ST.

COLUMBAN’S INSTITUTE MATH 7

Domalandan, Center Lingayen, Pangasinan
MATHEMATICS 7
GRADE 7 - LEARNER`S MODULE #1– 1st Quarter, Weeks 1 - 2

CHAPTER 1: BASIC SET THEORY

Section 1.1.2: Basic Ideas of Sets
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
 illustrates well-defined sets, describing sets, equal and equivalent sets, finite, infinite
and empty sets, universal sets and subset, and operations on sets

INTRODUCTION/ MOTIVATION
Find the following sets of numbers.
1. All even numbers between 9 and 25
2. All prime numbers less than 20
3. All odd numbers between 0 and 24 that are not factors of 63
4. All numbers between 0 and 49 that are multiples of 5 but not multiples of 4.

DISCUSSION:

A set is any well-defined collection or group of distinct objects. “Well-defined” means that we
can decide whether the object does or does not belong to the set.
Each object in a set is called a member or an element of a set. The object in a set can be
anything: numbers, letters, symbols, names, things, etc.

DESCRIBING SETS
There are three ways in which we can describe a set. These are the following:

1. The Roster Notation (Listing Method)

 This is a method describing a set by listing each element of the set inside the symbol
{ }.
Examples:
1. A = {1,2, 3, 4}
2. B = {p,h, i, l, n, e, s}

2. The Rule Method (Set-builder Notation)

 It is a method that lists the rules that determine whether an object is an element of
the set rather than the actual elements.
Examples:
1. Set A is the set of counting numbers less than 5.
2. Set B is the set of letters in the word “Philippines.”

3. The Verbal Description Method

 It is a method of describing a set in words.
Examples:
1. A = {x ¿ x is a counting number less than 5} read as “the set of all x’s such that x
is a counting number less than 5.” The vertical bar after the first x is translated as
“such that.”
2. B = {x ¿ x is a letter in the word “Philippines”}

EQUAL AND EQUIVALENT SETS

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Two sets that contain exactly the same number of elements are equivalent sets. If we are
given A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {m, a, t, h}, we say that A is equivalent to B (A ≈ B). Both sets
contain four elements, hence, they are equivalent.
Two sets that contain exactly the same elements are said to be equal sets. If we are given A =
{a, e, i, o, u} and B = {e, 0, i, u, a}, then we can say that A = B. These two sets contain exactly
the same elements and, therefore, are equal.

FINITE SET, INFINITE SET AND EMPTY SET

1. A set is a finite set if all of its elements of the set can be listed down.
Examples of finite sets.
1. Set A is the set of days in a week.
A = { monday, tuesday, wednesday, thursday, friday, saturday, sunday }
2. Set B is the set of natural numbers between 5 and 12.
B = { 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 }

2. A set is an infinite set if not all the elements can be listed down.
Examples of infinite sets
1. Set C is the set of natural numbers.
C = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . . }
2. Set D is the set of prime numbers.
D = { 2, 3, 5, 7, . . . }
Note: An ellipsis (…) is the three dots which indicates that the series of elements are
continuous.

3. Empty set or Null set is a set containing no elements and is denoted by the symbols { } or
∅
Examples of empty set.
1. Set E is the set whole number less than zero.
E = { } or E = ∅
2. Set F is the set of cars with two wheels.
F={}

UNIVERSAL SET AND SUBSETS

The universal set, or simply the universe, denoted by ∪, contains all elements being
considered in a given situation.
Consider this example
U= { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 }
A = { 2, 4} , B = { 4, 6, 8 }
Set A is a subset of set B, written as A ⊆ B, if and only if, every element in A is also an
element in B.

OPERATION ON SETS
1. The union of set A and B written as 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵, is the set elements that in A, or in B, or both A
and B.
Example: Let 𝐴 = {𝑎,,,𝑑} and 𝐵 = {𝑏,𝑑,𝑓,𝑔}
Find 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵

Solution:
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = { 𝑎,𝑏,𝑐,𝑑,𝑓,𝑔}

2. The intersection of set A and B , written as A ∩ 𝐵 , is the set containing the elements that
are common to both A and B.
Example: Consider set A and B: A ={ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } , B = { 2, 4, 6, 8 }
Find 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵

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Solution:
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = { 2,4 }

3. The difference of set B from set A, denoted by 𝐴 − 𝐵, is the set of elements in A but not in
B.
Example: Let A = { 1,3,5,7,9,11} and B = { 3,4,7,8}
Find a) 𝐴 – 𝐵 b) 𝐵 − 𝐴
Solution:
a) 𝐴 − 𝐵 = { 1,5,9,11 }
b) 𝐵 − 𝐴 = { 4,8 }

4. The complement of set A, denoted by 𝐴′, is the set of elements that are in the universal set
but not in set A.
Example: Let 𝑈 = { 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} 𝐴 = {0,4,8} , 𝐵 = {1,3,5,7}
Find: a) 𝐴′ 𝑏) ′ 𝑐) 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵
Solution:
a) 𝐴′ = { 1,2 ,3,5,6,7 }
b) 𝐵′ = { 0,2,4,6,8 }
c) 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵 = { 1,3,5,7 }

EVALUATION:
Activity #1 (Basic Ideas of Sets)
A. Find the following sets of numbers.
1. All even numbers between 9 and 25
2. All prime numbers less than 20
3. All odd numbers between 0 and 24 that are not factors of 63
4. All numbers between 0 and 49 that are multiples of 5 but not multiples of 4.

B. State whether each statement is true (T) or false (F).

1. All numbers between 0 and 10 are even.
2. Some of the numbers between 0 and 10 are prime numbers.
3. All factors of 105 are odd.
4. None of the factors of 45 are even.
5. Some square numbers are the sum of two prime numbers.
6. All prime numbers greater than 2 are odd.

C. Write each of the following using roster method and set builder notation.
1. Set M is the set of months having 31 days.
2. Set D is the set of days of the week beginning with the letter T.
3. Set W is the set of whole numbers between 11 to 20.
4. Set P is the set of prime numbers less than 20
5. Set E is the set of the last ten letters of the alphabet.

Prepared by: Checked by:

Nancy B. Corpuz Engr. Olivert L. Ambosio
Gretchen P. Abacco School Principal
Subject-Teachers

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