Spa$al

Interac$ons
ECI 16 lecture 4

Deni$on
Spa$al interac$on: a realized movement of people, freight or informa$on between an origin and a des$na$on.

Necessary Condi$ons for Spa$al Interac$on to Occur

Complementarity - There must be a supply and a demand between the interac$ng loca$ons Lack of intervening opportunity - There must not be another loca$on that may oer a beJer alterna$ve as a point of origin or as a point of des$na$on Transferability - Freight, persons or informa$on being transferred must be supported by transport infrastructures, implying that the origin and the des$na$on must be linked

Quan$ta$ve Measure of Spa$al Interac$ons

O/D matrix

In the O/D matrix the sum of a row (Ti) represents the total outputs of a loca$on, while the sum of a column (Tj) represents the total inputs of a loca$on.

Spa$al Interac$on Models

Vi : AJributes of the loca$on of origin i. Variables oVen used to express these aJributes are socio-economic in nature, such as popula$on, number of jobs available, industrial output or gross domes$c product. Sij : AJributes of separa$on between the loca$on of origin i and the loca$on of des$na$on j. Also known as transport fric8on. Variables oVen used to express these aJributes are distance, transport costs, or travel $me.

Gravity Model
The aJrac$on between two objects is propor$onal to their mass and inversely propor$onal to their respec$ve distance. Elementary Formula$on

Pi and Pj : Importance of the loca$on of origin and the loca$on of des$na$on. dij : Distance between the loca$on of origin and then loca$on of des$na$on. k is a propor$onality constant. Related to the rate of the event.

Gravity Model
Extended Formula$on

: A parameter of transport fric$on related to the eciency of the transport system between two loca$ons. This fric$on is rarely linear as the further the movement the greater the fric$on of distance. : Poten$al to generate movements (emissiveness). For movement of people, this is oVen related to the overall level of welfare. : Poten$al to aJract movements (aJrac$veness). Related to the nature of economic ac$vi$es at the des$na$on.

Model Calibra$on
nding the value of each parameters of the model to insure that the es$mated results are similar to the observed ows.

Applica$ons of Spa$al Interac$on Models

Trip genera$on (based on gravity model) in transporta$on system planning Gravity model of trade in interna$onal economics Gravity model of migra$on in urban geography Retail model in market boundary analysis