Chapter 1: Preliminary Topics

A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation Lesson 1
1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
2)
2)
The Set of Real Numbers
Set
Set Builder Notation
Builder Notation

B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality

II.
II. Set
Set Operations
Operations

A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets
Learning Outcomes:
III.
III. The Set of Real Numbers
At theThe
endSet
of of Real
this Numbers
lesson, the student should be able to:
A.
A. The Natural
The Natural Numbers
Numbers
1. work with sets;
B. The Whole
B. 2. classify
The Whole Numbers
real Numbers
numbers;
C. The Integers
C. 3. represent
The Integers
set of real numbers on a number line;
D. The
The Rational
D.4. evaluate
Rational Numbers
Numbers
expressions with absolute values;
E.
E. The Irrational Numbers
The Irrational Numbers
F. The
F. The Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of Numbers as
of Numbers as Subsets
Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System System
V.
V. InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction
InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction to
to Sets
Sets

A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation

1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
2)
2) Set
Set Builder Notation
Builder Notation

B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality

II.
II. Set
Set Operations
Operations

A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets

III.
III. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers

A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The Whole Numbers
The Whole Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The Irrational
The Irrational Numbers
Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as
as Subsets
Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
V. Inequality
V. Inequality
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number Line
Number Line
VII.
VII. Absolute Value
Value
A. Absolute
A. Set Notation
Set Notation

VI.
VI. Representing Real
Real Numbers on a Number Line
1)Representing
1) MethodNumbers on a Number Line
Roster Method
Roster
VII. Absolute
VII. 2)Absolute Value
Value Notation
Set Builder
I. IN TR OD U CTION TO SETS
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
• A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects.
• The1)
1)objects of a Method
Roster
Roster set are called its elem ents.
Method
• If a2) Set
SetnoBuilder
2)set has Notation
elements,
Builder it is called the empty set, or null set, and is denoted by the
Notation
symbol Ø.
• A B.
B.pair Set Equality
of braces,
Set Equality { }, is used to enclose the objects, or elements, in the set.
• There are two ways to denote a set: the roster m ethod, and the set-builder notation.
II.
II. SetSet Operations
Operations
1) R oster M ethod
A.
A. The
The Union
Union andand Intersection
Intersection ofof Sets
Sets
The R oster M ethod is a way of describing a set by listing all its elements, separated
III.
III. byTheThe Set
Set of
commas Real
ofand
Real Numbers
Numbers
enclosed within braces.

A. The
The Natural
A.Examples: Natural Numbers Numbers
B. The
B. 𝑆 The Whole
= {1,Whole
2, 3, 4, 5} Numbers
Numbers
C.
C. 𝐵 The
= {𝑎,Integers
The Integers
𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒}
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers Numbers
E.2) Set
E. TheBuilder
The Irrational
Irrational Numbers
N Numbers
otation
F. The Real
F. The Real NumbersNumbers
G.
G.A setSets of
of Numbers
builder
Sets notation
Numbers as
as Subsets
gives the criteria for deciding whether an object belongs to
Subsets
the set.
IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System System
V. InequalityI.
InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction
V. Example: ............................................................................................. Introduction to
to Sets
Sets
𝑆 = | x is a natural number less than 6}
⏟ {x
A. read
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
as "S is the set of all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 is a natural number less than 6"

• We1) 1)neverRoster
repeatMethod
Roster elements when writing sets using the roster method. For example, we
Method
would2) never
2) Set write
Set Builder{1, 2, 3, 2}; the correct set is written as {1, 2, 3}.
Builder Notation
Notation
• Two sets A and B are said to be equal, written 𝐴 = 𝐵, if and only if A and B have
B.
identical
B. Set Equality
Setelements.
EqualityFor example,
{1, 2, 3} = {3, 1, 2}
• II.If every
Set element
Operations
II. Set Operations of a set 𝐴 is also an element of a set 𝐵, then 𝐴 is a subset of 𝐵, which is
denoted 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵. If 𝐴 is not a subset of 𝐵, we can write 𝐴 ⊈ 𝐵. For example,
A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection{1, of
of2,Sets
3} ⊆ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Sets
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5} ⊈ {1, 2, 3}
• III.
III.If two setsSet
The
The Sethave
of no elements
of Real
Real Numbersin common, then they are disjoint sets.
Numbers
• Usually, in working with sets, we designate a universal set 𝑼, the set consisting of all
A.
the The
The Natural
A. elements that weNumbers
Natural wish to consider.
Numbers
B.
B. The Whole Numbers
The Whole Numbers
II. C. SET
C. The
OP
TheER Integers
A TION S
Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational Numbers
Rational Numbers
A. E. The
E. The
The Irrational Numbers
Union Irrational
of Sets Numbers
F. The Real
F. The Real NumbersNumbers
• The G.
G. unionSets
Sets ofof Numbers
two sets Aas
Numbers Subsets
asand B, denoted by 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 and read "A union B", is the set of
Subsets
all elements that are in A or in B or in both A and B.
IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
V. Inequality
V. Inequality
VI. Representing Page 2 of 23
VI. Representing RealReal Numbers
Numbers on on aa Number
Number Line Line
VII.
VII. Absolute
Absolute Value
Value
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing RealReal Numbers
Numbers on on aa Number
Number Line Line
VII. 1)
1) Roster
Roster
Absolute Method
Method
Value
VII. Absolute Value
 Exam ple 1: Let 𝐴 = {1, 3, 5, 8} and 𝐵 = {3, 5, 7}. Find 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩.
A.
Solution:
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 3, 5, 8} ∪ {3, 5, 7} = {𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟕, 𝟖}
1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
2)
2) Set
Set Builder Notation
Builder Notation
B. The Intersection of Sets
B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality
• The intersection of A and B, denoted by 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 and read "A intersection B", is the set
II.of all
II. Setelements
Set that are in both A and B.
Operations
Operations

A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of of Sets
Sets
Exam ple 2: Suppose 𝐴 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}, 𝐵 = {1, 4, 9, 16}, and 𝐶 = {2, 10}, find the
III. The
The Set
following:
III. Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
a) 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 b) 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 c) 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 d) 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶
A.
Solution:
A. The Natural Numbers
The Natural Numbers
B.
B. a)The
The 𝐴Whole
∪ 𝐵 Numbers
Whole Numbers
= {1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 16}
C. The
C. b)The 𝐴 Integers
Integers
∩ 𝐵 = {4}
D.
D. c)The
The 𝐵Rational
∪ 𝐶 =Numbers
Rational Numbers
{1, 2, 4, 9, 10, 16}
E. d)The
E. The 𝐵Irrational
Irrational
∩𝐶 = ∅ Numbers
Numbers
F.
F. The
The Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of Numbers as
of Numbers as Subsets
Subsets
C. The Complement of a Set
IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System System
• V.If 𝐴InequalityI.
is a set, the com plem ent of 𝐴, denoted by either 𝐴, 𝐴′ , or 𝐴𝑐 , is the set consisting
V. InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction
............................................................................................. Introduction to
to Sets
Sets
of all the elements in the universal set that are not in A.
A.
A. Set Notation
Set Notation
Exam ple 3: If the universal set is 𝑈 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} and 𝐴 = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, find
𝐴′. 1) 1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
2)
Solution:
2) Set
Set Builder
Builder Notation
Notation
′ {2,
𝐴 = 4, 6, 8}
B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality

D.II.
II.Using
Set Venn
Set Diagram for Set Operations
Operations
Operations

• VennA. diagram
A. The helps
The Union
Union visualize
and
and various
Intersection
Intersection of relationships
of Sets
Sets among sets.
• Sets are represented as circles enclosed in a rectangle, which represents the universal set
• III. The
The Set
III.The Venn of
of Real
diagrams
Set Numbers
Real for subset and disjoint sets are shown in the figures below.
Numbers

A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The
The Whole Numbers
Whole Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The
The Irrational Numbers
Irrational Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as Subsets
as Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
V. Inequality
V. Inequality
VI. Representing Page 3 of 23
VI. Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII.
VII. Absolute
Absolute Value
Value
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII. 1)
1) Roster
Roster
Absolute Method
Method
Value
VII. Absolute Value
• The Venn diagrams for intersection, union, and complement are also illustrated in the
following
A.
A. Setfigure.
Set Notation
Notation

1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
2)
2) Set
Set Builder Notation
Builder Notation

B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality

II.
II. Set
Set Operations
Operations

A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets

III.
III. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers

A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The Whole Numbers
The Whole Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The Irrational
The Irrational Numbers
Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as
as Subsets
Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System System
V.
V. InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction
InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction to
to Sets
Sets

A.
A. Set Notation
Set Notation

1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
2)
2) Set
Set Builder
Builder Notation
Notation

B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality

II.
II. Set
Set Operations
Operations

A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets

III.
III. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers

A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The
The Whole Numbers
Whole Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The
The Irrational Numbers
Irrational Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as Subsets
as Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
V. Inequality
V. Inequality
VI. Representing Page 4 of 23
VI. Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII.
VII. Absolute
Absolute Value
Value
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII. 1)
1) Roster
Roster
Absolute Method
Method
Value
VII. Absolute Value
 Exercise 1
A. Set
Set Notation
For A.each item, Notation
state the set using the roster method, then illustrate your answer by
constructing and shading the appropriate region/s of a Venn diagram. Use the following
1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
given sets.
2) Set Builder Notation
𝑈 =2){0, 1, 2,
Set Builder
3, 4, 5, 6, 7,Notation
8, 9}
𝐴 = {1, 3, 4, 5, 9}
B. {2, Set Equality
𝐵B.= Set
4, 6, Equality
7, 8}
𝐶 = {1, 3, 4, 6}
II.
II. SetSet Operations
Operations

A.
1.
A. 𝑨 ∪The
𝑩 Union
The Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets
2. 𝑨∪𝑪
III.
III.3. 𝑨The
∩ 𝑩Set
The Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
4. 𝑨∩𝑪
5.
A.
A.
(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) Natural
The
The ∩𝑪
Natural Numbers
Numbers
6.
B. (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)
The ∪ 𝑪
Whole Numbers
B. The Whole Numbers
7.
C. 𝑨′ The Integers
C.
8. 𝑪 ′ The Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational Numbers
9. (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)′Rational Numbers
E.
E.
10. The
𝑩′ ∩The Irrational Numbers
𝑪′ Irrational Numbers
F.
F. The Real Numbers
The Real Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers asas Subsets
Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System System
V.
V. InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction
InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction to
to Sets
Sets

A.
A. Set Notation
Set Notation

1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
2)
2) Set
Set Builder
Builder Notation
Notation

B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality

II.
II. Set
Set Operations
Operations

A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets

III.
III. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers

A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The
The Whole Numbers
Whole Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The
The Irrational Numbers
Irrational Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as Subsets
as Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
V. Inequality
V. Inequality
VI. Representing Page 5 of 23
VI. Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII.
VII. Absolute
Absolute Value
Value
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII. 1)
1) Roster
Roster
Absolute Method
Method
Value
VII. Absolute Value
III. TH E SET OF R EA L N U M B ER S
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
A. The Natural Numbers
1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
We referred
2) earlier
Set to natural num bers. The set of natural numbers is also called the set of
2) Set Builder Notation
Builder Notation
positive integers. Thus, the set of natural numbers, which we denote by ℕ, may be written
B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality
ℕ= {1,2,3, ⋯ }
II.
II. SetSet Operations
Operations
where the three dots are used to indicate that the list goes on and on with no last number.
A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets
B. The Whole Numbers
III.
III. The
The Set
Set ofof Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
The number zero, denoted by the symbol 0, is the number having the property that if it is
addedA. to any
The number, the result is that number. The set of numbers whose elements are the
A. The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
natural
B. numbers
The and zero is called the set of w hole num bers denoted by 𝕎.
B. The Whole
Whole Numbers
Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
C. The
D. Integers
The
D. The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The Irrational
The Irrational Numbers
Numbers
Corresponding
F. The to each
Real Numbers positive integer n, there is a negative integer such that if is added
F. The Real Numbers
to n,G.the result
Sets is 0. For example, the negative integer −5, read "negative five", is the
G. Sets ofof Numbers
Numbers as as Subsets
Subsets
number which when added to 5 gives a result of 0. The set of negative num bers can be
written
IV. as
Thefollows: Number System
IV. The Real
Real Number System
V.
V. InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction
InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction to
to Sets
Sets
{−1, −2, −3, ⋯ }
A.
A. Set Notation
Set Notation
The set of numbers whose elements are positive integers, the negative integers, and zero is
called the
1) setRoster
of integers, denoted by ℤ; thus
1) Roster Method
Method
2)
2) Set
Set Builder
Builder Notation
Notation
ℤ = {⋯ , −3, −2, −1,0,1,2,3, ⋯ }
B. Set Equality
The B. set of Set Equality
integers then is the union of three disjoint subsets: the set of positive integers, the
set
II.of negative integers, and the set consisting of the single number 0. Note that the number
II. SetSet Operations
Operations
0 is an integer, but it is neither positive nor negative. Sometimes, we refer to the set
of nonnegative
A. The integers,Intersection
which is the set consisting of the positive integers and 0, or
A. The Union
Union and
and Intersection of
of Sets
Sets
equivalently, the set of whole numbers. Similarly, the set of nonpositive integers is the set
consisting
III. Theof the negative numbers and 0.
III. The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
D. The
A. Rational
The Numbers
A. The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The
The Whole
Whole Numbers
Numbers
Consider
C. now
The the set whose elements are those numbers that can be represented by the
C. The Integers
Integers
quotient
D. ofThe
two integers pNumbers
and q, where q is not 0, that is, the numbers that can be
D. The Rational
Rational Numbers
represented
E. symbolically
The as
E. The Irrational
Irrational Numbers
Numbers 𝑝
F. The Real Numbers
F. The Real Numbers where q is not 0
𝑞
G.
G. Sets of Numbers as Subsets
Sets of Numbers as Subsets
This set of numbers is called the set of rational num bers, which is denoted by ℚ. Thus,
IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
V. Inequality
V. Inequality
VI. Representing Page 6 of 23
VI. Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers onon aa Number
Number Line
Line
VII.
VII. Absolute
Absolute Value
Value
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers onon aa Number
Number Line
Line
VII. 1)
1) Roster
Roster
Absolute Method
Method
Value
VII. Absolute Value
 𝑝
ℚ = { 𝑥 ∣∣∣ 𝑥 can be represented by 𝑞 , 𝑝 ∈ 𝑍, 𝑞 ∈ 𝑍, 𝑞 is not 0 }
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
1 3 11 2 31
Some numbers in the set ℚ are 2 , 4 , 5 , − 3 , and − 12. Every integer is a rational number
1) Roster Method
because1)2)
Roster
every
Set
Method
integer canNotation
Builder be represented as the quotient of itself and 1; that is, 8 can be
2) Set8 Builder
0 Notation −15
represented by 1, 0 by 1, and -15 by 1 . Hence, ℤ⊆ ℚ.
B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality
Any rational number can be written as a decimal. You are familiar with the process of using
II.
long Set
Set Operations
II. division to do this. For example,
Operations
3 9
can be written 0.3, can be written 2.25, and
83
can
10 4 16
be written 5.1875. These decimals are called terminating decimals. There are rational
A. The
The Union
A. whose Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets 1
numbers decimal representation is nonterminating and repeating; for example, 3 has
47
the decimal
III. The representation 0.333 …, where the digit 3 is repeated, and 11 can be represented
III. The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
as 4.27272727 . . ., where the digits 2 and 7 are repeated in that order. It can be proved that
the decimal
A.
A. representation
The
The Natural
Natural Numbers of every rational number is either a terminating decimal or a
Numbers
nonterminating
B.
B. The repeating
The Whole
Whole decimal. We shall show that every nonterminating repeating
Numbers
Numbers
decimal
C.
C. is a representation
The Integers
The Integers of a rational number.
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E. The
E.
E. Irrational
The Numbers
The Irrational
Irrational Numbers
Numbers
F. The Real
F. The Real Numbers Numbers
The G.
G.following
Setsquestion
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers now as arises:
as Subsets
SubsetsAre there numbers whose decimal representation is
nonterminating and nonrepeating? The answer is yes. One example of such a number is the
IV.
principal
IV. The Real
square
The Number
Realroot
Number System
of 2, denoted
System symbolically by √2 and indicated by a nonterminating
V. InequalityI.
nonrepeating
V. InequalityI. decimal 1.41421. . .. Another such number is π (pi), whichIntroduction
.............................................................................................
............................................................................................. to
is the ratio of
Introduction Sets
tothe
Sets
circumference of a circle to its diameter and indicated by a nonterminating nonrepeating
A. as Set
decimal
A. Set Notation
3.14159.
Notation. .. The numbers whose decimal representations are nonterminating and
nonrepeating cannot be expressed as the quotient of two integers and hence, are not rational
numbers. 1)
1) This Roster
set ofMethod
Roster numbers is called the set of irrational num bers, which we denote
Method
′ 2) Set Builder
by ℚ . 2) It maySet defined Notation
be Builder symbolically as
Notation

B.
B. Set
Set=Equality
ℚ′ {𝑥|the decimal representation of x is nonterminating, nonrepeating}
Equality

F.II.
II.TheSet
Set Operations
Real Numbers
Operations

The A.
A.union The
The Union
of the set ofand
Union Intersection
rational
and numbers
Intersection of Sets
of and
Setsthe set of irrational numbers is the set of real
num bers. Denoting the set of real numbers by ℝ, we define ℝ symbolically by
III.
III. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers ℝ = ℚ ∪ ℚ′
Figure 1 shows the relationships among the sets of numbers discussed above. Examples of
eachA.
A. The
The Natural
classification Numbers
of numbers
Natural Numbersappear in the corresponding rectangle.
B.
B. The Whole Numbers
The Whole Numbers
C.
G. Sets
C. of The Integers
Numbers
The as Subsets
Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational Numbers
Rational Numbers
E.
Beginning
E. The
The Irrational Numbers
with Irrational
the natural numbers, we have expanded each set to form a larger set,
Numbers
F.
F. The
meaning thatReal
The thereNumbers
Real is a subset relationship between the sets of numbers we have encountered
Numbers
G.
so far.
G. TheseSets of Numbers as
Sets of Numbersbecome
relationships Subsets
more obvious when seen as a diagram.
as Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
V. Inequality
V. Inequality
VI. Representing Page 7 of 23
VI. Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII.
VII. Absolute
Absolute Value
Value
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII. 1)
1) Roster
Roster
Absolute Method
Method
Value
VII. Absolute Value
 A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation

1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
2)
2) Set
Set Builder Notation
Builder Notation

B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality

II.
II. Set
Set Operations
Operations

A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets

III.
III. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers

A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
3
−√11, √2, 𝜋, √17
B.
B. The
The Whole
Whole Numbers
Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers 8 1 7 19
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
3
−52, −17, −8, −4, −√11, − , − , 0, , 1, √2, 2, 𝜋, , √17, 18, 72
5 2 8 6
E.
E. The Irrational
The Irrational Numbers
Numbers
F.
F. TheThe Real
Real Numbers
Figure 1: Relationships among the sets of real numbers
Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as as Subsets
Subsets
Exam ple 4: Consider the following set.
IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System System 4
V. InequalityI. 𝐴 = {−3, , 0.12, √2, 𝜋, 10, 2.151515 … }
.............................................................................................
V. InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction
Introduction to
to Sets
Sets
3
List the a) natural numbers, b) integers, c) rational numbers, d) irrational numbers e)
A.numbers
realA. Set Notation
Set Notation
Solution:
a)1)
1)10 is Roster
the only
Roster Method
natural number
Method
2)
b)2)−3 andSet Builder
Set 10 Notation
are integers
Builder Notation
4
c) −3, 10, 3 , 0.12 and 2.151515 … are rational numbers
B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality
d) √2 and 𝜋 are irrational numbers
II. e) AllOperations
the numbers listed are real numbers
II. SetSet Operations

A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection ofof Sets
Sets
′
Exam ple 5: The sets ℕ, ℤ, ℚ, ℚ , and ℝ are the sets of numbers defined in this section.
III.
Insert
III. ⊆ The
or Set
The ⊈ toof
Set Real
ofmake Numbers
Real the statement correct.
Numbers
a) ℕ ℤ b) ℚ ℤ c) {√2, 𝜋, 3.5} ℚ′ d) {0} ℚ e) ℕ ℝ
A.
Solution:
A. The Natural Numbers
The Natural Numbers
a) B.
B.
Because The
The Whole
Whole
every Numbers
Numbers
natural number (or positive integer) is an integer, ℕ ⊆ ℤ.
C.
b) C.
BecauseThe
The Integers
Integers
there are rational numbers that are not integers, ℚ ⊈ ℤ.
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
c) √2 and 𝜋 are irrational numbers, but 3.5 is a rational number; therefore {√2, 𝜋, 3.5} ⊈
E.
E. The
The Irrational
Irrational Numbers
Numbers
ℚ′.
F. The Real Numbers
d) F.
ZeroThe
is a Real Numbers
rational number, thus {0} ⊆ ℚ.
G. Sets of Numbers as Subsets
e) Every positive integer isasa Subsets
G. Sets of Numbers real number; hence ℕ ⊆ ℝ
IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
V. Inequality
V. Inequality
VI. Representing Page 8 of 23
VI. Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII.
VII. Absolute
Absolute Value
Value
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII. 1)
1) Roster
Roster
Absolute Method
Method
Value
VII. Absolute Value
Exam ple 6: In each of the following, determine which one of the sets ℕ, ℤ, ℚ, ℚ′ , ℝ, and
∅ isA.
A.equalSet to Notation
Set the given set.
Notation
a) ℤ ∪ ℚ b) ℤ ∩ ℚ c) ℕ ∩ ℚ′ d) ℚ′ ∪ ℝ
1)
Solution:
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
a) The 2)
2) unionSet Builder
of and Notation
Set Builder
ℤ ℚ is the set of numbers that are either integers or rational.
Notation
Because the set of integers is a subset of the set of rational numbers, this union is the
B.
B.set of Set Equality
rational
Set numbers. Hence, ℤ ∪ ℚ = ℚ.
Equality
b) The intersection of ℤ and ℚ is the set of numbers that are both integers and rational.
II. Set
II. This Operations
Set intersection
Operations is the set of integers, and thus ℤ ∩ ℚ = ℤ.
c) Because the set of positive integers and the set of irrational numbers have no
A.
A.
elementsThe
TheinUnion
Union and
and Intersection
common, ℕ ∩ ℚ′ = ∅. of
Intersection of Sets
Sets
d) The union of ℚ′ and ℝ is the set of numbers that are either irrational or real. Because
III.
III. theThe
The
set ofSet of
of Real
Real Numbers
Setirrational Numbers
numbers is a subset of the set of real numbers, ℚ′ ∪ ℝ = ℝ.

A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The Whole Numbers
The Whole Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The Irrational
The Irrational Numbers
Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as
as Subsets
Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System System
V.
V. InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction
InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction to
to Sets
Sets

A.
A. Set Notation
Set Notation

1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
2)
2) Set
Set Builder
Builder Notation
Notation

B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality

II.
II. Set
Set Operations
Operations

A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets

III.
III. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers

A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The
The Whole Numbers
Whole Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The
The Irrational Numbers
Irrational Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as Subsets
as Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
V. Inequality
V. Inequality
VI. Representing Page 9 of 23
VI. Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII.
VII. Absolute
Absolute Value
Value
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII. 1)
1) Roster
Roster
Absolute Method
Method
Value
VII. Absolute Value
 Exercise 2:
A.
A. theSet
Set Notation
Notationin each set that are (a) Natural numbers, (b) Integers, (c) Rational
A. List numbers
Numbers, (d) Irrational Numbers, (e) Real numbers
1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
2) Set1 Builder Notation
1. 𝐴2)= {−6,
Set, Builder
2
−1.333 …Notation
, 𝜋, 2, 5}

2.B. Set
Set1,Equality
1 1 1
B.𝐵 = {0, Equality
, , }
2 3 4

II.
II.3. 𝐶Set
Set Operations
Operations
= {√2,
1
𝜋, √2 + 1, 𝜋 + 2}

A.
A. ⊆The
B. Insert or ⊈Union
The and
to make
Union Intersection
and the statementof
Intersection Sets
ofcorrect.
Sets
4. ℕ ____ℚ
III. The
III. The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
5. ℚ ___ ℚ′
A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
6.B.ℚ ___ The
ℝ Whole Numbers
B. The Whole Numbers
C. The Integers
7. {−√3,The
C. Integers
0, √3} ___ ℚ′
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
C. Determine
E. Thewhich
The Irrational Numbers
the sets ℕ, ℤ, ℚ, ℚ′ , ℝ, and ∅ is equal to the given set.
one ofNumbers
Irrational
8.F.
F.ℚ The
′
∩ ℝ Real
The Real Numbers
Numbers
9.G.
G.ℚ ∪ ℝSets
Sets of Numbers as
of Numbers as Subsets
Subsets
′
10. ℚ ∩ ℚ
IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System System
V.
V. InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction
InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction to
to Sets
Sets

A.
A. Set Notation
Set Notation

1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
2)
2) Set
Set Builder
Builder Notation
Notation

B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality

II.
II. Set
Set Operations
Operations

A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets

III.
III. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers

A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The
The Whole Numbers
Whole Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The
The Irrational Numbers
Irrational Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as Subsets
as Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
V. Inequality
V. Inequality
VI. Representing Page 10 of 23
VI. Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII.
VII. Absolute
Absolute Value
Value
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII. 1)
1) Roster
Roster
Absolute Method
Method
Value
VII. Absolute Value
IV . TH E R EA L N U M B ER SY STEM
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
• The 4 basic properties of equality are
1)o
1) R Roster
eflexive
Roster property – a number equals itself, 𝑎 = 𝑎
Method
Method
2)
2)o Sym
Set mBuilder property
etric
Set Builder Notation – if 𝑎 = 𝑏, then 𝑏 = 𝑎
Notation
o Transitive property – if 𝑎 = 𝑏 and 𝑏 = 𝑐, then 𝑎 = 𝑐
B.
B. o Set Equality
P rinciple
Set Equalityof Substitution – if 𝑎 = 𝑏, then we may substitute 𝑏 for 𝑎 in any
expression containing 𝑎
• II.C omSet
m Operations
utative Property - the order in which addition or multiplication takes place
II. Set Operations
does not affect the final result.
A.
A. The
The Union
Union and and Intersection
Intersection of of Sets
Sets
𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑏+𝑎
𝑎⋅𝑏 =𝑏⋅𝑎
• III.
A
III. The Set
ssociative of
P Real
roperty
The Set of Real Numbers Numbers
- the way we add or multiply three real numbers does not affect
the final result.
A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers 𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐) = (𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑐 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐
B.
B. The Whole Numbers
The Whole Numbers 𝑎 ⋅ (𝑏 ⋅ 𝑐) = (𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏) ⋅ 𝑐 = 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏 ⋅ 𝑐
• D istributive
C.
C. The Property
The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers 𝑎 ⋅ (𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏 + 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑐
E.
E. The Irrational
The Irrational Numbers
Numbers (𝑎 + 𝑏) ⋅ 𝑐 = 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑐 + 𝑏 ⋅ 𝑐
• Identity
F. Properties - We call 0 the additive identity and 1 the m ultiplicative
F. The
The Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
identity.
G. Sets
G. Sets of Numbers as
of Numbers as Subsets
Subsets
0+𝑎 =𝑎+0=𝑎
IV. The 𝑎⋅1=1⋅𝑎 =𝑎
IV. The Real
Real Number
Number System System
• V.A dditive Inverse P roperty - for each real number 𝑎, there is a real number −𝑎, Sets
called
V. InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction
InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction to
to Sets
the additive inverse of 𝑎, having the following property:
A. Set Notation
Notation 𝑎 + (−𝑎) = −𝑎 + 𝑎 = 0
A. Set
• M ultiplicative Inverse P roperty - for each nonzero real number a, there is a real
1
1)
number
1) Roster
, calledMethod
the m ultiplicative inverse (also called reciprocal) of 𝑎, having the
𝑎Roster Method
2)
following
2) Set Builder
Builder Notation
property:
Set Notation
1 1
B. Set Equality 𝑎⋅ = ⋅𝑎=1
B. Set Equality 𝑎 𝑎
• Other Im portant Properties
II.
II. Set Multiplication by zero
o Operations
Set Operations
o Division Properties
A.
A. o The
Rules
The Union and
and Intersection
of Signs
Union Intersection of
of Sets
Sets
o Cancellation Properties
III.
III. oTheThe Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Zero-Product Property
Numbers
o Arithmetic of Quotients
A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
V . IN
B. EQU The
The Whole Numbers
A Whole
LITY Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
An ordering
D. The Rational
of the
The set ofNumbers
Rational real numbers can be accomplished by means of a relation denoted
Numbers
E.
by the
E. The
The Irrational Numbers
symbols Irrational
< (read “is less than”) and > (read “is greater than”).
Numbers
F.
F. The
The Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as Subsets
as Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
V. Inequality
V. Inequality
VI. Representing Page 11 of 23
VI. Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII.
VII. Absolute
Absolute Value
Value
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII. 1)
1) Roster
Roster
Absolute Method
Method
Value
VII. Absolute Value
 D efinition The Sym bols < and >
If 𝑎A.
and
A. Set
𝑏 Notation
are real numbers,
Set Notation

(i)1)
1) 𝑎 < Roster
𝑏
RosterifMethod
and only if
Method 𝑏 − 𝑎 is positive;
2)
(ii)
2) 𝑎 >Set Builder
if andNotation
Set Builder
𝑏 only if
Notation 𝑎 − 𝑏 is positive.

B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality
Illustration
II.
II. 3 <Set because 5 − 3 = 2, and 2 is positive
Set5 Operations
Operations
−10 < −6 because −6 − (−10) = 4, and 4 is positive
A.
A. because
7 > 2 The
The Union
7 −and
Union and 5, and 5 is positive
2 =Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets
−2 > −7 because −2 − (−7) = 5, and 5 is positive
III.
III. The
3
The> Set
2 of
of Real
Real Numbers
because
Set
3 2 1 1
− = , and is positive.
Numbers
4 3 4 3 12 12

A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The Whole Numbers
The Whole Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
Observe
D.
D. that
The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The Irrational
The Irrational Numbers
3 >Numbers
0 because 3 − 0 = 3, and 3 is positive
F. The Real Numbers
−4 < 0 because
F. The Real Numbers 0 − (−4) = 4, and 4 is positive
G. Sets of
G. statements
These Numbers
Sets of are
Numbers as Subsets
specialascases
Subsets
of the following properties that are obtained from the
definitions of > and <:
IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System System
V. InequalityI. 𝑎 > 0 if and only if 𝑎 is positive
.............................................................................................
V. InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction
Introduction to
to Sets
Sets
𝑎 < 0 if and only if 𝑎 is negative
A.
A. Set Notation
Set Notation

If we write
1) ≤ 𝑏 (read “𝑎 is less than or equal to 𝑏”) we mean that either 𝑎 < 𝑏 or 𝑎 = 𝑏.
𝑎 Roster
1) Roster Method
Method
2)
2) 𝑎 ≥Set
Similarly, Builder
𝑏 (read
Set “𝑎 Notation
Builder is greater than or equal to 𝑏”) indicates that either 𝑎 > 𝑏 or 𝑎 = 𝑏.
Notation
The statements 𝑎 < 𝑏, 𝑎 > 𝑏, 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏, and 𝑎 ≥ 𝑏 are called inequalities. In particular, 𝑎 < 𝑏
B. Set Equality
and B.
𝑎 > 𝑏 Set Equality
are strict inequalities, whereas 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 and 𝑎 ≥ 𝑏 are nonstrict inequalities.
A number 𝑥 is between 𝑎 and 𝑏 if 𝑎 < 𝑥 and 𝑥 < 𝑏. We can write this as a continued
II.
II. Set
Set Operations
Operations
inequality as follows: 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏. Therefore
4 1 2 3
A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
2 < 3 < 4 of
Intersection of Sets
Sets
−5 < 1 < 3 <3<4
2
Another continued inequality is 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, which means that both 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 and 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏. Other
III.
III. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
continued inequalities areNumbers
𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝑏 and 𝑎 < 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏.
A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The
The Whole Numbers
Whole Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The
The Irrational Numbers
Irrational Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as Subsets
as Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
V. Inequality
V. Inequality
VI. Representing Page 12 of 23
VI. Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII.
VII. Absolute
Absolute Value
Value
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII. 1)
1) Roster
Roster
Absolute Method
Method
Value
VII. Absolute Value
Exam ple 4: Use the set notation and one or more of the symbols <, >, ≤, and ≥ to
A.
denote Set
A. each Notation
Set of the following sets.
Notation

a)1)
1) The Roster Method
set of all
Roster 𝑥 such that 𝑥 is between −2 and 2.
Method
b)2)
2) The Set
set Builder
of all
Set Builder Notation
𝑡 such that 4𝑡 − 1 is nonnegative.
Notation
c) The set of all 𝑦 such that 𝑦 + 3 is positive and less than or equal to 15.
B. Set
B.d) The Equality
Setset of all 𝑧 such that 2𝑧 is greater than or equal to −5 and less than −1.
Equality

II.
II. Set
Set Operations
SolutionOperations

A.
A.a) {𝑥|The
− 2Union
The < 𝑥 <and
Union 2} Intersection
and Intersection of
of Sets
Sets
b) {𝑡|4𝑡 − 1 ≥ 0}
III.
III. c) The
{𝑦|0Set
The < 𝑦of
Set of+Real Numbers
3 ≤ 15}
Real Numbers
d) {𝑧| − 5 ≤ 2𝑧 < −1}
A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The Whole Numbers
The Whole Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The Irrational
The Irrational Numbers
Numbers
F.
F. The Real Numbers
The Real Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as
as Subsets
Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System System
V.
V. InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction
InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction to
to Sets
Sets

A.
A. Set Notation
Set Notation

1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
2)
2) Set
Set Builder
Builder Notation
Notation

B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality

II.
II. Set
Set Operations
Operations

A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets

III.
III. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers

A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The
The Whole Numbers
Whole Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The
The Irrational Numbers
Irrational Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as Subsets
as Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
V. Inequality
V. Inequality
VI. Representing Page 13 of 23
VI. Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII.
VII. Absolute
Absolute Value
Value
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII. 1)
1) Roster
Roster
Absolute Method
Method
Value
VII. Absolute Value
 Exercise 3
Use A.the setSet
A. Set Notation
notation
Notationand one or more of the symbols <, >, ≤, and ≥ to denote each of the
following sets.
1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
1. 2)The set
Set of all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 is greater than −9 and less than 8.
2) Set Builder Notation
Builder Notation
2. The set of all y between −12 and −3.
B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality
3. The set of all z such that 4𝑧 − 5 is negative.
II.
II. 4. Set
Set Operations
Operations
The set of all y such that y is greater than or equal to −26 and less than −16.
A.
A. The
5. The setUnion
The of all and
Union Intersection
t such
and that 8𝑡 − 4of
Intersection ofisSets
positive.
Sets

III.6. The
The set of all x such that 2𝑥 + 4 is nonnegative.
III. The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
7. The set of all a such that 𝑎 − 2 is greater than or equal to 2 and less than 8.
A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
8.
B.
B. The set
The of all
Whole s such that 2𝑠 + 3 is nonpositive.
Numbers
The Whole Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
9. The setIntegers
of all 𝑥 such that 3𝑥 is greater than 10 and less than or equal to 20.
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
10.
E. The
The Irrational
setIrrational
The Numbers
of all 𝑧 such that 2𝑧 + 5 is between and including −1 and 15.
Numbers
F.
F. The Real Numbers
The Real Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as as Subsets
Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System System
V.
V. InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction
InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction to
to Sets
Sets

A.
A. Set Notation
Set Notation

1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
2)
2) Set
Set Builder
Builder Notation
Notation

B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality

II.
II. Set
Set Operations
Operations

A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets

III.
III. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers

A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The
The Whole Numbers
Whole Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The
The Irrational Numbers
Irrational Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as Subsets
as Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
V. Inequality
V. Inequality
VI. Representing Page 14 of 23
VI. Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII.
VII. Absolute
Absolute Value
Value
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII. 1)
1) Roster
Roster
Absolute Method
Method
Value
VII. Absolute Value
V I. R EP R ESEN TIN G R EA L N U M B ER S ON A N U M B ER LIN E
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
We now give a geometric interpretation to the set ℝ of real numbers by associating them
1)
with points
1) on Roster Method
a horizontal
Roster Methodline called an axis. A point, called the origin, is chosen to
2)
2) theSet
represent Builder
number
Set Notation
0. A
Builder unit distance is selected arbitrarily. Then each positive integer 𝑛
Notation
is represented by the point at a distance of 𝑛 units to the right of the origin, and each
B. Set
Set Equality
B. integerEquality
negative −𝑛 is represented by the point at a distance of 𝑛 units to the left of the
origin.
II. We call these points unit points. They are labeled with the numbers with which
II. SetSet Operations
Operations
they are associated. For example, 4 is represented by the point 4 units to the right of the
originA.
A.and The
−4 isUnion
The and
and Intersection
represented
Union of
of Sets
by the point
Intersection 4 units to the left of the origin. Figure 2 shows the
Sets
points representing 0 and the first 8 positive integers and their corresponding negative
III.
III. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
integers.

A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The Whole Numbers
The Whole Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The Irrational
The Figure 2: The horizontal real number line
Irrational Numbers
Numbers
F.
The The
The Real
F. rational
Real Numbers
numbers
Numbers are associated with points on the axis of Figure 2 by dividing the
G.
segments Sets
Sets of
G. between of Numbers
the pointsas
Numbers Subsets
asthat represent successive integers. For instance, if the segment
Subsets
from 0 to 1 is divided into seven equal parts, the endpoint of the first such subdivision is
IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number System
1 Number System 2
associated
V. with 7, .............................................................................................
the endpoint of the second is associated with 7, and soIntroduction on. The point Sets
V. InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction to
InequalityI. to Sets
24
associated with the number is three-sevenths of the distance from point 3 to point 4. A
7
A.
A. Set Notation
Set Notation
negative rational number, in a similar manner, is associated with a point to the left. of the
origin. 1)
FigureRoster
3 shows some of the points associated with rational numbers
1) Roster Method
Method
2)
2) Set
Set Builder
Builder Notation
Notation

B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality

II.
II. Set
Set Operations
Operations
Figure 3: The rational numbers in the horizontal real number line
A.
For The
A. certain Union
Union and
The irrational Intersection
andnumbers, suchof
Intersection ofasSets
√2, √3, √5, and so on, geometrical constructions
Sets
can be used to find the points corresponding to them. Points corresponding to other
III.
III. The
The Set
Set of Real
RealbeNumbers
of can Numbers
irrational numbers found by using decimal approximations of the numbers. For
example,
A. the
The point corresponding to 𝜋 can be approximated by using some of the digits in
A. The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
the decimal
B. representation
The 3.14159…. Every irrational number can be associated with a
B. The Whole
Whole Numbers
Numbers
unique
C. point
C. The
The onIntegers
the axis, and every point that does not correspond to a rational number can
Integers
D.
D. The
be associated Rational
Thewith Numbers
an irrational
Rational Numbers number. This indicates that a one-to-one correspondence
E.
between
E. the The
The Irrational
setIrrational Numbers
of real numbers
Numbers and the points on the horizontal axis can be established. For
F.
this F. The
Thethe
reason, Real
Real Numbers
Numbersaxis is referred to as the real num ber line . Because the points
horizontal
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as Subsets
as Subsets
on this line are identified with the numbers they represent, the same symbol is used for that
number
IV. and
The the point.
IV. The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
V. Inequality
V. Inequality
VI. Representing Page 15 of 23
VI. Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII.
VII. Absolute
Absolute Value
Value
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII. 1)
1) Roster
Roster
Absolute Method
Method
Value
VII. Absolute Value
 Illustration
A.
Consider
A. Set
the Notation
Set set {𝑥| − 6 < 𝑥 ≤ 4}. This set is represented on the real number line in Figure 4.
Notation
The bracket at 4 indicates that 4 is in the set, and the parenthesis at -6 indicates that -6 is not
in the1)set. Roster Method
1) Roster Method
2)
2) Set
Set Builder
Builder Notation
Notation

B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality Figure 4

II.
II. setSet
The of Operations
Set all numbers 𝑥 satisfying the continued inequality 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏 is called an open
Operations
interval and is denoted by (𝑎, 𝑏). Therefore,
A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets
(𝑎, 𝑏) = {𝑥|𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏}
III. The
III.closed Set
Set of
Theintervalof Real
Real Numbers
The from Numbers
𝑎 to 𝑏 is the open interval (𝑎, 𝑏) together with the two endpoints 𝑎
and A.
𝑏 and The
is denoted byNumbers
[𝑎, 𝑏]. Thus,
A. The Natural
Natural Numbers
B.
B. The
The Whole
Whole Numbers
Numbers [𝑎, 𝑏] = {𝑥|𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏}
C.
C. The Integers
The Integers
Figure
D. 5 illustrates
The the open interval (𝑎, 𝑏) and Figure 6 shows the closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏].
D. The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The Irrational
The Irrational Numbers
Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as Subsets
asFigure
Subsets5: The open interval (a, b)

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System System
V.
V. InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction
InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction to
to Sets
Sets
Figure 6: The closed interval [a, b]
A.
A. Set Notation
Set Notation
The interval half-open on the left is the open interval (𝑎, 𝑏) together with the right
endpoint
1) 𝑏. ItRoster
is denoted by (𝑎, 𝑏]; so
1) Roster Method
Method
2)
2) Set
Set Builder
Builder Notation
Notation (𝑎, 𝑏] = {𝑥|𝑎 < 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏}

B. Set Equality
We B.
define Set Equality half-open on the right in a similar way and denote it by [𝑎, 𝑏).
an interval
Thus,
II.
II. Set
Set Operations
Operations
[𝑎, 𝑏) = {𝑥|𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝑏}
A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets
The
III. interval
The (a, b] appears in Figure 7, and the interval [a, b) is shown in Figure 8.
III. The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers

A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The
The Whole Numbers
Whole Numbers
Figure 7: The interval half-open to the left
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The
The Irrational Numbers
Irrational Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
F. The Real Numbers Figure 8: The interval half-open to the right
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as Subsets
as Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
V. Inequality
V. Inequality
VI. Representing Page 16 of 23
VI. Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII.
VII. Absolute
Absolute Value
Value
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII. 1)
1) Roster
Roster
Absolute Method
Method
Value
VII. Absolute Value
We shall use the symbol +∞ (positive infinity) and the symbol −∞ (negative infinity);
however,
A.
A. takeSet
Set care
Notation
not to confuse these symbols with real numbers, for they do not obey the
Notation
properties of the real numbers. We have the following intervals:
1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method (𝑎, +∞) = {𝑥|𝑥 > 𝑎}
2)
2) Set Builder Notation
Set Builder Notation (−∞, 𝑏) = {𝑥|𝑥 < 𝑏}
[𝑎, +∞) = {𝑥|𝑥 ≥ 𝑎}
B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality (−∞, 𝑏] = {𝑥|𝑥 ≤ 𝑏}
(−∞, +∞) = ℝ
II.
II. Set
Set Operations
Operations
Figure 9 shows the interval (𝑎, +∞), and Figure 10 illustrates the interval (−∞, 𝑏). Note that
denotes theand
(−∞,A.+∞) The set of all real numbers.
A. The Union
Union and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets

III.
III. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
Figure 9: The interval (𝑎, +∞)
A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The
The Whole
Whole Numbers
Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
Figure 10: The interval (−∞, 𝑏)
E.
E. The Irrational
The Irrational Numbers
Numbers
The interval notation of representing a solution set is shown in the following table:
F.
F. The
The Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of Numbers as
of Numbers as Subsets
Subsets Interval
Set Indicated Set-B uilder N otation
N otation
IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System System
V. AllInequalityI.
real numbers.............................................................................................
between a and b, but Introduction to Sets
V. InequalityI. .............................................................................................
{𝑥|𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏} Introduction
(𝑎, 𝑏) to Sets
not including a or b
A. Set Notation
A.real numbers
Set Notation
All greater than a, but not
{𝑥|𝑥 > 𝑎} (𝑎, ∞)
including a
1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
All2)
2)real Set
Set Builder
Builder
numbers Notation
Notation
less than b, but not
{𝑥|𝑥 < 𝑏} (−∞, 𝑏)
including b
B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality
All real numbers greater than a,
{𝑥|𝑥 ≥ 𝑎} [𝑎, ∞)
II.
II. Set
Set Operations
including a
Operations
All
A. real numbers
The less thanIntersection
b, including b Sets {𝑥|𝑥 ≤ 𝑏} (−∞, 𝑏]
A. The Union
Union and
and Intersection ofof Sets
All real numbers between a and b,
III.
III. The
The Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Set including Numbers {𝑥|𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝑏} [𝑎, 𝑏)
a

A. The
A.All real
The Natural
Natural
numbers Numbers
Numbers
between a and b,
B. The Whole Numbers {𝑥|𝑎 < 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏} (𝑎, 𝑏]
B. including
The Whole b
Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
D.All The
real
The Rational
numbers Numbers
between
Rational a and b,
Numbers {𝑥|𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏} [𝑎, 𝑏]
E. Theincluding a and b
E. The Irrational
Irrational Numbers
Numbers
F.
F. The
The Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
All real numbers less than a or greater
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as Subsets
as Subsets {𝑥|𝑥 < 𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 𝑏} (−∞, 𝑎) ∪ (𝑏, ∞)
than b

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number
All real
System
System
numbers {𝑥|𝑥 is all real numbers} (−∞, ∞)
V. Inequality
V. Inequality
VI. Representing Page 17 of 23
VI. Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII.
VII. Absolute
Absolute Value
Value
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII. 1)
1) Roster
Roster
Absolute Method
Method
Value
VII. Absolute Value
ExamA.
A. pleSet5: Notation
Set Show on the real number line each of the following sets and represent the
Notation
set by interval notation.
1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
2)
a)2) Set Builder
𝑥 < −2}Notation
Set≤Builder
{𝑥|−7 Notation
b) {𝑥|𝑥 > 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 < 10}
B. Set
Set≤Equality
B.c) {𝑥|𝑥 −5 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 5}
Equality
d) {𝑥|𝑥 ≥ 2} ∩ {𝑥|𝑥 < 9}
II. e)Set
II. {𝑥|𝑥 < 0} ∪ {𝑥|𝑥 ≥ 3}
Set Operations
Operations
Solution
A. The
A. The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets

III. a) The
[−7, −2)of Real Numbers
III. The Set
Set of Real Numbers

A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The Whole Numbers
The Whole Numbers
C.b)
C. (1,The
10)Integers
The Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The Irrational
The Irrational Numbers
Numbers
F.
F. The Real Numbers
The Real Numbers
c)
G.
G. Sets
(−∞, of
of Numbers
Sets−5] ∪ [5, +∞)as
Numbers as Subsets
Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System System
V.
V. InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction
InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction to
to Sets
Sets
d) [2, 9)
A.
A. Set Notation
Set Notation

1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
e)2) (−∞,Set
2) 0) Builder
Set Notation
∪ [3, +∞)
Builder Notation

B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality

II.
II. Set
Set Operations
Operations

A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets

III.
III. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers

A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The
The Whole Numbers
Whole Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The
The Irrational Numbers
Irrational Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as Subsets
as Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
V. Inequality
V. Inequality
VI. Representing Page 18 of 23
VI. Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII.
VII. Absolute
Absolute Value
Value
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII. 1)
1) Roster
Roster
Absolute Method
Method
Value
VII. Absolute Value
Example 6: Show on the real number line each of the following intervals and use the
A. Set Notation
setA. Setand
notation Notation
inequality symbols to denote the interval.

1)
1) 4) Roster
a) (−2, Method
Rosterb)
Method
[3, 7] c) [1, 6) d) (−4, 0] e) [0, +∞) f) (−∞, 5)
2)
2) Set
Set Builder
Builder Notation
Notation
Solution
B. Set Equality
B. Set Equality
a) {𝑥| − 2 < 𝑥 < 4}
II.
II. Set
Set Operations
Operations

A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets

III. b) The
{𝑥|3 ≤ 𝑥of≤Real
7}
III. The Set
Set of Real Numbers
Numbers

A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The Whole Numbers
The Whole Numbers
c)
C. {𝑥|1
The≤ 𝑥 < 6}
C. The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The Irrational
The Irrational Numbers
Numbers
F.
F. The Real Numbers
The Real Numbers
d)
G. {𝑥|−4
Sets < 𝑥Numbers
≤ 0}
G. Sets of
of Numbers as
as Subsets
Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System System
V.
V. InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction
InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction to
to Sets
Sets
e) {𝑥|𝑥 ≥ 0}
A.
A. Set Notation
Set Notation

1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
f)2)
2) {𝑥|𝑥Set Builder
Builder Notation
< 5}
Set Notation

B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality

II.
II. Set
Set Operations
Operations

A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets

III.
III. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers

A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The
The Whole Numbers
Whole Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The
The Irrational Numbers
Irrational Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as Subsets
as Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
V. Inequality
V. Inequality
VI. Representing Page 19 of 23
VI. Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII.
VII. Absolute
Absolute Value
Value
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII. 1)
1) Roster
Roster
Absolute Method
Method
Value
VII. Absolute Value
 Exercise 4
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
A. Show the set on the real number line and represent the set by interval notation.
1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
1. 2)
{𝑥
2) | 𝑥 Set
Set Builder Notation
> 2}Builder Notation

2.
B. {𝑥 |Set
− 4 < 𝑥 ≤ 4}
B. Set Equality
Equality

II.3. {𝑥 |Operations
𝑥 > 2 and 𝑥 < 12}
II. Set
Set Operations
4. {𝑥 | 𝑥 > 2} ∩ {𝑥 | 𝑥 < 12}
A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets
5. {𝑥 | |
𝑥 ≤ −4} ∪ {𝑥 𝑥 > 4}
III.
III. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
B. Show the interval on the real number line and use set notation and inequality symbls to
A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
denote
B. The
the Whole
interval Numbers
The Whole Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
6.
D. (2, The
The Rational
7) Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The Irrational
The Irrational Numbers
Numbers
7.
F. The
[−10, Real
−2) Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as as Subsets
Subsets
8. [3, ∞)
IV. The
IV.9. (−∞, Real
Real Number
The 10) Number System System
V.
V. InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction
InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction to
to Sets
Sets
10. (−∞, ∞)
A.
A. Set Notation
Set Notation

1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
2)
2) Set
Set Builder
Builder Notation
Notation

B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality

II.
II. Set
Set Operations
Operations

A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets

III.
III. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers

A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The
The Whole Numbers
Whole Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The
The Irrational Numbers
Irrational Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as Subsets
as Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
V. Inequality
V. Inequality
VI. Representing Page 20 of 23
VI. Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII.
VII. Absolute
Absolute Value
Value
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII. 1)
1) Roster
Roster
Absolute Method
Method
Value
VII. Absolute Value
V II. A B SOLU TE V A LU E
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
Associated with each real number is a nonnegative number, called its absolute value.
1)
1)
D efinition Roster
Roster Method
MethodV alue
A bsolute
2) Set
If 𝑎 is2)a realSet Builder Notation
Builderthe
number, Notation
absolute value of 𝑎, denoted by |𝑎|, is 𝑎 if 𝑎 is nonnegative and
is −𝑎 if 𝑎 is negative. With symbols, we write
B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality 𝑎, 𝑎≥0
𝑓(𝑥) = {
−𝑎, 𝑎<0
II. Set Operations
II. Set Operations
Illustration
A. The
The Union
A.the above Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of Sets
If in definition we take 𝑎 asof6,Sets
0, and -6, we have respectively,
|6| = 6
III.
III. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers |0| = 0
|−6| = −(−6) = 6
A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
The B. The
absolute Whole
Thevalue
Whole Numbers
of aNumbers
number can be considered as its distance (without regard to
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
direction, left or right) from the origin. In particular, the points 6 and -6 are each six units
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
fromD.the origin. Numbers
E.
E. The Irrational
The Irrational Numbers
Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as as Subsets
Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System System
V.
V. InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction
InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction to
to Sets
Sets

A.
A. Set Notation
Set Notation

1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
2)
2) Set
Set Builder
Builder Notation
Notation

B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality

II.
II. Set
Set Operations
Operations

A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets

III.
III. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers

A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The
The Whole Numbers
Whole Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The
The Irrational Numbers
Irrational Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as Subsets
as Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
V. Inequality
V. Inequality
VI. Representing Page 21 of 23
VI. Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII.
VII. Absolute
Absolute Value
Value
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII. 1)
1) Roster
Roster
Absolute Method
Method
Value
VII. Absolute Value
 Exercise 5
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
Write the number without absolute value bars.
1)
1)
1. |7| Roster
Roster Method
Method
2)
2) Set
Set Builder Notation
Builder Notation
3
2. |− 4|
B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality

3. |3 − √3|
II.
II. Set
Set Operations
Operations

4.A.
A.|√3 −The
3| Union
The Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets

III. The
5. |3 −
III. 𝜋| Set
The Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers

A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The Whole Numbers
The Whole Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The Irrational
The Irrational Numbers
Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as
as Subsets
Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System System
V.
V. InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction
InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction to
to Sets
Sets

A.
A. Set Notation
Set Notation

1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
2)
2) Set
Set Builder
Builder Notation
Notation

B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality

II.
II. Set
Set Operations
Operations

A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets

III.
III. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers

A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The
The Whole Numbers
Whole Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The
The Irrational Numbers
Irrational Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as Subsets
as Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
V. Inequality
V. Inequality
VI. Representing Page 22 of 23
VI. Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII.
VII. Absolute
Absolute Value
Value
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII. 1)
1) Roster
Roster
Absolute Method
Method
Value
VII. Absolute Value
R eferences
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
Harshbarger, D. (2020). Free Online Graphing App. GraphFree. https://graphfree.com/
1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
2)
Leithold, Set
Set Builder
2) L. (1989). Notation
College
Builder Algebra and Trigonometry. Addison-Wesley.
Notation

Sullivan,
B. M. Set(2020). College Algebra. Pearson.
Equality
B. Set Equality

II.
II. Set
Set Operations
Operations

A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets

III.
III. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers

A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The Whole Numbers
The Whole Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The Irrational
The Irrational Numbers
Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as
as Subsets
Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System System
V.
V. InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction
InequalityI. ............................................................................................. Introduction to
to Sets
Sets

A.
A. Set Notation
Set Notation

1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
2)
2) Set
Set Builder
Builder Notation
Notation

B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality

II.
II. Set
Set Operations
Operations

A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets

III.
III. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers

A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The
The Whole Numbers
Whole Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The
The Irrational Numbers
Irrational Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
F. The Real Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as Subsets
as Subsets

IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
V. Inequality
V. Inequality
VI. Representing Page 23 of 23
VI. Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII.
VII. Absolute
Absolute Value
Value
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII. 1)
1) Roster
Roster
Absolute Method
Method
Value
VII. Absolute Value