Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TOPICS
1. Sets
2. Relations and Functions
3. Trigonometric Functions
4. Principle of Mathematical Induction
5. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
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1. Sets
A set is a well-defined collection of objects. The objects are called the
elements of the set. The elements of a set are enclosed within brackets .
If a is an element of a set A, we say that a belongs to and write it as .
Empty set:
A set which does not contain any element is called the empty set or the
null set or the void set. It is denoted by
Singleton set:
A set consisting of a single element is called a singleton set.
Finite set:
A set which consists of a definite number of elements is called a finite set,
otherwise it is called an infinite set.
The number of elements in a set is called its cardinal number or order,
and is denoted by
Subsets:
A set is said to be a subset of a set if every element of is also an
element of and is written as
Note:
(i) Every set is a subset of itself.
(ii) The empty set is a subset of every set.
Intervals:
Let (set of real numbers). Then the set of real numbers
is called an open interval and is denoted by
The set of real numbers which contains the end points
and also is called a closed interval and is denoted by
The intervals are subsets of
Power Set:
The collection of all subsets of set is called the power set of and is
denoted by
If set contains elements then the power set contains elements.
i.e if then .
Universal set:
A basic set which contains all the sets in a given context is called the universal
set and is denoted by
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Equality of sets:
Two Sets and are said to be equal if they have the same elements
i.e every element of is an element of and every element of is an
element of
Equivalent sets:
Two finite sets and are said to be equivalent if their cardinal numbers are
same i.e
Operations on sets:
(i) Union of sets:
The union of two sets and is the set of all those elements which
are either in or in or in both and is denoted by
Important results:
(i) (Commutative law)
(ii) (Associative law)
(iii) ( is the identity of )
(iv)
(v)
Important properties:
(i)
(ii)
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(iii) De Morgan’s law:
and
(iv)
(v) and
If and are finite sets such that then
If then
Venn Diagram:
Diagrams which represent most of the relationships between sets are known
as Venn diagrams
The universal set is represented by a rectangle and its subsets by circles.
Worksheet:-
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17. State whether A = B or A = C:
, C
18. State whether A = B or not:
,
19. If then find Also find
20. Write down all the subsets of the following sets
(i)A (ii)
21. Write the following intervals in set-builder form :
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
22. Write the following set in roster form and interval form
A B
34. If R is the set of real numbers and Q is the set of rational numbers, then what is
35. If , , ,find
(i ) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
36. If , ,
then prove that and
51. Let
State & prove Demorgan's laws using this.
52. Draw Venn diagrams for the following:
53.
58. For any two sets and show that the following statements are equivalent:
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59. If and are sets, then prove that: are pair wise
disjoint.
60. Using properties of sets, show that for any two sets and
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2. Relations and Functions
(ii) If then
(iii)
(iv) In general,
Important Results:
For any three sets and
Relation:
A relation from a set to a set is a subset of obtained by
describing a relationship between the first element and the second
element of The second element is called the image of the first
element.
Domain:
The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in a relation from a set
to a set is called the domain of the relation
Range:
The set of all second elements, of the ordered pairs in a relation from a set
to a set is called the range of the relation
Range codomain
Note:
The total number of relations that can be defined from a set to a set
is where and
Functions:
A relation from a non-empty set to a nonempty set is said to be a
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a function if every element of set has one and only one image in set
The function from to is denoted by
Note:
Every function is a relation but every relation is not a function.
A function which has either or one of its subsets as its range is called a
real valued function.
Equal functions:
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(ii) Constant function:
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(v) Modulus function:
The domain is the ser R of all real numbers and the range is the set of
all nonnegative real numbers.
The domain is the set of all real numbers and the range is the set
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(viii) Reciprocal function:
Worksheet:-
1. If , Find
1) 2) 3)
2. If Find
1) 2) 3) 4)
7. Describe the relation in set builder form given its domain & range for set z.
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(ii) (ii)
(iii)
(iv) (iv)
25.
Find [8]
26. Find
1)
2)
3)
4)
27. Find range of following functions.
1)
2)
28.
