7th grade

Set Theory
INTRODUCTION
 Sets

well-defined – clear and precise, easy describe

distinct – unique, different
 Sets

Example: A manufacturing company has 5 new

products. Mathematically, the set of products can
be written:

which is translated as ‘The set of new products, M,

consists of members v, w, x, y, and z.
 Parts of a Set

Sets are denoted using capital letters, A, B, ..., Y, Z.

The members of a set are called elements.
Elements are usually represented by small letters.
They are usually put within curly brackets and are
separated by commas.
If the set contains many elements, we used three
dots,... ellipsis. Ex.
 Sets

NOTE: In listing the elements of a set, each distinct

element is listed once, and the order of the
elements does not matter.

Examples:
1. The set of primary colors
C=
2. The set of even numbers
M=
 Sets

List down all the elements in the following sets.

1. The set of letters in the word ‘PHILIPPINES’
P=
2. The set of multiples of 5
M=
3. The set of days in a week
D=
4. The set of Grade 7 teachers
S=
• More examples. Make the subject more fun.
• I already like the way you teach, hehe. (But please make the discussion more fun.
• I sometimes do not get what you say because you speak too fast. Please more
games in Math. You’re so pretty.
• Likes: I don’t see any obvious improvements needed
Lots of examples, not too easy in terms of solving, challenging topics
Suggestions- none
• I like it when you make Math easy and enjoyable
• Try your best to make the subject understandable and make it the best
experience for us. Continue your work as a teacher.
• More lectures, easy homeworks, mentos, less work, plus points
• More games
• Please give lots of plus points
• I like how you give mentos
Maybe explain more? But your explanation is ok. Make Math easier (joke).
I don’t really have a request for Math.
• Teacher, please make Math easier! But I will try my best and study more. You’re
already good at teaching. Keep up the good work, Teacher!
• I don’t really have a problem with the way you teach. I think you are really fun.
So, I think you will do well this year. I’m really happy to see you again. I’m sure me
and the others want to make you proud. –CRT
• I really like the detailed teaching. The jokes and the examples. Very pretty.
Things to be improved- (wala)
Suggestions- More games and more jokes (yun lang) – Anonymous
• I like how you teach.
• Group activities are fun sometimes. I think it will be nice to use the wheel of names
when grouping so that it will be fair. I don’t really have much to say, just teach
comfortably with us and keep it up! Good luck po teacher!
• Nothing to change. Your teaching is very lively & pleasant. You never show any
signs of negativity. Continue to shine bright and don’t overwork yourself.
• More you tube tutorials for better understanding. I expect to be in the Math
Wizard’s Challenge.
• Do more fun games about Math.
 Well-defined sets

Well-defined and not well-defined sets

A well-defined set is a set with elements that can
be described or clearly defined.

On the other hand, a not well-defined set has

ambiguous elements. It does not have a clear or
specific criterion for determining its members.
 Not well-defined sets

Examples:
1. Set of famous dancers

2. Set of punctual students in your class

3. Set of honest people

Determine whether a set is well-defined or not.
Examples:
1. Set of big animals

2. Set of green leafy vegetables

3. Set of beautiful paintings

4. Set of red fruits

5. Set of tall trees

 Finite and Infinite Sets

Finite Sets- contain a definite number of different

elements.
Example: F = {+, –, ×, ÷}

Infinite Sets- the different elements of the set

cannot come to an end. Thus, ellipsis (...) is used to
indicate that there are other elements aside from
the last identified element.
Example: E = {2, 4, 6, 8,...}
Identify if the set is finite or infinite.

1. Set of counting numbers

2. Set of months in a year
3. Set of integers
4. Set of consonants
5. Set of grade school students in Schoolville
Describing a Set
 Describing a Set

There are two ways of describing or writing sets:

using the Roster or Listing Method and the
Set-builder form or Rule Method.

In the Roster method, all the elements of a set are

listed, separated by a comma, and enclosed by
brackets.
 Describing a Set

Roster or Listing Method

Write each set described below in Roster method.
1. Set E consists of the vowels in the English
alphabet
E = {a, e, i, o, u}
2. Set C consists of counting numbers
C=
3. Set F consists of all factors of 10
F=
 Describing a Set
Set-builder form/Rule method
In the set-builder form, a set is defined by stating the
property that describes all members of the set.

Write each set described below in Set-builder form.

