INTRODUCTION TO

SETS

First Quarter – Module 1 and 2

,1 0 }
, 3 , …
{ 1 ,2
A =
 What is a SET?
-A set is a collection of a well-
defined and distinct (unique)
objects.
- A set is a collection of anything;
such as games , animals , numbers ,
colors , and things.
 Properties of a SET

• Elements are Unique means elements appear only

once in the set. That means {11, 6, 6} should be
written as {11, 6}.
• Elements are Unordered means that the order of
how you write the elements in a set does not matter.
Two sets are considered the same so long as both
sets contain the same elements. For example, {2, 5,
4, 3} is the same as {4, 5, 3, 2}.
 Examples of a SET
A. M = { 1 , 2 , 3 , … , 8 , 9 , 10 }
B. A = { a , e , i , o , u }
C. T = { 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 }
D. H = { Monday , Tuesday , Wednesday ,
Thursday , Friday , Saturday ,
Sunday }
UNIVERSAL SET
The universal set is all the elements that
one wishes to consider in a situation. Any
group of objects under examination is a
universal set.
 EMPTY SET
It is the unique set with no elements. We write the empty
set as either {} or ∅ .

Cardinality / Size of a SET

The number of elements/members in a set is called the
cardinality. We place vertical bars around a set or n ( Set ) to
indicate we want to find the cardinality of a set (think of it as
the size of set).
Example. Suppose we have S = {561, 1105, 1729, 2465}. Then |S|
or n( S ) has a cardinality of 4.
Example. The empty set has a cardinality of 0, since it has no
elements.
 Cardinality of a SET
Examples:
H = { t , i , t , a , n , i , u , m }, A = { p , l , a , t , i , n , u , m }
Z = { g , o , l , d }, E = { v , i , r , t , u , a , l },
L = { c , l , a , s , s }

1.n(H) = 6
2.n(A) = 8
3.n(Z) = 4
4.n(E) = 7
5.n(L) = 4
Subsets and Supersets
Suppose we have two sets: A = {1, 2} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
Notice that every element of A is also an element of B. We
say, then, that A is a subset of B. We write this as A ⊆
B (pronounced A is contained in B). Equivalently, we could
write B ⊇ A (pronounced B is a superset of A).
 Let’s find out!

1. Given the set S = {2, 4}, determine if it is

a subset of the following:

(a) L = {2, 4, 16} YES (c) F = {1, 2}

NO

(b) I = {1, 2, 4} YES (d) E = {2, 4} YES

 UNION OF SETS
The union includes elements
from two sets while excluding AUB
any duplicates that may appear.
In the union, every element
belongs in either set A or B.
The keyword is “or” which
indicates that an element may
belong in either A, B, or even
possibly both. Mathematically,
we write the union of two sets
A and B as: A ∪ B
 EXAMPLES

Evaluate the following:

1. M = {1, 2} ∪ E= {2, 3} M U E = { 1 , 2, 3 }
2. Y = {1, 2} ∪ O= {3, 4} ∪ U= {5,6} Y U 0 U U = { 1,2,3,4,5,6 }
3. W = {1, 2} ∪ E= {1, 2} W U E = { 1 , 2}
4. S = {1} ∪ O= {1, 2, 3} S U O = { 1 , 2, 3}
 INTERSECTION

The intersection is a new

set formed from the
elements common to two
(or more) sets, A and B.
The keyword is “and”
indicating that elements
must be in both in A and B.
We write the intersection
of A and B as A ∩ B
EXAMPLES

Evaluate the following

1. A= {1, 2} ∩ B= {2, 3} A ∩ B = { 2 }
2. C= {1, 2} ∩ D= {3} C∩D={}
3. E= {1, 2} ∩ F= {1, 2} E ∩ F = {1,2 }
VENN DIAGRAM
A Venn diagram, is a diagram
that shows all possible logical
relations between a finite
collection of different sets.
These diagrams depict elements
as points in the plane, and sets
as regions inside closed curves.
 EXAMPLES
A group of 100 students were asked
whether they like pizza or burger.
The result is shown at the right.
a.) How many students like pizza only?
b.)How many students don’t like any of
the two types of foods ?
c.)How many students like both pizza
and burger?
d.)What is the cardinality of the
universal set in the survey?
 EXAMPLES
A group of 90 students were asked if
they like banana, mango and pineapple.
a. ) How many students like both
banana and mango?
b. ) How many students like all the
three fruits in the survey?
c. ) How many students like pineapple
only?
d. ) How many students do not like any
of the three fruits?
e. ) What is the cardinality of the
universal set in the survey?
 PROBLEM 1:
LAPTOP CELL PHONE
In a survey of 150 high school
students it was found that:
80 students have laptops 10 12 0
125 students have iPods
110 students have cellphones 50
62 students have both laptop and 8 48
cellphone
58 students have both laptop and
19
iPod
98 students have both a cellphone 3
and an iPod iPod

50 students have all the three items

 ASSIGNMENT
Directions: Read each of the activities and write your answers directly.

Answer the following :

1.) Independent Activity 1

2.) Independent Assessment 1
3.) Independent Activity 2
4.) Independent Assessment 2
5.) Independent Activity 3
6.) Independent Assessment 3
 THANK YOU
and
GOD BLESS!

Prepared by:

Ms. Hazel Cola