MATHEMATICS

Sets and RElations

Nishant Vora
B.Tech - IIT Patna

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SETS
 Sets

Well defined collection of objects

Example:

A = your favourite actor

B = a set of natural numbers

Sets

N⊂W⊂Z⊂Q⊂R⊂C
 Representation of Sets

1. Roster Form
2. Set builder Form
 1. Roster Form

elements are being separated by commas and are enclosed within

braces { }

Example:
A = {1 , 2, 3, a, b}

∊ → belongs to/ element of

a∊A
1∊A
4∉A
 1. Roster Form

1. Order of elements does not matter

2. All elements must be distinct

Example:
{ S, C, H, O, L} = {H, O, L, C, S}

{ A, P, P, L, E} = {A, P, L, E}
Write down the set of letters of the word MATHEMATICS in roster
form
 2. Set-Builder Form

we write down a property or rule which gives us all the element of

the set

Example:

A= {x : x is a natural number which divides 12}

B= {y : y is a vowel in the English alphabet}
C= {z : z is an odd natural number}
Express set A = {x2 : x < 5, x is a whole number} in roster form
Express set B = {2, 5, 10, 17, 26} in set builder form
Express set A = {9, 25, 49, 81} in set builder form
Let Z be the set of all integers and
A = {(x, y): x4 - y4 = 175 and x, y ∊ Z}
Then the number of elements in A is ____
Cardinal Number

Cardinal Number is number of elements inside a set

Representation: n(A)
TYPES OF
SETS
 Types of Sets

1. Null Set / Empty Set / Void Set

A set having NO element in it. It is denoted by ф or { }

Example:
A = { x : 0 < x < 1; x 𝝐 Z }
Which of the following sets is/are empty ?
A. {x ∈ Z | x2 = 9 and 2x = 6}
B. {x ∈ R | x2 = 9 and 2x = 4}
C. {x ∈ R | x + 4 = 4}
D. {x ∈ N | 2x + 1 = 3}
 Types of Sets

2. Singleton Set
A set having 1 element in it

Example:
A = { x : 0 < x < 2; x 𝝐 Z }
 Types of Sets

3. Finite Set
A set having finite(countable) number element in it

Example:
 Types of Sets

4. Infinite Set
A set having infinite number element in it

Example:
Set of Natural numbers
 Types of Sets

5. Equal Set
If every element of A is present in B and every element of B is
present in A then A and B are said to be equal sets
A=B

Example:
{1, 2, 3} = {2, 3, 1}
 Types of Sets

6. Equivalent Set
n(A) = n(B)

Example:
{1, 2, 3} is equivalent to {a, b, c}
 Types of Sets

7. Universal Set
A set consisting of all possible elements which occur in the
discussion

Example:
If A = {1, 2, 3} , B = {2, 4, 5, 6}, C = {1, 3, 5, 7}
then U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} can be taken as the universal set
 Types of Sets

8. Subset and Superset

If all elements of A are present in B then A is subset of B
Representation: A ⊆ B

Example:
If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
A⊆B

If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 3, 5, 7}

A⊈B
 Types of Sets

9. Proper Subset
If A ⊆ B and A ≠ B , then A is called a proper subset of B and B
is called superset of A

Example:
If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
A is proper subset of B

If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 3}

A is not proper subset of B
A. Write down all subsets of {1, 2}
B. Write down all proper subsets of {1, 2}
C. Write down all subsets of {1, 2, 3}
Let A = {1, 2, {3, 4}, 5}. Which of the following statements are correct

A. {3, 4} ⊂ A
B. {3, 4} ∈ A
C. {{3, 4}} ⊂ A
D. {1, 2, 3} ⊂ A
E. 3 ∈ A
F. { 3 } ⊂ A
 Note:

1. Every set is subset of itself

2. Empty set, ф, is a subset of every set
3. A ⊂ B and B ⊂ A ⇔ A = B
4. ф is proper subset of every set except itself
5. Number of subsets of a finite set = 2n
6. Number of proper subsets of a finite set = 2n-1
Two finite sets have m and n elements. The number of subsets of
the first set is 112 more than that of the second set. The values of
m and n are respectively,
A. 4, 7
B. 7, 4
C. 4, 4
D. 7, 7 JEE Main 2020
 Types of Sets

9. Power set
It is a set of all subsets
Representation : P(A)

Example:
Find the power set of A = {1, 2}
The number of subsets of the power set of set A = {a, b, c} is
A. 32
B. 16
C. 64
D. 256
If A=P({1, 2}) where P denotes the power set, then which one of
the following is correct?

A. {1, 2} ⊂ A
B. 1 ∈ A
C. { } ∉ A
D. {1, 2} ∈ A
 VENN DIAGRAM &
OPERATIONS ON SETS
 Venn Diagram

U → Represented by Rectangle
A, B → Represented by Circles
U
Example:

U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} A B
A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {3, 4, 5}
Operation of Sets

1. Intersection

2. Union

3. Difference

4. Compliment

5. Cross product
 Operation of Sets

1. Union of sets
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} U
A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 4, 6}
A B
 Operation of Sets

2. Intersection of sets
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} U
A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 3, 4}
A B
 Operation of Sets

3. Complement of a set
U
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
A = {1, 2, 3}
A B
 Operation of Sets

4. Difference of two sets

Element of A which are not present in B U

U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A B
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

Then A - B =
 Operation of Sets

5. Symmetric difference of two sets :

It is denoted by A Δ B and A Δ B = (A - B) ∪ (B - A)

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} U
B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
A B
Then A Δ B =
 Operation of Sets

6. Disjoint Sets :

If A ∩ B = ф, then A and B are disjoint

A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {6, 7, 8, 9}
then A ∩ B = ф
Let U be a universal set and n(U) = 12. If A, B ⊆ U are such that n(B) = 6
and n(A ∩ B) = 2 then n(A U B’) is equal to

A. 6
B. 10
U
C. 7
D. 8
A B
Let X = {n ∈ N : 1 ≤ n ≤ 50}. If A = {n ∈ X: n is a multiple of 2} and
B = {n ∈ X: n is a multiple of 7}, then the number of elements in the
smallest subset of X containing both A and B is _

JEE MAIN 2020

In a school, there are three types of games to be played. Some of
the students play two types of games, but none play all the three
games. Which Venn diagrams can justify the above statement ?

17 Mar 2021 Shift 1

A. P and Q
B. P and R
C. None of these
D. Q and R
PROPERTIES
OF SETS
Properties of Sets

1 A∪B=B∪A

2 A∪A=A

3 A∪ф=A

4 A∪U=U
Properties of Sets

1 A∩B=B∩A

2 A∩A=A

3 A∩ф=ф

4 A∩U=A
Associative Property

1 (A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ (B ∪ C)

2 (A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C)
Distributive Property

1 A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
De-Morgan's Law

1 (A ∪ B)’ = A’ ∩ B’

2 (A ∩ B)’ = A’ ∪ B’
Properties of Sets

1 (A’)’ = A

2 A ∩ A’ = ф

3 A ∪ A’ = U
If U = { x : x ∈ N and 2 ≤ x ≤ 12 } , A = { x : x is an even prime },
B = { x : x is factor of 12 } then which the following is not true ?

A. A - B is an empty set
B. A - B = B ⋂ A’
C. A’ - B’ = B - A
D. ( A ⋂ B)’ = A’ U B’
Let A, B and C be sets such that Φ ≠ A ⋂ B ⊆ C. Then which of the
following statements is not true ?

A. B ⋂ C ≠ Φ JEE Main 2019

B. If (A - B) ⊆ C, then A ⊆ C
C. (C ⋃ A) ⋂ (C ⋃ B) = C
D. If (A - C) ⊆ B, then A ⊆ B
CARDINAL
NUMBER
Cardinal Number

1 n (A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A ∩ B)

A B
Cardinal Number

2 n (A - B) = n(A) - n(A ∩ B)

A B
 Cardinal Number of sets

Number of elements in at least one set A, B, C

1 n (A ∪ B ∪ C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) - n(A ∩ B) - n(B ∩ C) - n (A ∩ C) + n(A ∩ B ∩C)

A B

C
 Cardinal Number of sets

Number of elements in exactly two of the sets A, B, C

2 = n(A ∩ B) + n(B ∩ C) + n (C ∩ A) - 3 n(A ∩ B ∩C)

A B

C
 Cardinal Number of sets

Number of elements in at least two of the sets A, B, C

3 = n(A ∩ B) + n(B ∩ C) + n (C ∩ A) - 2 n(A ∩ B ∩C)

A B

C
 Cardinal Number of sets

Number of elements in exactly one of the sets A, B, C

4 = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) - 2 n(A ∩ B) - 2 n(B ∩ C) - 2 n(A ∩ C) + 3 n(A∩B∩C)

A B

C
Two newspapers A and B are published in a city. It is known that
25% of the city population reads A and 20% reads B while 8% reads
both A and B. Further, 30% of those who read A but not B look into
advertisements and 40% of those who read B but not A also look
into advertisements, while 50% of those who read both A and B look
into advertisements. Then the percentage of the population who
look into advertisements is:

A. 13.9 JEE Main 2019

B. 12.8
C. 13
D. 13.5
A survey shows that 63% of the people in a city read newspaper A
whereas 76% read newspaper B. If x% of the people read both the
newspapers, then a possible value of x can be.

A. 29
B. 37
C. 65
D. 55
JEE Main 2020
Let where each Xi contains 10 elements and

and each Yi contains 5 elements. If each element of the set T is

an element of exactly 20 of sets Xi’s and exactly 6 of sets Yi’s,
then n is equal to

A. 15
B. 50
JEE Main 2020
C. 45
D. 30
A survey shows that 73% of the persons working in an office like
coffee, whereas 65% like tea. If x denotes the percentage of them,
who like both coffee and tea, then x cannot be :

A. 63
B. 36
C. 54
D. 38
JEE Main 2020
CROSS PRODUCT
& RELATIONS
Cross Product (A x B) Ordered Pair (x, y) ≠ (y, x)

A = {1, 2, 3}
Number of elements
B = {a, b} n(A x B) = n(A).n(B)
A x B = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a) (2, b), (3, a), (3, b)} True or False ?

A. 1∈A
B. 1∈AxB
C. (1, a) ∈ A x B
D. { (1, a) } ⊂ A x B
 How many subsets will the following sets have?

A = {1, 2} A = { 1, 2, 3 }
Conclusion
Number of subsets of set A = 2n
where n → number of element in set A
A x B = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a) (2, b), (3, a), (3, b)}

How many subsets will A x B have ?

Let Z be the set of integers. If A = {x∈Z : 2(x+2)(x2 - 5x + 6) =1} and
B = {x∈Z : -3 < 2x - 1 < 9}, then the number of subsets of the set
A x B, is
A. 215
B. 218
C. 212
D. 210

JEE Main 2019

Relations

A subset of A x B

If n(A) = m & n(B) = n then the number

of Relations = 2mn
Visual Representation (Arrow Diagram)

A B

1
a
2
b
3
Relations in Real life
A = { 1, 2, 3}
B = {a , b, c }
R: A ➝ B
R = {(1, a), (2, b)}
Identity Relations

Every element of A is related

to itself only
Representation of Relations

1. Roster form

2. Set builder form

TYPES OF
RELATIONS
 Types of Relations

Reflexive

Symmetric (a, a) ∈ R for all a ∈ A

If (a, b) ∈ R then (b, a) ∈ R Transitive

If (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R
then (a, c) ∈ R
Anti- Symmetric

If (a, b) ∈ R and (b, a) ∈ R ⇒ a = b

The relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)}
on set A = {1, 2, 3} is -

A. Reflexive but not symmetric

B. Reflexive but not transitive
C. Symmetric and transitive
D. Neither symmetric nor transitive
The relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (1, 2), (2, 3)} on set
A = {1, 2, 3} is -

A. Reflexive but not symmetric

B. Reflexive but not transitive
C. Symmetric and transitive
D. Neither symmetric nor transitive
Let R = {(3, 3), (6, 6), (9, 9), (12, 12) (6, 12) (3, 9) (3, 12), (3, 6)} be a
relation on the set A = {3, 6, 9, 12}. The relation is -

A. An equivalence relation
B. Reflexive and symmetric only
C. Reflexive and transitive only
D. Reflexive only
Let A = {2, 3, 4, 5, …., 30} and ‘ ⋍ ’ be an equivalence relation on A
x A, defined by (a, b) ⋍ (c, d), if and only if ad = bc. Then the
number of ordered pairs which satisfy this equivalence relation
with ordered pair (4,3) is equal to :

A. 5 JEE Main 2021

B. 6
C. 8
D. 7
ह ाँ - न bol
R = {(T1, T2) : T1 ≅ T2}
R = {(a, b) : a is brother of b}
R = {(a, b) : a is cousin of b}
R = {(a, b) : a is divisible by b}
R = {(a, b) : |a| ≤ b; a, b ∈ R}
Summary

● Relations are subset of A x B

● Number of subsets of A x B = Number of relations defined from
A→B
● Number of subsets = 2n
● n(AxB) = n(A).n(B)
● Number of relation which can be defined from A → B is 2mn
● Relations can be represented in roaster as well as set builder
form
● Arrow starts from anywhere and ends anywhere (Relations are
complicated)
 DOMAIN,
CODOMAIN AND
RANGE
Domain, Codomain and Range of Relations

A = {1, 3, 5, 7}; B = {2, 4, 6, 8}

R = {(3, 2), (5, 4), (7, 2), (7, 4), (7, 6)}

Domain = A B
Codomain =

Range = 1 2

3
4

5
6
7 8
Domain, Codomain and Range of Relations

Domain of R : Collection of all elements of A which has a image in B

Range of R : Collection of all elements of B which has a pre-image in A

If R = {(x, y)| x, y ∈ Z, x2 + y2 ≤ 4} is a relation in Z, then domain
of R is -

A. {0, 1, 2}
B. {0, -1, -2} JEE MAIN 2021
C. {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}
D. None of these
Equivalence Class

Let R = { (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 1) }

Equivalence class of 1 = [1] =

Equivalence class of 2 = [2] =

Equivalence class of 3 = [3] =

If R = {P, Q) | P and Q are at the same distance from the origin }
be a relation, then the equivalence class of (1, -1) is the set :

A. S = { (x,y) | x2 + y2 = 1 } 26 Feb 2021 Shift 1

B. S = { (x,y) | x2 + y2 = 4}
C. S = {(x,y) | x2 + y2 = √2 }
D. S = { (x,y) | x2 + y2 = 2 }
INVERSE OF
RELATION
Inverse of a Relation

A = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }
B = { a, b, c, d }

R:A→B
R = {(1, a), (2, b), (3, c), (4, d)}
A B B A

1 a a 1

2 b b 2

3 c c 3

4 d d 4
Domain of R = Range of R-1
Range of R = domain of R-1
Let N be the set of natural numbers and a relation R on N be defined by
R = { (x, y) ∈ N x N : x3 - 3x2y - xy2 + 3y3 = 0}
Then the relation R is :

A. Symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive

JEE MAIN 2021
B. Reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive
C. Reflexive and symmetric, but not transitive
D. An equivalence relation
If R = {(x, y); x, y ∈ Z, x2 + 3y2 ≤ 8} is a relation on the set of integers
Z, then the domain of R-1 is :

A. {0, 1}
B. {-2, -1, 1, 2}
JEE MAIN 2021
C. {-1, 0, 1}
D. {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}
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 India’s BEST Educators Unacademy Subscription

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“Learn” from the BEST
Bratin Mondal Top Results Amaiya singhal
100 %ile 100 %ile
 11th / 9, 10

12th / Drop

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