1. O = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, ...}
O = {x Ι x is an odd number}

“Set O is a set of all x such that x is an odd number.”

The vertical symbol “Ι” is read as “such that.”
Roster Method vs. Rule Method
 Roster Method vs Rule Method

Listing Method Set-builder Form

list down all the elements in describes or defines the

the set. elements of a set

Example: Example:
the set of letters in the word, A = {x | x is a letter in the word
"California" is written as "California"}
A = {c, a, l, i, f, o, r, n}. or
A = {x : x is a letter in the word
"California"}
 Describing a Set

ROSTER METHOD SET-BUILDER FORM

A = {x|x is a counting number

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
from 1 to 5}
B = {x|x is a symbol of the four
B = {+, –, ×, ÷}
basic operations}

C = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ...} C = {x:x is an even number}

“Set A is a set of all x(number) such that x(number) is a counting number

from 1 to 5.”
 Describing a Set

ROSTER METHOD SET-BUILDER FORM

A = {10, 20, 30, 40...}

B = {Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao}

C = {Language, Filipino, Math...}

 Describing a Set

ROSTER METHOD SET-BUILDER FORM

1. B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

2. M = {January, June, July}

3. S = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25}

4. D = {Tuesday, Thursday}

5. E = {7, 14, 21, 28,...}

Review
 Question 1

Which does not belong to the group?

cabbage, eggplant, tomato, carrots, squash, brocolli

 Question 2

List down the elements of “Set A consists of numbers

between 2 and 13”.

A=
 Question 3

TRUE OR FALSE.

The set of richest cities in the Philippines is an example

of a well-defined set.
 Question 4

Complete the sentence below.

______________ are sets which contain countable elements.

 Question 5

Which of the following is a finite set?

a. Set of whole numbers

b. Set of integers
c. Set of counting numbers up to twenty
d. Set of even numbers
 Question 6

What are the elements of “The set of Grade 7 male

teachers?”

M=
 Question 7

Identify the two ways in describing or writing a set

 Question 8

Write the “set of primary colors” using the Roster method.

P=
 Question 9

It is a method of writing a set by describing or defining the

elements of the set.
 Question 10

Write O = {T.Joy, T.Rej, T.Dianne, T.Beth} using the Set-

builder form or Rule method.

O=
Representation of Sets
Two methods of representing a set
Roster/Tabular form or Listing Method
In the roster form, we list all the members of the set within braces { }
and separate by commas.
Example: Set E consists of the vowels in the English alphabet
Answer: E = {a, e, i, o, u}

Set-builder form or Rule Method

In the set-builder form, we list the property or properties satisfied by
all the elements of the sets.
Example: E = {a, e, i, o, u}
Answer: E = {x|x is a vowel in the English alphabet}
E = {x:x is a vowel in the English alphabet}
Quiz Reminder

Math 7 Quiz 1-1

When: August 24, 2023 (Thursday)
Topic/s: Introduction to Set Theory
Identifying the elements of a set
Well-defined set
Finite and Infinite Sets
Representation of Sets
 Types of Sets
Consider the sets U, A, and B.
U = {xIx is an animal on land}
A = {cow, horse, goat, pig, carabao}
B = {tiger, lion, giraffe, zebra}

Set U is called the Universal Set which is the set that

contains all elements under consideration.
 Universal Set

Animal on land farm pet

animals animals
Animal on land
wild
farm animals
wild
animals animals
pet
animals
Types of Sets
 Types of Sets
Consider the sets U, A, and B.
U = {x I x is a letter in the English alphabet}
A = {a, e, i, o, u}
B = {b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z}

Set U is called the Universal Set which is the set that

contains all elements under consideration.
 Types of Sets
Consider the sets U, A, and B. farm
animals
pet
animals
U = {x I x is an animal on land} wild
A = {cow, horse, goat, pig, carabao} animals

B = {tiger, lion, giraffe, zebra}

Set A and B are called subsets of Set U because

each element in Set A and B are in Set U.
 Types of Sets
Example:
L = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} M = {5, 4, 3, 2, 1}

Set M is a subset of L because every element of M is

an element of L.
M⊆L

NOTE: Every set is a subset of itself.

