPLES
Complete the table below.

Set Elements of the Set Cardinality of the Set

1. P = {primary colors of paint} {red, blue, yellow} 3
2. M = {months that start with the letter M} {March, May} 2
3. V = {vowels in the word rhythm} {} 0

If a set has no element or its cardinality is equal to zero, then it is called an empty set or a
null set. The symbol used to denote an empty set is { } or ∅ .

Finite and Infinite Sets

Finite sets are sets having no elements or a countable number of elements.
Infinite sets are the process of listing the elements continues indefinitely. There is no end in listing
the elements of a set. In short, uncountable number of elements.

EXAMPLES OF FINITE SETS

1. K = {zodiac signs}
This is finite set because the number of elements in this set is countable. There
are 12 zodiac signs.
2. L = {fingers in one hand}
This is finite set because the number of elements in this set is countable. There
are 5 fingers in one hand.
3. N = {months in a year start with the letter “B”}
This is finite set because the number of elements in this set is countable
although there is no element in this set or zero element.

EXAMPLES OF INFINITE SETS

1. H = {even counting numbers} H = {2, 4, 6, 8, …}

2. B = {whole numbers} B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …}
3. W = {multiples of 3} W = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, …}

The three dots, which are called ellipsis, mean “and so forth” or “the list
continues accordingly.”
The Universal Set and Joint and Disjoint
Sets The universal set is the totality of all the elements under a given situation, and it is denoted by U.
The joint sets are sets have common elements.
The disjoint sets are sets do not have the same or common element.

EXAMPLES

A. Determine the universal set of the following sets:

1. X = {a, e, i, o, u} and Y = {consonant letters in the English alphabet}

Answer: U = {all letters in the English alphabet}

2. A = {1, 2, 4, 6} and B = {1, 2, 3, 5, 8}

Answer: U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8}

B. In each item below, state whether the two given sets are joint sets or disjoint sets.
If the given sets are joint sets, determine their common element(s).

1. R = {apple, lips, strawberry} and S = {strawberry, watermelon, star apple}

Answer: joint sets, common element: strawberry

2. W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …} and C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …}

Answer: joint sets, common elements: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, …

3. A = {countries in Africa} and E = {countries in Europe}

Answer: disjoint sets

Subsets and Proper subsets

Subset – every element in A is also an element in B, denoted by A ⊆ B.
Proper subset – there is at least one element in B not included in A, denoted by A ⊂ B.
Not a subset – set A does not belong to Set B, denoted by A ⊈ B.
Not a proper subset – the elements in C are equal to the elements in D, denoted by C ⊄ D.

EXAMPLES
In each item below, determine which set is a subset of the other set.
1. A = {1, 2} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Answer: A ⊂ B

2. W = {0, 1, 2, 3, …} and C = {1, 2, 3, …}

Answer: C ⊂ W

3. D = {a, e, i, o, u} and E = {vowels in the English alphabet}

Answer: D ⊆ E

4. M = {5, 10, 15} and F = {10, 15, 5}

Answer: M ⊆ F
Number of Subsets
EXAMPLE 1
Given M = {x, y}, write the complete list of subsets. Note that Set M has two (2)
elements. In symbol, n(M) = 2.

Zero at a time One at a time Two at a time

{} {x} {x, y}
{y}

The complete list of subsets are { }, {x}, {y} and {x, y}. There are four subsets of
the given set M = (x, y}

o An empty set is a subset of all sets.

o Every set is a subset of itself.

EXAMPLE 2
Given F = {1, 2, 3}, write the complete list of subsets. Note that Set F has three (3)
elements. In symbol, n(F) = 3.

Zero at a time One at a time Two at a time Three at a time

{} {1} {1, 2} {1, 2, 3}
{2} {1, 3}
{3} {2, 3}

The complete list of subsets are { }, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3} and {1, 2, 3}.
There are eight subsets for the given set F = {1, 2, 3}.

To easily find the number of subsets, use the formula 2n. See the examples below on how to
apply the given formula.

