Outline

●
Set
● Representaion of Set
➢
● Types of sets
● Finite and Infinite Sets
● Countable and Uncountable Sets
● Opertions on Sets
 What is Set?
● Well defined collection of Objects/elements/members means we can definitely decide whether a given
particular object belongs to(є) a given collection or not.
➢ ●
Sets are used to define concept of Relations and Functions.
● In every day we see collection of objects of a particular kind such as pack of cards,set of fruits,crowd of
people etc.
● In mathematics also we come across collections for e.g. set of prime numbers,set of odd numbers less
than 20,set of various kinds of triangles,set of vowels etc.
●
Sets are usualy denoted by Capital letters A,B,C... Z etc.
●
Elements of sets are ganerally denoted by small letetrs a,b,c...z etc.
 Representation of sets
1)Roster or Tabular Form
● all the elements of a set are listed, the elements are being separated by commas and are enclosed
within braces { }.
● In roster form order of elements listed is immaterial or not important.
e.g set of all even positive integers less than 7
A={2,4,6}
set of all vowels in english alphabets
B={a,e,i,o,u}
2)Set-Builder Form Or Rule Method
● Elements of set a set possess a single common property which is not possesed by any element
outside the set.
e.g set of all vowels in english alphabets
B={x|x is a vowel in english alphabet}
set of all even positive integers less than 7
A={x|x is even positive integer and x<7}
 Size of set
● Sets are used extensively in counting problems, and for such applications we need to discuss the
sizes of sets.
● Let S be a set. If there are exactly n distinct elements in S where n is a nonnegative integer, we
say that S is a finite set and that n is the cardinality of S. The cardinality of S is denoted by |S|.
● Remark: The term cardinality comes from the common usage of the term cardinal number as the
size of a finite set.
● Let A be the set of odd positive integers less than 10. Then |A| = 5.
● Let S be the set of letters in the English alphabet. Then |S| = 26.
 Types of Sets
1)Empty Set
● A set which does not contain any element is called the empty set or the
null set or the void set.
● The empty set is denoted by the symbol φ or { }.

Examples:
• Given B = { x : x is a student presently studying in both Classes X and XI }
• Let A = {x : 1 < x < 2, x is a natural number}. Then A is the empty set, because
there is no natural number between 1 and 2.
• C = {x : x is an even prime number greater than 2}.Then C is the empty set,
because 2 is the only even prime number.
• Given D = { x : x2= 4, x is odd }. Then D is the empty set, because the equation
X 2 = 4 is not satisfied by any odd value of x.
2)Finite and Infinite Sets
Types of Sets
● A set which is empty or consists of a definite number of elements is called finite otherwise,
the set is called infinite.
● All infinite sets cannot be described in the roster form. For example, theset of real numbers
cannot be described in this form, because the elements of this set do not follow any
particular pattern.
●
A set which has only one element is called a singleton set.

Examples:
3)Countable and Uncountable sets :

● if there is one to one mapping between elements of set and natural numbers then given set we can
say countable set.
● Set is said to be countable if it is finite or it has same cardinality as the set of positive integers
orher wise it is uncountable.
1) Set of inetegers 2)set
of even numbers
3) Set of humans in world
4) Set of stars
Uncountable Sets:
● if there is no one to one mapping between elements of set and natural numbers then given set we
can say uncountable set.
1)Set of real numbers
2)set of dots in line
4)Equal Sets:
Two sets A and B are said to be equal if they have exactly the same
elements and we write A = B. Otherwise, the sets are said to be unequal and we write
A ≠ B.
Examples :
(i) Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {3, 1, 4, 2}. Then A= B.
(ii) Let A be the set of prime numbers less than 6 and P the set of prime factors of 30. Then A and P
are equal, since 2, 3 and 5 are the only prime factors of 30 and also these are less than 6.
Subset

5)Power set
The collection of all subsets of a set A is called the power set of A. It is denoted by P(A). In P(A),
every element is a set.
e.g. if A = { 1, 2 }, then P( A) = { φ,{ 1 }, { 2 }, { 1,2 }}
Also, note that n [ P (A) ] = 4 = 22
In general, if A is a set with n(A) = m, then it can be shown that n [ P(A)] = 2m.
 6)Universal set
● Set of all things pertaining to given discussion and it is represented by symbol (U).
● Whie discussing numbers universal set will be set of Real numbers.
 Venn Diagram
●
Relationships between sets can be represented by means of diagrams which are known as
Venn diagrams.
●
The universal set is represented usually by a rectangle and its subsets by circles.
 Continued...
3)Difference of sets:
● The difference of the sets A and B in this order is the set of elements which belong to A but notto
B. Symbolically, we write A – B and read a “ A minus B”.
e.g.Let A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = { 2, 4, 6, 8 }
A – B = { 1, 3, 5 }
 Set Identities
Set identities are methods of expressing the same set using the names of sets and set operation.
 Continued...
Some set operations using venn diagram: