Chapter 1: Preliminary Topics

A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation Lesson 2
1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
2)
2) Set Builder
Set Integer Exponents
Builder Notation
Notation
B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality
II.
II. Set
Set Operations
Operations
A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets
III.
III. The
The Set
Learning Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Outcomes: Numbers
AtA.
A. the The
end Natural
The Numbers
of this lesson,
Natural Numbersthe student should be able to:
B. 1. Evaluate
The WholeorNumbers
simplify expression involving integer exponents using the
B. The Whole Numbers
different theorems;
C. The
The Integers
C. 2. Perform
Integers
multiplication and division of expressions with integer
D. exponents.
D. The Rational
The Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The
The Irrational
Irrational Numbers
Numbers
F.
F. The
The Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as
as Subsets
Subsets
IV.
IV. The The Real
Real Number
Number System System
V.
V. InequalityI. ........................................................................................ Introduction
InequalityI. ........................................................................................ Introduction to
to Sets
Sets
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
2)
2) Set Builder
Set Builder Notation
Notation
B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality
II.
II. Set
Set Operations
Operations
A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets
III.
III. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The
The Whole
Whole Numbers
Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The Rational
The Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The
The Irrational
Irrational Numbers
Numbers
F.
F. The
The Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as
as Subsets
Subsets
IV.
IV. TheThe Real
Real Number
Number System
System
V.
V. Inequality
Inequality
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII.
VII. Absolute
Absolute Value
Value

VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
In general, if 𝑎 is a real number and 𝑛 is a positive integer,
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑎 ⋅ … ⋅ 𝑎 (𝑛 factors of 𝑎)
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
where 𝑛 is called the exponent, 𝑎 is called the base, and 𝑎𝑛 is called the nth power of 𝑎.
1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
Illustration 1:
a) 2)
2)
25 = 2Set
Set Builder Notation
⋅ 2 ⋅ Builder
2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 =Notation
32
B.
B. (− Set
b) ) =Equality
Set
1 3
Equality
1 1
(− ) (− ) (− ) = −
1 1
2 2 2 2 8
II.c) (−3)Operations
II.d) Set
4
= (−3)(−3)(−3)(−3) = 81
Set Operations
−34 = −(3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3) = −81
A.
A. The
The Union
Union and and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets
III.
III. The
Theorems onSet
The Set of
of Real
Integer Real Numbers
Numbers
Exponents
A.
A. 1:The
Theorem The Natural
𝑚 areNumbers
Natural
If 𝑛 and Numbers
positive integers and 𝑎 is a real number, then
B.
B. The
The Whole
Whole Numbers
Numbers 𝑎𝑛 ⋅ 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛+𝑚
Theorem
C. 2:The
If 𝑛 and 𝑚 are positive integers and 𝑎 is a real number, then
C. The Integers
Integers
(𝑎 ) = 𝑎 𝑛 𝑚 𝑛𝑚
D.
D. The Rational
The Rational Numbers
Numbers
Theorem 3: If 𝑛 is a positive integer and 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real numbers, then
E.
E. The
The Irrational
Irrational Numbers
Numbers
(𝑎𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑏 𝑛
F. The Real Numbers
F. The
Theorem 4: If Real
𝑛 and Numbers
𝑚 are positive integers and 𝑎 is a real number where 𝑎 ≠ 0, then
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as as Subsets
Subsets 𝑎𝑛−𝑚
𝑛>𝑚
𝑎𝑛 1 if
IV. The Real Number
IV. The Real Number System𝑎𝑚 System = { if 𝑛<𝑚
𝑎𝑚−𝑛 if 𝑛 = 𝑚
V.
V. InequalityI. 1
InequalityI. ........................................................................................
........................................................................................ Introduction
Introduction to
to Sets
Sets
Theorem 5: If 𝑛 is a positive integer and 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real numbers where 𝑏 ≠ 0, then
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎𝑛
1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method ( ) = 𝑛
𝑏 𝑏
2) Negative-Integer
Zero and
2) Set Builder
Set Builder Notation
Notation
Exponents
B.a positive
If 𝑛 is
B. Set Equality
integer and 𝑎 is a real number where 𝑎 ≠ 0, then
Set Equality
II. 𝑎0 = 1
II. Set
Set Operations
Operations
1
A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of𝑎 Sets
−𝑛
= 𝑛
Sets𝑎
III.
III. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The
The Whole
Whole Numbers
Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The Rational
The Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The
The Irrational
Irrational Numbers
Numbers
F.
F. The
The Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as
as Subsets
Subsets
IV.
IV. TheThe Real
Real Number
Number System
System
V.
V. Inequality
Inequality
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII.
VII. Absolute
Absolute Value
Value

A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
1)
1) Roster Method
Roster Method
Example 1
Find the following products. In part (b), 𝑛 is a positive integer.
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
(a) (4𝑥 4 𝑦 3 )(−5𝑥 5 𝑦 2 )
(b) 1)
(4𝑛𝑥 5𝑛Roster
1) )(5𝑛𝑥 4𝑛Method
Roster Method
)
2)
Solution:
2) Set Builder
Set Builder Notation
Notation
a) B.
B. 𝑦 Set
Set Equality
(4𝑥 4 3 )(−5𝑥 5 2 )
𝑦 = [4(−5)](𝑥 4 𝑥 5 )(𝑦 3 𝑦 2 )
Equality
= −20𝑥 𝑦 4+5 3+2

II. Set Operations

II. Set Operations = −20𝑥 9 𝑦 5
A. The
The4𝑛Union
A. 5𝑛 )(5𝑛𝑥
b) (4𝑛𝑥 ) = and
Union and Intersection
⋅ 𝑛)(𝑥 5𝑛 ⋅ 𝑥 4𝑛of
Intersection
[4 ⋅ 5](𝑛 of) Sets
Sets
1+1 5𝑛+4𝑛
III.
III. TheThe Set
Set of
of Real
=
Real Numbers
20𝑛 𝑥
Numbers
2 9𝑛
= 20𝑛 𝑥
A.
A. 2TheThe Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
Example
Find B.
each ofThe
B. The Whole
Whole Numbers
the followingNumbers
products, where 𝑛 is any positive integer.
C.
C. (𝑛2 )The
(a) The
2 Integers
Integers
(b) (𝑥 )
2 𝑛
D. (𝑥 𝑛 )The
D.
(c)
The
𝑛 Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E.
Solution: The
The Irrational
Irrational Numbers
Numbers
F.
F. ) The
a) (𝑛 2 2 = Real
The
2⋅2
Real
𝑛 Numbers
Numbers
= 𝑛4
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as
as Subsets
Subsets
b)
IV.
2 𝑛 2⋅𝑛
IV. The The Real Number System
(𝑥 ) = 𝑥
Real
= 2𝑛 Number System
𝑥
V.
V. InequalityI. ........................................................................................ Introduction
InequalityI. ........................................................................................ Introduction to
to Sets
Sets
A.
A.𝑛 )𝑛 Set
c) (𝑥 = 𝑥Notation
Set Notation
𝑛⋅𝑛

= 𝑥 𝑛2
1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
Example 3
2)
2) Set Builder
Set Builder Notation
Notation
Find each of the following products
B.
B. (−5𝑟 Set Equality
Set
3 4 Equality
a) 𝑠 𝑡 2 )(−6𝑠 5 𝑡 4 )(−𝑟 2 𝑠)
II.b) Set
(2𝑥 Operations
3
𝑦 𝑧)3 (−𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑧 4 )4
2
II. Set Operations
Solution:
A. The
A. The Union
Union and and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets
a) (−5𝑟 3 𝑠 4 𝑡 2 )(−6𝑠 5 𝑡 4 )(−𝑟 2 𝑠) = [(−5)(−6)(−1)](𝑟 3 ⋅ 𝑟 2 )(𝑠 4 ⋅ 𝑠 5 ⋅ 𝑠)(𝑡 2 ⋅ 𝑡 4 )
III.
III. TheThe Set Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
= −30𝑟 3+2 𝑠 4+5+1 𝑡 2+4
5 10 6
A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
= −30𝑟 𝑠 𝑡
Numbers
B.
B. 𝑦 𝑧)The
b) (2𝑥 3 2 3 (−𝑥 2Whole
𝑦 3 𝑧 4 )4 Numbers
The Whole = [23 (𝑥 3 )3 (𝑦 2 )3 𝑧 3 ][(−1)4 (𝑥 2 )4 (𝑦 3 )4 (𝑧 4 )4 ]
Numbers
= [8𝑥 3(3) 𝑦 2(3) 𝑧 3 ][1𝑥 2(4) 𝑦 3(4) 𝑧 4(4) ]
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers= [8𝑥 9 𝑦 6 𝑧 3 ][1𝑥 8 𝑦12 𝑧16 ]
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational=Numbers
= (8 ⋅ 1)(𝑥 9 ⋅ 𝑥 8 )(𝑦 6 ⋅ 𝑦12 )(𝑧 3 ⋅ 𝑧16 )
Numbers
8𝑥 9+8 𝑦 6+12 𝑧 3+16
E.
E. The
The Irrational
Irrational= Numbers
Numbers
8𝑥 17 𝑦18 𝑧19
F.
F. The
The Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as
as Subsets
Subsets
IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
V.
V. Inequality
Inequality
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII.
VII. Absolute
Absolute Value
Value

A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
1)
1) Roster Method
Roster Method
Example 4
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
Find the following quotients. In part (b), 𝑛 is a positive integer.
1)
1) 8𝑎5 𝑏Roster
Roster
2
Method
Method
a)
2) 2𝑎3 𝑏Set
Set Builder Notation
Notation
2) 8
Builder
6𝑛𝑥 6𝑛
B. Set
Set3𝑛Equality
B. b) 3𝑛𝑥 Equality
II.
II. Set
Set Operations
Solution: Operations
A.
A.5 𝑏 2 The
8𝑎 The8Union
𝑎5 𝑏 2and
Union and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets
a) = ⋅ ⋅
III.
2𝑎 𝑏 The Set
3 8 2 𝑎of Real
3 𝑏 8
Numbers
III. The Set of Real Numbers
A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural 1 Numbers
= 4𝑎 5−3
⋅ 8−2Numbers
𝑏
B.
B. The
The Whole
Whole Numbers
Numbers
2
4𝑎
C.
C. The
The
= Integers
Integers
𝑏6
D.
D. The Rational
The Rational Numbers
Numbers
E. The Irrational Numbers
E. 6𝑛 The 6Irrational
6𝑛𝑥 𝑛 𝑥 6𝑛 Numbers
b) = ⋅ ⋅ 3𝑛
F.
F. The
3𝑛𝑥 The Real
3𝑛 3 𝑛Numbers
Real Numbers
𝑥
= 2 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 𝑥 6𝑛−3𝑛
G.
G. Sets
Sets
= 2𝑥 of
of3𝑛Numbers
Numbers as
as Subsets
Subsets
IV.
IV. The The Real
Real Number
Number System System
Example 5:
V.
V. InequalityI. ........................................................................................ Introduction
InequalityI. ........................................................................................ Introduction to
to Sets
Sets
Write as a simple fraction with only positive exponents
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation −2
𝑥 −3 𝑦 4 𝑧 −5
1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method (
𝑥 6 𝑦 −2 𝑧 −4
)

2)
2)
Solution: Set Builder
Set Builder Notation
Notation
B. Set
−2 Equality
B.𝑦 4 𝑧 −5Set Equality
(𝑥 −3 𝑦 4 𝑧 −5 )−2
𝑥 −3
( ) =
II.
II. Set
𝑧 −4 Operations
Set
𝑥 6 𝑦 −2 Operations
(𝑥 6 𝑦 −2 𝑧 −4 )−2

A.
A. The
The Union
Union and Intersection
and𝑦 4(−2)
𝑥 −3(−2) Intersection
𝑧 −5(−2) of
of Sets
Sets
= 6(−2) −2(−2) −4(−2)
III. 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
III. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
6 −8 10
A.
A. The
The Natural
𝑥
Natural
=
𝑦 Numbers
𝑧
Numbers
𝑥 −12 𝑦 4 𝑧 8
B.
B. The
The Whole
Whole Numbers
Numbers
= 𝑥 6−(−12) 𝑦 −8−4 𝑧10−8
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
= 𝑥 18 𝑦 −12 𝑧 2
D.
D. The Rational
The Rational Numbers
Numbers
𝑥 18 𝑧 2
E.
E. The
The Irrational
Irrational Numbers
𝑦12 Numbers
=
F.
F. The
The Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as as Subsets
Subsets
IV.
IV. TheThe Real
Real Number
Number System
System
V.
V. Inequality
Inequality
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII.
VII. Absolute
Absolute Value
Value

A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
1)
1) Roster Method
Roster Method
 Exercises
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
1) Roster Method
Use the1) Roster
laws of Method
exponent to write the expressions so that each variable occurs only once and all
2) areSet
exponents
2) Set Builder
positive. Notation
NoneNotation
Builder of the denominators are zero.

B.
B.
1. 𝑥Set
Set
2
⋅ 𝑥Equality
Equality
5

II.
II. 2.Set
Set 𝑥Operations
Operations
−4
⋅ 𝑥 −2
A.
A. 𝑦The
The Union
−1
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets
3. −2
𝑦
III.
III. The
The−3Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
4. (𝑥 )4
A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
5. (𝑠 5 𝑡 −1 )−2
B.
B. The
The Whole
Whole Numbers
Numbers
−1 −4
𝑥
C.
C.
6. (The
The)Integers
Integers
𝑦3
D.
D. The Rational
The Rational
2
Numbers
Numbers
𝑎−1 𝑏 2
7.
E. (The
𝑐 −4 𝑑Irrational Numbers
)
E. The Irrational
0 Numbers
F.
F. The
8. The
Real
Real
(3𝑎𝑏 4 )(−2𝑎 Numbers
Numbers
3 2)
𝑏
G.
G. Sets
Sets 2of
of𝑠 2 Numbers
Numbers as Subsets
)(3𝑟 2 𝑠 3 ) as Subsets
9. 5(−4𝑟
IV.
IV. TheThe Real
Real 2Number
Number System
System
10. 2 3 3 3
(2𝑥 ) (𝑥 𝑦 )
V.
V. InequalityI.
InequalityI. ........................................................................................
........................................................................................
5 Introduction
Introduction to
to Sets
Sets
𝑟2𝑠3𝑡 4
11.
A. Set
(− Notation
)
A. Set 2𝑢
Notation
5

1) 1) (−3𝑥
Roster
3
Roster Method
𝑦𝑧 2 )(−2𝑥 4 2 5)
Method
𝑦 𝑧
12. 4 4
−3𝑥 𝑦𝑧
2) −2Set
2) Set Builder
−4 Builder
0
Notation
Notation
3 𝑥 𝑦
13.
B.
B. Set
Set2 𝑦Equality
(3𝑥 Equality
3 )−4

II.
II. Set
Set Operations
−2
2𝑎−2 𝑏 2 𝑐 −4
Operations
14. ( )
3𝑎−3 𝑏 −1 𝑐 2
A.
A. The
The Union
Union and and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets
−1 2 3 −1
3𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
III.
III.15. The
( Set
The Set ofof Real ) Numbers
Real Numbers
2𝑥 −3 𝑦 −2 𝑧 −1
A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
Use laws of exponents to simplify the expressions and write it with only positive exponents. For each
B.
B. 𝑛 The
problem, The Whole Numbers
Wholeinteger.
is a positive Numbers
C.
C. The Integers
16. 𝑥The
𝑛 Integers
⋅ 𝑥 3𝑛
D.
D. The Rational Numbers
The Rational
Numbers
17. (𝑥 3+𝑛 )(𝑥 3𝑛−1 )

E.
E. The
The Irrational
Irrational Numbers
Numbers
𝑥 3𝑛+2
F.18.
F. TheThe Real
Real Numbers
𝑥 2𝑛+1 Numbers
G.
G. 𝑥Sets of Numbers as Subsets
19. Sets of Numbers as Subsets
5𝑛−2

IV. 𝑥 𝑛+1
IV. The The Real
Real Number
Number System
System 2 +2
(101−𝑛 )𝑛 10000𝑛
V.
V. 20.Inequality
Inequality ⋅
(1000𝑛 )𝑛+1 1003−𝑛
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII.
VII. Absolute
Absolute Value
Value

A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
1)
1) Roster Method
Roster Method
References:
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
1) Roster
1)L. (1989).
Roster Method
Method
Leithold, College Algebra and Trigonometry. Addison-Wesley.
2)
2) Set Builder
Set Builder Notation
Notation
B.
B. M. Set
Sullivan, Set Equality
Equality
(2020). College Algebra. Pearson.
II.
II. Set
Set Operations
Operations
A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets
III.
III. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The
The Whole
Whole Numbers
Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The
The Irrational
Irrational Numbers
Numbers
F.
F. The
The Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as
as Subsets
Subsets
IV.
IV. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
V.
V. InequalityI. ........................................................................................ Introduction
InequalityI. ........................................................................................ Introduction to
to Sets
Sets
A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
1)
1) Roster
Roster Method
Method
2)
2) Set Builder
Set Builder Notation
Notation
B.
B. Set
Set Equality
Equality
II.
II. Set
Set Operations
Operations
A.
A. The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection
Intersection of
of Sets
Sets
III.
III. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
A.
A. The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B.
B. The
The Whole
Whole Numbers
Numbers
C.
C. The
The Integers
Integers
D.
D. The Rational
The Rational Numbers
Numbers
E.
E. The
The Irrational
Irrational Numbers
Numbers
F.
F. The
The Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
G.
G. Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as
as Subsets
Subsets
IV.
IV. TheThe Real
Real Number
Number System
System
V.
V. Inequality
Inequality
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
VII.
VII. Absolute
Absolute Value
Value

A.
A. Set
Set Notation
Notation
VI.
VI. Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on a
a Number
Number Line
Line
1)
1) Roster Method
Roster Method