EXAMPLE 3
The subset of a given set can be solved using the formula 2n, where n is the number
of elements in a given set.

Number of Elements Formula and Solution Number of Subsets

3 2 =2 =2×2×2
n 3
8
4 2n = 2 4 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 16
5 2 =2 =2×2×2×2×2
n 5
32
The Venn Diagram
A Venn diagram can be used to illustrate sets.
This mathematical diagram was named after John Venn, an English mathematician.
These are diagrams that make use of geometric shapes to show relationships between sets.
It is very useful in showing the relationship between sets.
A Venn diagram uses a rectangle to represent the universal set and circles to represent sets.

EXAMPLES

U
Fig. 1.1 shows that all elements of A are in the
A
universal set U.

Figure 1.1

A U
Fig. 1.2 illustrates that all elements of B are in A.
B

Figure 1.2 B ⊂ A

U
A B Fig. 1.3 shows that there are no common elements
in A and B. Therefore, A and B are disjoint sets.

Figure 1.3

ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES
Draw a Venn diagram to show the relationships between the following pairs or
groups of sets:

1. A = {1, 3, 5} and B = {5, 10, 15} 2. C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …} and D = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …}

Answer:
Answer:
A B D
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …
U
1 10 C
5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …
3 15
 In constructing Venn diagram using MS Word, just follow these steps:
STEP 1: OPEN THE MS WORD
STEP 2: GO TO INSERT TAB
STEP 3: CLICK SMART ART
STEP 4: CLICK THE RELATIONSHIP
STEP 5: PICK APPROPRIATE VENN DIAGRAM

DRAW ME
Direction: Draw/create a Venn diagram in MS Word or Bond paper to show the relationships between the
following pair of sets:

1. E = {2, 4, 6, 8} and F = {1, 3, 5, 7}

2. G = {Bataan, Bulacan, Pampanga} and H = {Philippines}
3. I = {consonant letters in the word “circle”} and J = {consonant letters in the word “rectangle”}

ASSESSMENT
Multiple Choice
Direction: Read and analyze each statement and choose the letter of the best answer.

____ 1. What do you call a collection of well-defined objects?

a. subset b. element c. set d. null
____ 2. Which of the following is not an element of A = {counting numbers}?
a. 3 b. 2 c. 1 d. 0
____ 3. Which of the following is the symbol used for a null set?
a. {∅ } b. {0} c. { } d. 0
____ 4. Which set shows the elements of B = {letters in the word “school”}?
a. {s, c, h, l} b. {s, c, o, l} c. {s, c, h, o, l} d. {s, c, h, o, o}
____ 5. Consider C = {vowels in the “clinic”}. Find n(C).
a. 6 b. 4 c. 2 d. 1
____ 6. Which of the following is not an empty set?
a. {vowels in the word “rhythm”} c. {day in a week that starts with the letter J}
b. {soldiers in the Philippines} d. {bicycle with four wheels}
____ 7. Consider P = {blue, red, green, orange, yellow, violet}. How many subsets does it have?
a. 64 b. 48 c. 32 d. 12
____ 8. Consider A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {3, 6, 9}. Describe the relationship of the two given sets.
a. set A and B are equal sets c. set A and B are joint sets
b. set A and B are equivalent sets d. set A and B are disjoint sets
____ 9. Which of the following is an infinite set? The set of ______________.
a. sea creatures that exist c. teachers in your school
b. players in a basketball game d. senator in the Philippines
____ 10. Describe this set: {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, …}.
a. set of whole numbers c. set of odd numbers
b. set of counting numbers c. set of even numbers

 Mathematics for the 21st Century Learner, DIWA LEARNING SYSTEM, INC.,
Marilou C. Geruela, et. al
REFERENCES
 Next Century Mathematics, PHOENIX PUBLISHING HOUSE,
Fernando B. Orines, et. al

Teacher Dexter Carpio

Contact Number 0916-763-5085
Email Address jonalynbasuel@gmail.com
Consultation Time 8 A.M. to 5 P.M.