9

Chapter
L O A D C O M B I N A T I O N S

Load Combination
Keeping in pace with the latest available codes, Mammut standard load
combinations are compiled taking into consideration all the codes and releases
available at this moment without compromising on strength, serviceability and
economy.

MBMA 2006 remains the basis of the adopted standard load combinations, since
it refers to IBC 2006 and IBC 2006 refers to ASCE 7-05.

The notations used in the standard load combinations are listed below, these
notations are also used for combinations as per different codes in order to avoid
confusion.

D - Dead Load
Co - Collateral Load
Cr - Crane Load (Inclusive of Crane weight and lifted load)
Crv - Crane Vertical Load
Crh - Crane Horizontal Load
Lf - Floor Live Load (Mezzanine Live Load)
Lr - Roof Live Load
S - Snow Load
T - Temperature Load
W - Wind Load
E - Combined effect of Seismic induced forces
E = Eh ± Ev = (r QE) ± (0.2 SDS D)
Em - Seismic load effect including over-strength
Em = Emh ± Ev = (Ωo QE) ± (0.2 SDS D)

For values of ( r ) ( Ωo ) Refer chapter 6 on Seismic Loads

Most codes do not list the collateral load as a separate load case, but it has been
included in the following pages for load combinations as per various codes.

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L O A D S C O M B I N A T I O N S

Note:-

Mammut Standard Load Combination reported in the earlier version of this

design manual, was derived conservatively, considering the best possible
combination of all the available codes at that time. Namely, MBMA 02, IBC 03,
IBC 06, ASCE 7-98, 7-02, 7-05.

MBMA 02 refers IBC 00 and IBC 00 refers to ASCE 7-98 for Load
Combinations. The possible line of modifications and corrections in IBC 00
and ASCE 7-98 was visible in IBC 06 and ASCE 7-05. Due to this fact the
earlier Mammut Standard Load Combinations had some difference when
compared with IBC 00 and ASCE 7-98.

The revised Mammut Standard Load Combination on the following pages are
mainly based on IBC 06 and ASCE 7-05. The Basic Load Combinations are
exactly the same as in IBC 06, but the Seismic Load Combinations are based on
ASCE 7-05.

IBC 06 section 1605.4 “Special Seismic Load Combination” states the use of
equations 16-22 and 16-23 in both LRFD and ASD Seismic Load Combination.
But this is not true in ASCE 7-05, the equations 16-22 and 16-23 are only used
for LRFD combination, and this seems more logical. Hence we have adopted
Seismic Load Combinations as per ASCE 7-05, where as all other load
combinations are as per IBC 06. There should not be any violations in doing
so, since the chapter on Seismic Design in IBC 06 is much reduced when
compared with earlier versions, and now has direct reference to ASCE 7-05.

A more detailed look at the current ASD Seismic Load Combinations reveals
that the Load Combinations 8, 9, 10 and 11, 12, 13 are similar except that (Eh) is
replaced with (Emh).

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 L O A D S C O M B I N A T I O N S

MBMA 2006
Mammut Standard – LRFD
Basic Load Combinations
1) 1.4 D + 1.4 Co Eqn. 16-1
2) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 Lf + 0.5 ( Lr or S ) + 1.2 T Eqn. 16-2
MBMA 06 3) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 ( Lr or S ) + ( f1 Lf or 0.8 W ) Eqn. 16-3
Section 1.3.7 4) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 W + f1 Lf + 0.5 ( Lr or S ) Eqn. 16-4
5) 0.9 D + 1.6 W Eqn. 16-6
Seismic Load Combinations
6) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + f1 Lf + f2 S + Eh ± Ev Eqn. 16-5
7) 0.9 D + Eh ± Ev Eqn. 16-7
Special Seismic Load Combinations*
8) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + f1Lf + Emh ± Ev Eqn. 16-22
9) 0.9 D + Emh ± Ev Eqn. 16-23
Crane Load Combinations
10) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 Cr + 1.2 T
11) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 Cr + ( f1 Lf or 0.8 W)
12) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 S + 1.2 Cr
13) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 Cr + 0.8 W
14) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 Crv + Eh ± Ev

Note:-
1) f1 = 0.5 if Floor Live Load (Lf) <= 4.79 kN/m2
2) f1 = 1.0 if Floor Live Load (Lf) > 4.79 kN/m2
3) f2 = 0.7 for saw tooth configuration roof.
4) f2 = 0.2 for other roof configurations.
5) * - Denotes combination for frame connections, bracings, strut tube, eave
strut, strut purlins.

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 L O A D S C O M B I N A T I O N S

MBMA 2006
Mammut Standard – ASD
Basic Load Combinations
1) D + Co Eqn. 16-8
MBMA 06 2) D + Co + Lf + T Eqn. 16-9
Section 1.3.7 3) D + Co + ( Lr or S ) Eqn. 16-10
4) D + Co + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 ( Lr or S ) + 0.75 T Eqn. 16-11
5) D + Co + W Eqn. 16-12
6) D + Co + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 ( Lr or S ) + 0.75 W Eqn. 16-13
7) 0.6 D + W Eqn. 16-14
Seismic Load Combinations
8) D + Co + 0.7 Eh ± 0.7 Ev
9) D + Co + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 (Lr or f2 S) + 0.525 Eh ± 0.525 Ev
10) 0.6 D + 0.7 Eh ± 0.7 Ev
Special Seismic Load Combinations* (Stress Increase =1.2)
11) D + Co + 0.7 Emh ± 0.7 Ev
12) D + Co + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 (Lr or f2 S) + 0.525 Emh ± 0.525 Ev
13) 0.6 D + 0.7 Emh ± 0.7 Ev
Crane Load Combinations
14) D + Co + Cr + T
15) D + Co + 0.75 Cr + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 T
16) D + Co + 0.75 S + 0.75 Cr
17) D + Co + 0.75 Cr + 0.5 W
18) D + Co + 0.75 Crv + 0.7 Eh ± 0.7 Ev

Note:-
1) Seismic Load Combinations are as per ASCE 7-05
2) f2 = 0.0 if Roof Snow Load (pf) < 1.44 kN/m2
3) f2 = 0.2 if Roof Snow Load (pf) >= 1.44 kN/m2
4) The Snow Load ‘S’ shall be taken as either the flat roof snow load (pf) or
the sloped roof snow load (ps)
5) * - Denotes combination for frame connections, bracings, strut tube, eave
strut, strut purlins.
6) Stress increase as per section [Link] ASCE 7-05
7) Crane hook loads need not be combined with (Lr) Roof Live Load or with
more than (0.75 S) Snow Load or (0.5W) Wind Load (Foot note:- IBC 06 1605.3.1)

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L O A D S C O M B I N A T I O N S

Mammut Standard -
Deflection
1) D
2) Lr or S
3) D + Co + (Lr or S)
4) D + Co + (Lr or S) + Lf (Only for frames with rigid mezzanine)
5) W
6) E = Eh
7) Cr

Note:-
1) The above combinations are for main frames only for individual
members refer chapter on serviceability.

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 L O A D S C O M B I N A T I O N S

MBMA 1996 - LRFD

Basic Load Combinations
1) 1.4 D + 1.4 Co
2) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 0.5 (Lr or S) + 1.6 Lf + 1.2 T
MBMA 96
3) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 (Lr or S) + (0.5 Lf or 0.8 W)
Section 9.2
4) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.3 W + 0.5 (Lr or S) + 0.5 Lf
5) 0.9 D ± 1.3 W
Seismic Load Combinations
6) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 0.2 S ± E
7) 0.9 D ± E
Crane Load Combinations
8) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 Cr + 1.2 T
9) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 Cr + (0.5 Lf or 0.8 W)
10) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 S + 1.2 Cr
11) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 Cr + 0.8 W
12) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 Crv + E

Note:-
1) E - Seismic Load (Seismic Base Shear)

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 L O A D S C O M B I N A T I O N S

MBMA 1996 - ASD

Basic Load Combinations
1) D + Co
2) D + Co + (Lr or S) + Lf + T
MBMA 96
Section 9.1 3) D + W (Stress Increase = 1.33)
4) D + Co + W + Lf (Stress Increase = 1.33)
5) D + Co + S + 0.5 W + Lf (Stress Increase = 1.33)
6) D + Co + 0.5 S + W + Lf (Stress Increase = 1.33)
Seismic Load Combinations* (Stress Increase = 1.7Φ)
7) ( 1.1 + 0.5Av) D + Co + f3 Lf + f2 S + E
8) ( 0.9 - 0.5Av) D + E
Crane Load Combinations
9) D + Co + Cr + Lf + T
10) D + Co + f1 S + Cr + Lf
11) D + Co + 0.5 W + Cr + Lf (Stress Increase = 1.33)
12) D + Co + Crv + E

Note:-
1) f1 = 0.0 if Roof Snow load (pf) <= 0.624 kN/m2
2) f1 = 0.5 if 0.624 <= (pf) < 1.488 kN/m2
3) f2 = 0.0 if Roof Snow load (pf) < 1.44 kN/m2
4) f2 = 0.2 if Roof Snow load (pf) >= 1.44 kN/m2
5) f3 = 0.5 if Floor Live Load (Lf) <= 4.79 kN/m2
6) f3 = 1.0 if Floor Live Load (Lf) > 4.79 kN/m2
7) Refer AISC Seismic Provision Part III for values of ‘Φ’
8) Av - Effective Peak Acceleration (See MBMA 96)
9) E - Seismic Load (Seismic Base Shear)
10) *Stress increase as per section AISC Seismic Provision 1997 Part III Section 4.2

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 L O A D S C O M B I N A T I O N S

UBC 1997 - LRFD

Basic Load Combinations
1) 1.4 D + 1.4 Co Eqn. 12-1
2) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 Lf + 0.5 (Lr or S) + 1.2 T Eqn. 12-2
UBC 1997
3) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 (Lr or S) + (f1 Lf or 0.8 W) Eqn. 12-3
Section
1612.2.1 4) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.3 W + f1 Lf + 0.5 (Lr or S) Eqn. 12-4
5) 0.9 D + 1.3 W Eqn. 12-6
Seismic Load Combinations
6) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + (f1 Lf + f2 S) + Eh ± Ev Eqn. 12-5
7) 0.9 D + Eh ± Ev Eqn. 12-6
Special Seismic Load Combinations*
8) 1.2 D + + 1.2 Co + f1 Lf + Emh ± Ev Eqn. 12-17
9) 0.9 D + Emh ± Ev Eqn. 12-18
Crane Load Combinations
10) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 Cr + 1.2 T
11) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 Cr + (f1Lf or 0.8 W)
12) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 S + 1.2 Cr
13) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 Cr + 0.8 W
14) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 Crv + Eh ± Ev

Note:-
1) f1 = 0.5 if Floor Live Load (Lf) <= 4.79 kN/m2
2) f1 = 1.0 if Floor Live Load (Lf) > 4.79 kN/m2
3) f2 = 0.7 for roof configurations (such as saw tooth)
4) f2 = 0.2 for other roof configuration
5) * - Denotes combination for connections, bracings, strut tube, eave strut, strut
purlins.

