Sets Well–defined Sets and Null Sets

Name : Shekinah Feby P Usman Grade/Section : Grade VII Rose

LRN : 128785130242. Score :______________

CONCEPT

 A set is a well-defined group of objects, called elements, which

share a common characteristic.
 Use capital letters such as A, B, C, D and E to denote sets and
lowercase letters such as a, b, c, d, and e to denote elements.
 List the elements of a set in braces { }, and separate these
elements by commas.
 The universal set U is a set that contains all the objects under
consideration.
 The null set Ø is an empty set.
 The cardinality of a set is the number of elements contained in a
set.

REVIEW

Group the following as you see fit. The first one is done for you.
 Hats Trees Even numbers Odd numbers Shoes

MODELING

Presenting set of elements in three methods:

Example 1. The group of hats can be named as set H.

a. H = {baseball cap, ladies hat, hard hat}

 The three objects
shared a common
characteristic, that is,
it covers and protects
the head, hence, this
This is the listing or roster method of is a set.
naming the elements of the set.

b. b.1. Set H is a set of head covering.

b.2. Set H is a set of hats.
b.3. Set H is a set that covers and protects the head.

This is the Verbal Description Method of naming the elements of the set.

c. H = {xIx covers and protects the head}

This is the Set Builder Notation of naming the elements of the set. This
is read as “the set H contains the element x such that x covers and
protects the head”.

Note: The only correct fence or enclosure is

braces { }, not parenthesis or brackets. The set
is denoted by a capital letter.

Note: The objects in a set are called elements. In set H, there are 3 objects,
the hard hat, ladies hat, and baseball cap. Therefore, set H has 3
elements. The element is denoted as ϵ. So, we say that hard hat ϵ of H,
ladies hat ϵ of H, and baseball cap ϵ H.

Since Cardinality refers to the number of elements within the set, and set H
contains 3 elements, therefore “the cardinality of set H is 3” or “the cardinal
number of set H is 3. This is denoted as H = l3l or n(H) = 3

Example 2. The group of shoes can be named as set S.

a. List or Roster Method

S = {rubber shoes, school shoes, high-heeled shoes}

b. Verbal Description Method

Since rubbers shoes,

b.1. S is a set of shoes. school shoes, high-

b.2. S is a set of footwears. heeled shoes shared a
b.3. S is a set of shoes that protects the feet. common
characteristic,
 c. Set Builder Notation that is, to protect the feet. This group is
S ={xlx protects the feet} called set.

This can be read as “Set S contains the

element x such that x protects the feet.

Note: In set S, there are 3 objects, the rubber shoes, school shoes and
high-heeled shoes.. Therefore, set S has 3 elements. Since the
element is denoted as ϵ, we say that rubbers shoes ϵ of S, school
shoes ϵ of S, and high-heeled shoes ϵ S.

Since Cardinality refers to the number of elements within the set, and set S
contains 3 elements, therefore “the cardinality of set S is 3” or “the
cardinal number of set H is 3. This is denoted as S = l3l or n(S) = 3

Example 3. U is the universal set and 1,

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 are the a. U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
elementsϵof the universal set
A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} U. There are 10 elements in
B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} set U therefore the
cardinality of set U is 10.

b. Set U is a set of counting numbers from 1 to 10. Set A is a set of

odd numbers from 1 to 10.
Set B is a set of even numbers from 1 to 10.

c. U = {x|x is a counting numbers from 1 to 10}

A = {x|x is an odd number from 1 to 10}
B = {x|x is an even number from 1 to 10}

Note: In set A, there are 5 objects. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 are called elements of set A.

Therefore, set A has 5 elements. Again, the word element is denoted
as ϵ .So we say, 1 ϵ A; 3 ϵ A; 5 ϵ A; 7 ϵ A; and 9 ϵ A.

The cardinality of set A is 5, denoted as A = l5l or n(5).