Find domain & range of
29. If Find
30. Plot the graph of following functions.
1)
31. If Find
32. Find the range of the function
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3. Trigonometric Functions
Angle is a measure of rotation of a given ray about its initial point. The
original ray is called the initial side and the final position of the ray after rotation
is called the terminal side of the angle.
If the direction of rotation is anticlockwise the angle is said to be positive and
if the direction is clockwise then the angle is said to be negative.
The measure of an angle is the amount of rotation performed to get the
terminal side from the initial side.
The two units of measurement of an angle which are commonly used are the
degree measure and radian measure
A degree is divided into 60 minutes and a minute is divided into 60 seconds.
and
One radian, written as 1c is the measure of an angle subtended at the centre
of a circle by an arc of length equal to the radius of the circle.
In a circle of radius an arc of length will subtend an angle whose
measure is radians.
Thus if in a circle of radius an arc of length subtends an angle
radian at the centre, then
or
1 radian (approximately)
Also radian (approximately)
Radian measure
Degree measure
Trigonometric Functions:
Trigonometric ratios for acute angles were studied as the ratios of the sides
of a right angled triangle. This definition is now extended to any angle in terms of
radian measure and to the study of trigonometric functions
Identities:
For all real
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, where is any integer.
, where is any interger
, where is any integer.
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(i) The domain of the functions
and is R, the set of all real numbers
and the range is the internal
Periodic Function:
A function is said to be a periodic function if there exists a real number
such that for all
If is the smallest positive real number such that for all
than is called the fundamental period of .
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Even and odd functions:
Even function:
A function is said to be an even function, if for all
in its domain.
Odd Function:
A function is said to be an odd function, if for all
in its domain.
and are odd functions
and are even function.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(vi)
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(vii)
(viii)
Important results:
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Trigonometric equations:
Worksheet:
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11. Prove :
12. If & find value of
13. If find value of
5 sec .
14. Prove that (a)
(b)
(c)
15. If find
16. Prove that
17. Prove that
18.
Prove that
19. If are acute angles such that Prove that
20. If P.T
21. Prove that
22. Prove that
23. If Prove that
24. Prove that
25. Prove that
26. Prove that
27. Prove that
28. If Prove that
29. If lies in quadrant
30. Prove that
31. Prove that
32. Show that
33. Find the value of
34. Prove that
35. Prove that
36. Prove the following:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
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(viii)
37. If find the values of and .
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4. Principle of Mathematical Induction
Worksheet:-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
digits
13. is a positive interger for all
14. is a multiple of 3 for all
15. is divisible by for
16. Let be the statement If is true, show that is true.
Do you conclude is true for all ?
17. is a positive integer for all
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18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
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5. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
Power of
Note:
(i) For any positive real number a
Complex Number:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
i.e. .
i.e .
Note:
Thus .
Important results: For any two complex numbers and ,
(i)
(ii) , provided
(iii)
(iv)
(v) , provided .
Polar representation:
Let be a non zero complex number and let represent
the number in the plane.
Let the line segment be of length
and be the angle which makes with the
positive direction of -axis.
The point is uniquely determined by
the ordered pair of real numbers (r, ).
(r, ) are called the polar coordinates of the
point P.
Origin O is considered as the pole and the
positive direction of -axis as the initial line
We have
and
or
This is called the polar form of the complex number.
Here, modulus of . and is called the argument or
amplitude of and is denoted by arg .
Value of such that – is called the principal argument of z.
Quadratic Equations:
Note: (i) The roots of a quadratic equation always occur in conjugate pairs
(ii) A polynomial equation of degree has roots.
Worksheet:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
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(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
(xi)
(xii)
2. Find real values of if the complex nos are equal
(a)
(b)
(c)
3. Find the conjugate of the following complex numbers:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
5. Evaluate the following:
(i) when
(ii) when
(iii) when
6. If prove that
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8. If z is a complex number such that prove that is purely imaginary.
9. If find
(a)
(b) –
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
13. Find the modulus and arguments of each of the following complex numbers:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(ii)
18. Find complex number z if
19. Prove that
20. Solve the following equations:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
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