MR. RICARDO B.

SANTILLAN
TEACHER

GRADE 8
MATHEMATIC
S
Why is life full
of challenges?
 Review of Sets
Set – is a collection of objects or things.
Elements – is the object of the set.
Braces – sets are denoted by using braces
to enclose the elements in the set.
Here
   are some of the common sets of numbers that we will
use:
 N is the set of natural numbers. These are numbers that can
answer counting problems; that is, N = {1, 2, 3, . . .}.
 Z is the set of integers.

Z = {…, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .}

 Q is the set of rational numbers. These are characterized as
ratios of integers such as or or .
 R is the set of real numbers. These real numbers can be
thought of as decimal numbers with possibly unending strings
of digits after the decimal point.
Set Notation
 The set containing the numbers -4, 2 and 5 can be written as {-
4, 2, 5}. This notation of writing a set is known as roster
notation.
 Describe a set by specifying the conditions or descriptions that
make an element a part of the set. This method of describing
sets is known as
set-builder notation.
• The following shows an example of a set builder notation.
{x I x is an odd number less than 5}
Read as:
The set of all x x is an odd number less than 5

such that
Example 1: Using roster notation and set-builder notation,
describe the set consisting of the first four odd natural numbers.
Solution:
Roster notation: {1, 3, 5, 7}
Set-builder notation: {xIx is an odd natural number less than 9}

The special relationship between a set and one of its elements is

indicated by the membership symbol, Є.
Thus, if A = {1, 3, 5, 7}, we write 5 Є A to indicate that 5 is an
element of A.
We also write 6 Є A to indicate that 6 is not an element of A.
Example 2:
Classify the statement 9 Є {xIx is an odd number as true of
false}.

Solution:
Since 9 is an element of the set of all odd numbers, then the
statement is true. In other words, because 9 is odd, it belongs to
the set.

Using set-builder notation, we can now describe the set of all

rational numbers.
Rational Numbers
  Numbers
 that can be expressed as an integer divided by
nonzero integer are called rational numbers.

Rational numbers can be written using fractional or decimal

notation.
Fractional notation uses symbols like the following:

In decimal notation, rational numbers either terminate or repeat.

  
Example 3: When written in decimal form, does each of the
following numbers terminate or repeat?
a. b.
Solution:
a. Since means 38, we divide to find that = 0.375. Thus, we
can write as a terminating decimal.
b. Using long division, we find that 611=0.5454…, so we can
write as a repeating decimal. A repeating decimal can be
denoted by writing a bar over the repeating digit or set of
digits. In this case, we have .
  The set of all rational numbers does not fill up the number
line.
 Numbers like , , and , which will be used later in this
lesson, can only be approximated by rational numbers.
 As decimals, these numbers are nonterminating and
nonrepeating.
 Numbers like , , and are said to be irrational.

 The set of all irrational numbers combined with the set of

all rational numbers give us the set of all real numbers.
Real Numbers
Numbers
   that are either rational or irrational are called real
numbers.
{xIx is a rational or x is irrational}
The set of all numbers fills up the number line.
Irrational numbers

Rational numbers 1.4 3.14

REAL NUMBER SYSTEM
   Real Numbers
-19, -, 0, , , 17.8

  Rational Numbers   Irrational Numbers

,,

  Integers   Non-integer rational Numbers

  Negative Integers   Whole Numbers

  Zero   Whole Numbers

Subset
 When all the members of a set are also found in a
second set, we say that the first set is a subset of the
second set.
 Thus, if A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, we write
A ⊆ B to indicate that A is a subset of B.
 Set B is a proper subset of A if all elements of B are
in A but A contains at least one element that is not in
B.
 This can be written in symbols as B ⊂ A, read as “B
is a proper subset of A”.
 
Example: Subsets
a. A = {3, 5} is a subset of B = {3, 5, 7} because every element of A
is also an element of B. Therefore, A ⊂ B.

b. F = {10, 7, 5} is a subset of G = {5, 7, 10} because every element

of F is also an element of G. Every set is a subset of itself. F ⊆ G

c. D = {4, 7} is not a subset of E = {7, 8, 5} because

4 but 4 E. therefore D ⊂ E, which is read as “D is not a subset of E”.
 Empty Set (Null Set)
 
 Set B = {1, 5} has two elements. Set C = {5} has only one
element. Set D = { } is empty, since it has no elements.
 A set with no elements is called an empty set or a null set.
 We use the symbol { } or to represent the empty set.
Example:
   The empty set

a. The set of all people in your math class who are 10 feet tall is

{ } or

b. The set of all positive numbers less than 0 is { } or .

c. The empty set is a subset of every set. If A is a set, then { } or

is a subset of A because there is no element of { } or that is not

also an element of A.
Example 2: List all the subset of the set {a, b, c}.
{ } The set having no element.
Note: The empty set is a subset of every set.

{a}, {b}, {c} The subsets having one

element.

{a, b}, {a, c}, {b, c} The subsets having two

elements.

{a, b, c} The subset having three

elements.
Note: Every set is a subset of itself.
 Universal Set
 A universal set is a set that consist of all the elements being considered in
a particular problem.
 The universal set may be presented by the letter U.

Example: Universal set

a. Suppose we consider one-digit numbers. Then,
U = {0, 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} since U contains all the one digit numbers.
b) Suppose we consider the negative numbers. Then,
U = {xIx is a negative number}.

Notice that there can be different universal sets.

Finite and Infinite Sets
If  in
 counting the elements of a set, the counting comes to an
end, the set is called a finite set.
Example: Finites sets
a. A = {5, 9, 10, 13}
b. B = { } or
If in counting the elements of a set, the counting never comes to
an end, the set is called an infinite set.
Example: Infinite sets
c. N = 1, 2, 3, …}
d. J = {xIx is a negative number}
Union of Sets
  Theunion of two sets A and B is formed by putting the
elements of the two sets together.
 We denote the union of sets A and B as A B.
 A useful tool to help you understand set concepts is the Venn
diagram.

U d
U e
q A
b F b q h
A c e J B t
k
Intersection of Sets
  Intersection
of two sets A and B is the set of all elements that
are common to both A and B.
 We denote the intersection of sets A and B by A B. For an
element to be in A B.
 Consider A = {g, f, m} and B = {g, m, t, z}. Then A B = {g, m}.

U t
f g B
A m
z
Disjoint Sets
  Disjoint sets are sets whose intersection is an empty set.

Example: Disjoint sets

a. If A = {b, c, g} and B = {1, 2, 5, 7}, then A B = .
b. If R = {5, 7, 9} and T = {9, 10, 12}, then R T = {9}