Note: In set B, there are also 5 objects. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 are called elements of

set B. Therefore, set B has also 5 elements. Again, the word
element is denoted as ϵ . So, we say, 2 ϵ B; 4 ϵ B; 6 ϵ B; 8 ϵ B; and
10 ϵ B.

The cardinality of set B is 5 denoted as B = l5l or n(5)

 Take a look at the table under the column of Trees (T): It is observed that
there are no trees in the group of objects presented; therefore, the set is a
null set, since it contains no elements. This is denoted as T = { } or Ø.

INTERACTIVE PHASE

A. Analyze ang give what is asked.

Give what is asked My turn Your turn

Set A is a set of English
Alphabet. Since cardinality refers to the
number of elements, you count the
Give the cardinality
letters in the English alphabet.
of
set Write the correct notation
A.
Set Q is an empty set. The name of the set is Q and the
symbol for an empty is { } or Ø
Write this in a
Roster Method. Write the correct notation.

A = The set of all even Count all even numbers less than
numbers less than 12 12. Note: Do not include 12.

Write this in a Write the correct notation.

Roster Method.
X = The set of months
in a year. Count all the months in a year.
Write the cardina l
Write the correct notation.
number
Q = {x : x is a Remember: A quadrilateral is a flat
quadrilateral having shape that has four sides and four
5 sides} angles.

Write the cardina l Write the correct notation

 number

B. MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE: Write your answer in the second column.

Support your answer with a short explanation to be written in the third
column. The first two problems are done for you.

1. B = {1, 4, 7, 9, 10, 12, 23}; the Because there are 7

cardinality of set B is 7. TRUE elements in set B.

2. In A = {a, b, c, d}; e is an element Because e is not an object

FALSE
of A. of A.
3. The cardinality of the set of vowel
letters in the English alphabet is
28.
4. Monday is an element of the
set of months that starts with
letter M.
5. Whole numbers are elements of
an Integer.
6. The set of vowels in the word
PLANET is an empty set.

7. {0} represents a null set.

8. 10 ∉ set of multiples of 5.

9. If A = {3, 5, 7, 9},9 ∉ A

10. If C = {12, 14, 18, 20, 24}, 24 ∈ C

ENGAGING

A. Direction: Fill the table with the correct representation of sets.

Descriptive Form Set – Builder Form Roster Form
 V = {x|x is a vowel letter
in the English alphabet} V = {a, e, i, o, u}

Set E is a set of all even

E = {x|x is an even number
numbers from 20 to 30.
from 20 to 30}

J is a set of calendar month J = {January, June,

that starts with J. July}

D is a set of letters in the word D = {xlx is a letter in the

LOYAL word LOYAL}.

C is a set of letters in the word C = {P, R, I, N, C,

PRINCIPAL. I, P, A, L}

E is a set of vowels in the

E = {xlx is a vowel letter in
word CHOICE.
the word CHOICE}
Q is a set of colors in the Q = {x : x is a color in the
rainbow. rainbow}

I = {xlx is a vowel letter} I = {a, e, i, 0, u}

L is a set of odd numbers

from 1 to 10. L = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
A is a set of multiples of 5 A = {5, 10, 15, 20}
from 5 to 20.

B. Write the cardinal number for each of the following. Write the correct
notation.
1. Y = The set of letters in the word INTELLIGENT

2. Z = The set of prime numbers from 2 to 11

3. Q = {x : x is a triangle having 4 sides}

4. W = The set of hours in a day

5. X = The set of months in a year

C. Fill the puzzle with the correct words.

 REFLECTION

A. Ask the students to answer this problem:

• How do we know that the group of objects is well-defined group of
objects?
• Give an example of a well-defined group of objects.
• Represent that set in three different forms.

B. Familiarize yourself with the words which you are going to find in the
table.

Universal Cardinality
Set Venn
Subset Diagram
Elements Union
Intersection Null set