 Universal Sets and Subsets

Universal Set:

Subset:
 Universal Sets and Subsets

Example: Suppose we only are examining quadrilaterals

(trapezoid, parallelogram, kite, rhombus, rectangle,
square). This is our universal set.
U
Identify the subsets.
 Universal Sets and Subsets
Example:
Suppose we two sets: U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
and A = {1, 2, 3}
REMEMBER:
• The universal set is the set of all U
elements or members of all related A
sets. 4
1
• A universal set can be denoted by 3
the symbol U. 2 5
• Universal set may contain extra
elements other than what its subsets
have.
 Universal Sets and Subsets
Example:
Suppose we have three sets:
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} 6 A U
4 B
• A is a subset of B 1
3
A ⊆ B (A is a subset of B) 5
2
*A superset is a set that contains all 7
the elements of another set.
B ⊇ A (pronounced B is a superset of
A)
 Types of Sets
Example:
L = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} M = {5, 4, 3, 2, 1}

Set L is also a subset of Set M

L⊆M

It also means they are equal sets.

M ⊆ L and L ⊆ M
 Types of Sets
Example:
N = {1, 2, 4, 6} O = {2, 4, 6}

Set O is a proper subset of Set N.

O⊂N

Set O is a proper subset of Set N because Set N has

elements that are not in Set O.
A proper subset is a subset that isn't equal to the
original set.
 Types of Sets
Example:
L = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} M = {5, 4, 3, 2, 1} N = {1, 2, 4, 6}
O = {2, 4, 6} P={}

Set O is a not proper subset of Set L because the

number 6 is not an element of Set L.
O⊄L
 Types of Sets
Example:
L = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} M = {5, 4, 3, 2, 1} N = {1, 2, 4, 6}
O = {2, 4, 6} P={}

Set P is an empty set or null set. An empty set is

denoted by the symbol { } or ∅.

NOTE: Any empty or null set is a subset of any set.

Example: P ⊆ L, P ⊆ O, P ⊆ N, P ⊆ M
 The empty set

Situation:
A customer arrives and wants to
order some food. What are the
choices?

What is the Universal set?

What is/are the Subsets?

What is the Empty set?

 Empty Sets
Example:
1. Set T is the set of odd numbers between 1 and 3.
T = { } or T = ∅
2. Set M is a set of months with 32 days.
M = { } or M = ∅
3. Set F is a set of flying trees.
F = { } or F = ∅

NOTE: The sets { Ø } and (0} are not empty, since

each contains one element.
Example:
Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
X = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
W = {6, 8, 10}
Y = {3} U
True or false:
1. Y ⊂ W
2. X ⊂ W
3. X ⊆ U
4. W ⊂ U
5. X ⊇ U
How to find the number of subsets and proper subsets in a set

Example:
A = {a, b, c}

*If a set contains n elements, then the number of subsets of

this set is equal to 2n.
Number of subsets of A: 23 = 8

*If a set contains n elements, then the number of subsets of

this set is equal to 2ⁿ − 1
Number of proper subsets of A: 23 − 1 = 7
How to find the number of subsets and proper
subsets in a set
Example: A
A = {a, b, c}
a b
Number of subsets of A: 23 = 8 c
Number of proper subsets of A: 23 − 1 = 7
 More examples
Example:
P = {red, blue, yellow}

Possible subsets are: 2n

Three elements Two elements One element No element

{yellow, blue, red} {red, blue} {red} {} or ∅

{red, yellow} {blue}

{yellow, blue} {yellow}

 More examples
Example:
P = {m, a, t, h}
Possible subsets are: 2n
Four elements Three elements Two elements One element No element
Cardinality
of Sets
 Cardinality of Set

Cardinality refers to the number of elements in a set.

Cardinal – “how many”

Thus, in A = {1, 3, 5, 7}, n(A) = 4 because the number

of elements in A is 4.
 Cardinality of Set
Examples:
1. Set D is the set of vowels in the English alphabet.
D = {a, e, i, o, u}
n(D) = 5
2. Set P is the set of letters in the word PHILIPPINES.
P=
n(P) =
3. Set C is the set of numbers between 1 and 2
C=
n(C) =
 Venn Diagram

Venn Diagram is a simple visual presentation of a

set. It uses circles to show the relationship among
a finite group of things.
For example, M = {a, b, c, d, e}
b M
a c
d
e
 Venn Diagram

Examples:
Summary:
• Sets
• elements
• well-defined sets
• finite and infinite sets
• Roster method and set builder form
• Types of Sets
• Universal Set
• Subset
• Proper subset
• Empty set
• Cardinality of Sets
• Venn Diagram
Thank you!