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 L O A D S C O M B I N A T I O N S

UBC 1997 - ASD (Alternative)

Basic Load Combinations
1) D + Co
2) D + Co + Lf + (Lr or S) + T Eqn. 12-12
UBC 1997
3) D + Co + Lf + W (Stress Increase = 1.33) Eqn. 12-13
Section
1612.3.2 4) D + Lf + W + 0.50 S (Stress Increase = 1.33) Eqn. 12.14
5) D + Co + Lf + S + 0.50 W (Stress Increase = 1.33) Eqn. 12-15
Seismic Load Combinations (Stress Increase = 1.33)
6) D + Co + Lf + 0.714 Eh Eqn. 12-13
7) D + Co + Lf + f2 S + 0.714 Eh Eqn. 12-16
8) 0.9 D + 0.714 Eh Eqn. 12-16-1
Special Seismic Load Combinations* (Stress Increase = 1.33)
9) 1.2 D + Co + f1 Lf + Emh Eqn. 12-17
10) 0.9 D + Emh Eqn. 12-18
Crane Load Combinations
11) D + Co + Cr + T
12) D + Co + 0.75 Cr + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 T
13) D + Co + 0.75 S + 0.75 Cr
14) D + Co + 0.75 Cr + 0.5 W (Stress Increase = 1.33)
15) D + Co + 0.75 Crv + 0.7 Eh (Stress Increase = 1.33)

Note:-
1) f1 = 0.5 if Floor Live Load (Lf) <= 4.79 kN/m2
2) f1 = 1.0 if Floor Live Load (Lf) > 4.79 kN/m2
3) f2 = 0.0 if Design Snow Load (Pf) <= 1.44 kN/m2
4) f2 = 0.25 if Design Snow Load (Pf) > 1.44 kN/m2
5) * - Denotes combination for connections, bracings, strut tube, eave strut, strut
purlins.
6) ‘0.714’ is ‘E/1.4’ in the code
7) Stress increase as per section 1612.3.3
8) Ev need not be used in ASD

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 L O A D S C O M B I N A T I O N S

ASCE 7-98 - LRFD

Basic Load Combinations
1) 1.4 D + 1.4 Co
2) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 Lf + 0.5 (Lr or S) + 1.2 T
ASCE 7-98
3) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 (Lr or S) + (f1 Lf or 0.8 W)
Section 2.3.2
4) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 W + f1 Lf + 0.5 (Lr or S)
5) 0.9 D + 1.6 W
Seismic Load Combinations
6) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + f1 Lf + 0.2 S + Eh ± Ev
7) 0.9 D + Eh ± Ev
Special Seismic Load Combinations*
8) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + f1 Lf + 0.2 S + Emh ± Ev
9) 0.9 D + Emh ± Ev
Crane Load Combinations
10) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 Cr + 1.2 T
11) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 Cr + (f1 Lf or 0.8 W)
12) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 S + 1.2 Cr
13) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 Cr + 0.8 W
14) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 Crv + Eh ± Ev

Note:-
1) f1 = 0.5 if Floor Live Load (Lf) <= 4.79 kN/m2
2) f1 = 1.0 if Floor Live Load (Lf) > 4.79 kN/m2
3) * - Denotes combination for frame connections, bracings, strut tube, eave
strut, strut purlins.

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 L O A D S C O M B I N A T I O N S

ASCE 7-98 - ASD

Basic Load Combinations
1) D + Co
2) D + Co + Lf + T
ASCE 7-98
3) D + Co + (Lr or S)
Section 2.4.1
4) D + Co + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 (Lr or S) + 0.75 T
5) D + Co + W
6) D + Co + 0.75 W + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 (Lr or S)
7) 0.6 D + W
Seismic Load Combinations
8) D + Co + 0.7 Eh ± 0.7 Ev
9) D + Co + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 (Lr or S) + 0.70 Eh ± 0.70 Ev
10) 0.6 D + 0.7 Eh ± 0.7 Ev
Special Seismic Load Combinations* (See Commentary)
11) D + Co + 0.7 Emh ± 0.7 Ev
12) 0.6 D + 0.7 Emh ± 0.7 Ev
Crane Load Combinations
13) D + Co + Cr + T
14) D + Co + 0.75 Cr + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 T
15) D + Co + 0.75 S + 0.75 Cr
16) D + Co + 0.75 Cr + 0.5 W
17) D + Co + 0.75 Crv + 0.7 Eh ± 0.7 Ev

Note:-
1) * - Denotes combination for frame connections, bracings, strut tube, eave
strut, strut purlins.

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 L O A D S C O M B I N A T I O N S

IBC 2000 - LRFD

Basic Load Combinations
1) 1.4 D + 1.4 Co
2) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 Lf + 0.5 (Lr or S) + 1.2 T
IBC 2000
3) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 (Lr or S) + (f1 Lf or 0.8 W)
Section
4) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 W + f1 Lf + 0.5 (Lr or S)
1605.2.1
5) 0.9 D + 1.6 W
Seismic Load Combinations
6) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + f1 Lf + 0.2 S + Eh ± Ev
7) 0.9 D + Eh ± Ev
Special Seismic Load Combinations*
8) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + f1 Lf + 0.2 S + Emh ± Ev
9) 0.9 D + Emh ± Ev
Crane Load Combinations
10) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 Cr + 1.2 T
11) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 Cr + (f1 Lf or 0.8 W)
12) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 S + 1.2 Cr
13) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 Cr + 0.8 W
14) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 Crv + Eh ± Ev

Note:-
1) f1 = 0.5 if Floor Live Load (Lf) <= 4.79 kN/m2
2) f1 = 1.0 if Floor Live Load (Lf) > 4.79 kN/m2
3) * - Denotes combination for frame connections, bracings, strut tube, eave
strut, strut purlins.

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 L O A D S C O M B I N A T I O N S

IBC 2000 - ASD

Basic Load Combinations
1) D + Co
2) D + Co + Lf + T
IBC 2000
3) D + Co + (Lr or S)
Section
4) D + Co + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 (Lr or S) + 0.75 T
1605.3.1
5) D + Co + W
6) D + Co + 0.75 W + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 (Lr or S)
7) 0.6 D + W
Seismic Load Combinations
8) D + Co + 0.7 Eh ± 0.7 Ev
9) D + Co + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 (Lr or S) + 0.70 Eh ± 0.70 Ev
10) 0.6 D + 0.70 Eh ± 0.70 Ev
Special Seismic Load Combinations* (See Commentary)
11) D + Co + 0.7 Emh ± 0.7 Ev
12) 0.6 D + 0.7 Emh ± 0.7 Ev
Crane Load Combinations
13) D + Co + Cr + T
14) D + Co + 0.75 Cr + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 T
15) D + Co + 0.75 S + 0.75 Cr
16) D + Co + 0.75 Cr + 0.5 W
17) D + Co + 0.75 Crv + 0.7 Eh ± 0.7 Ev

Note:-
1) f1 = 0.5 if Floor Live Load (Lf) <= 4.79 kN/m2
2) f1 = 1.0 if Floor Live Load (Lf) > 4.79 kN/m2
3) * - Denotes combination for frame connections, bracings, strut tube, eave
strut, strut purlins.

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 L O A D S C O M B I N A T I O N S

MBMA 2002
MBMA 2002 Section 1.7 States
“Load Combinations are covered in IBC 2000, Section 1605. Two alternate sets of
allowable stress combinations are provided and one set of load and resistance
factor combinations is provided”
MBMA 02
Section 1.7

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 L O A D S C O M B I N A T I O N S

ASCE 7-02 - LRFD

Basic Load Combinations
1) 1.4 D + 1.4 Co
2) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 Lf + 0.5 (Lr or S) + 1.2 T
ASCE 7-02
3) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 (Lr or S) + (f1 Lf or 0.8 W)
Section 2.3.2
4) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 W + f1 Lf + 0.5 (Lr or S)
5) 0.9 D + 1.6 W
Seismic Load Combinations
6) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + f1 Lf + 0.2 S + Eh + Ev
7) 0.9 D + Eh + Ev
Special Seismic Load Combinations*
8) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + f1 Lf + 0.2 S + Emh + Ev
9) 0.9 D + Emh + Ev
Crane Load Combinations
10) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 Cr + 1.2 T
11) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 Cr + (f1Lf or 0.8 W)
12) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 S + 1.2 Cr
13) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 Cr + 0.8 W
14) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 Crv + Eh ± Ev

Note:-
1) f1 = 0.5 if Floor Live Load (Lf) <= 4.79 kN/m2
2) f1 = 1.0 if Floor Live Load (Lf) > 4.79 kN/m2
3) * - Denotes combination for frame connections, bracings, strut tube, eave
strut, strut purlins.

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 L O A D S C O M B I N A T I O N S

ASCE 7-02 - ASD

Basic Load Combinations
1) D + Co
2) D + Co + Lf + T
ASCE 7-02
3) D + Co + (Lr or S)
Section 2.4.1
4) D + Co + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 (Lr or S) + 0.75 T
5) D + Co + W
6) D + Co + 0.75 W + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 (Lr or S)
7) 0.6 D + W
Seismic Load Combinations
8) D + Co + 0.7 Eh ± 0.7 Ev
9) D + Co + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 (Lr or S) + 0.525 Eh ± 0.525 Ev
10) 0.6 D + 0.7 Eh ± 0.7 Ev
Special Seismic Load Combinations* (See Commentary)
11) D + Co + 0.7 Emh ± 0.7 Ev
12) 0.6 D + 0.7 Emh ± 0.7 Ev
Crane Load Combinations
13) D + Co + Cr + T
14) D + Co + 0.75 Cr + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 T
15) D + Co + 0.75 S + 0.75 Cr
16) D + Co + 0.75 Cr + 0.5 W
17) D + Co + 0.75 Crv + 0.7 Eh ± 0.7 Ev

Note:-
1) * - Denotes combination for frame connections, bracings, strut tube, eave
strut, strut purlins.

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 L O A D S C O M B I N A T I O N S

IBC 2003 - LRFD

Basic Load Combinations
1) 1.4 D + 1.4 Co Eqn. 16-1
2) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 Lf + 0.5 (Lr or S) + 1.2 T Eqn. 16-2
IBC 2003 3) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 (Lr or S) + (f1 Lf or 0.8 W) Eqn. 16-3
Section 4) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 W + f1 Lf + 0.5 (Lr or S) Eqn. 16-4
1605.2.1 5) 0.9 D + 1.6 W Eqn. 16-6
Seismic Load Combinations
6) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + f1 Lf + f2 S + Eh + Ev Eqn. 16-5
7) 0.9 D + Eh + Ev Eqn. 16-6
Special Seismic Load Combinations*
8) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + f1 Lf + Emh + Ev Eqn. 16-19
9) 0.9 D + Emh + Ev Eqn. 16-20
Crane Load Combinations
10) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 Cr + 1.2 T
11) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 Cr + (0.5 Lf or 0.8 W)
12) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 S + 1.2 Cr
13) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 Cr + 0.8 W
14) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 Crv + Eh ± Ev

Note:-
1) ‘f1’ is denoted as ‘l1’ in code, it is changed for clarity
2) f1 = 0.5 if Floor Live Load (Lf) <= 4.79 kN/m2
3) f1 = 1.0 if Floor Live Load (Lf) > 4.79 kN/m2
4) f2 = 0.7 for roof configurations (such as saw tooth)
5) f2 = 0.2 for other roof configuration
6) * - Denotes combination for frame connections, bracings, strut tube, eave
strut, strut purlins.

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 L O A D S C O M B I N A T I O N S

IBC 2003 - ASD

Basic Load Combinations
1) D + Co Eqn. 16-7
2) D + Co + (Lf or Lr)+ T Eqn. 16-8
3) D + Co + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 (Lr or S) + 0.75 T Eqn. 16-9
IBC 2003 4) D + Co + 0.75 W + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 (Lr or S) Eqn. 16-10
Section 5) 0.6 D + W Eqn. 16-11
1605.3.1 Seismic Load Combinations
6) D + Co + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 (Lr or S) + 0.7 Eh ± 0.7 Ev Eqn. 16-10
7) 0.6 D + 0.7 Eh ± 0.7 Ev Eqn. 16-12
Special Seismic Load Combinations* (Stress Increase = 1.7)
8) 1.2 D + Co + f1 Lf + Emh ± Ev Eqn. 16-19
9) 0.9 D + Emh ± Ev Eqn. 16-20
Crane Load Combinations
10) D + Co + Cr + T
11) D + Co + 0.75 Cr + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 T
12) D + Co + 0.75 S + 0.75 Cr
13) D + Co + 0.75 Cr + 0.5 W
14) D + Co + 0.75 Crv + 0.7 Eh ± 0.7 Ev

Exception:
1) ‘f1’ is denoted as ‘l1’ in code, it is changed for clarity
2) f1 = 0.5 if Floor Live Load (Lf) <= 4.79 kN/m2
3) f1 = 1.0 if Floor Live Load (Lf) > 4.79 kN/m2
4) * - Denotes combination for frame connections, bracings, strut tube, eave
strut, strut purlins.
5) Stress increase as per section 1617.1.1.2

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 L O A D S C O M B I N A T I O N S

ASCE 7-05 - LRFD

Basic Load Combinations
1) 1.4 D + 1.4 Co
2) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 Lf + 0.5 (Lr or S) + 1.2 T
ASCE 7-05
3) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 (Lr or S) + ( f1 Lf or 0.8 W)
Section 2.3.2,
[Link] 4) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 W + f1 Lf + 0.5 (Lr or S)
5) 0.9 D + 1.6 W
Seismic Load Combinations
6) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + f1 Lf + 0.2 S + Eh ± Ev
7) 0.9 D + Eh ± Ev
Special Seismic Load Combinations*
8) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + f1 Lf + 0.2 S + Emh ± Ev
9) 0.9 D + Emh ± Ev
Crane Load Combinations
10) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 Cr + 1.2 T
11) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 Cr + (0.5 Lf or 0.8 W)
12) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 S + 1.2 Cr
13) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 Cr + 0.8 W
14) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 Crv + Eh ± Ev

Note:-
1) f1 = 0.5 if Floor Live Load (Lf) <= 4.79 kN/m2
2) f1 = 1.0 if Floor Live Load (Lf) > 4.79 kN/m2
3) The Snow Load ‘S’ shall be taken as either the flat roof snow load (pf) or the
sloped roof snow load (ps)
4) * - Denotes combination for frame connections, bracings, strut tube, eave
strut, strut purlins.

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 L O A D S C O M B I N A T I O N S

ASCE 7-05 - ASD

Basic Load Combinations
1) D + Co
2) D + Co + Lf + T
ASCE 7-05
3) D + Co + (Lr or S)
Section 2.4.1,
4) D + Co + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 (Lr or S) + 0.75 T
[Link]
5) D + Co + W
6) D + Co + 0.75 W + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 (Lr or S)
7) 0.6 D + W
Seismic Load Combinations
8) D + Co + 0.7 Eh ± 0.7 Ev
9) D + Co + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 (Lr or S) + 0.525 Eh ± 0.525 Ev
10) 0.6 D + 0.7 Eh ± 0.7 Ev
Special Seismic Load Combinations* (Stress Increase =1.2)
11) D + Co + 0.7 Emh ± 0.7 Ev
12) D + Co + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 (Lr or S) + 0.525 Emh ± 0.525 Ev
13) 0.6 D + 0.7 Emh ± 0.7 Ev
Crane Load Combinations
14) D + Co + Cr + T
15) D + Co + 0.75 Cr + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 T
16) D + Co + 0.75 S + 0.75 Cr
17) D + