Logic & Problem Solving (MA4001)

Lecture Week 6

Laws of Set Algebra

Agenda:
▪ Review of week 5
▪ Week 6 lecture coverage
• Laws of set algebra
• Simplifying using set algebra laws
• Power sets
• Order pairs
• Cartesian product
Schedule for Class test - 1

EXAM DATE: 24th December 2023 (Sunday)

EXAM TIME : 3:15 pm to 4:30 pm
Mr. Bean in Examination Hall…..
Review of Week 5 (1):
Question:
How many subsets will be there for each of the set listed below?
Also list all the subsets.
a) {a}
b) {1, 2}
c) {yes, no, maybe}
Review of Week 5 (2):

Question:
The Swiss embassy has 65 employees. Of these employees, 47 speak
German, 35 Speak Italian, and 20 speak both. How many speak
neither language? Illustrate this situation with a Venn Diagram.
Review of Week 5 (3):

Question:
Shade the following on the Venn Diagrams.

a. (A  B’)  C’
b. (A’  B)  C’
c. (A  C)’  B’
Any Questions?
The Laws of Set Algebra:
The Basic Five Laws:
Other Laws of set algebra:
The Principal of Duality:

To every theorem of set theory there corresponds a dual obtained

from it by replacing
i. Every occurrence of  and ∩ with ∩ and  respectively
ii.Every occurrence of  and Ø with Ø and  respectively
The Principal of Duality (Contd.):

For Example: We have

(A Ā) ∩(A  Ø) ∩ (B  C) = A ∩ (B  C)

Then by the principal of duality it follows that,

(A ∩ Ā)  (A ∩ )  (B ∩ C) = A  (B ∩ C )
Simplification using laws

Prove that A  A = A
Simplification using laws

Prove that A   = 
Simplification using laws

Prove that A (A B) = A

Any Questions?
Power Set:

The set whose elements consist of all the subsets of a given

set A is called the power set of A.

This set is written P(A)

Thus P(A) = {X:X ⊆ A }

Power Set (Contd.):
Examples ->
▪ If B = { 1,2} then power set of B is denoted by P(B) and is given by ,
P(B) = { Ø,{1},{2},{1,2} } and |P(B)| = 4

▪ If A ={a,b,c} then power set of A is denoted by P(A) and is given by ,

P(A) = {Ø ,{a},{b},{c} ,{a , b},{b , c},{a , c} ,{a ,b , c} } and |P(A)| = 8
Power Set (Contd.):

Note :
A set containing n distinct elements has 2n subsets
More formally:
If |A| = n then |P(A)| = 2n

For example : If A = {X:X N ,X  5 } then

|A| = 5
|P(A)| = 25 = 32
The Cartesian Product of Two Sets:

Let A and B are two sets .The Cartesian product of sets A and B is
denoted by AB and is the set of ordered pairs given by ,
AB = { (a , b) : a A and b B}
Example ->
If A ={a,b,c} and B = {d} then ,
AB = {(a , d), (b , d) , (c , d) }
BA = {(d , a) , (d , b), (d , c) }
AA = {(a , a) , (a , b), (a , c) ,(b , b) , (b , a), (b , c) , (c , c) , (c , a), (c , b) }
Note : Here |A| = 3 and |B| = 1 then | AB | =| BA|=3
Set Partitions:
Suppose B1, B2 and B3 are the three subsets of Z+ listed below:
B1 = {1,4,7,10,13,…} ,
B2 = {2,5,8,11,14,...},
B3 = {3,6,9,12,15,...}.
These sets are related in two important ways.
▪ Firstly are disjoint in the sense that no two of them have an element in
common B1 , B2, and B3.
i.e. B1  B2 = Ø, B2  B3 = Ø, and B1  B3 = Ø
▪ Secondly the union of B1, B2, and B3 is Z+
i.e. B1 U B2 U B3 = Z+
We say that the set {B1, B2, B3} of subsets of Z+ forms a partition of Z+ .
Set Partitions Definition:
Let A be a given set. A set {B1 , B2 ,…. , B n) of non-empty subsets of A forms
a partition of A if:

1) B1 U B2 U…. U B n = A and

2) B i  B j =  whenever i  j(i.e. the subsets are disjoint).

The sets B1 , B2 ,…. , B n are called the blocks of the partition.

Set Partitions Definition (Contd.):
Examples:
Let A ={ 1, 2,3,4,5,6,7}.

If B1 ={1,5}, B2 = {2,3,4}, B3 = {6} and B4 ={7} then {B1, B2 , B3, B4 }

forms a partition of A.
If C1 ={1,4,6}, C2 = {2,5} and C3 = {3,4,7}, then {C1, C2, C3}
does not form a partition since C1  C3  Ø
If D1 ={3,7}, D2 = {1,4,6} and D3 ={2}, then {D1 , D2 ,D3 }
does not form a partition since D1 U D2 U D3  A .
Any Questions?
EXERCISES….
A

B
Summary: Week 6 Lecture
• Concept of Set, Set notation, cardinality of a set
• Operations of sets
• Venn diagram representation of two and three sets.
• Subset, proper and improper subsets.
• Power Set
• Laws of sets
• Order Pair
• Cartesian Product
What to Expect: Week 6 Tutorials

• Review and practice sets and Venn- diagrams problems

through in-class assignments to actually acquire them.

• Practice problems to know how concept of sets can be useful in

solving various mathematical problems.
Any Questions?
Thank you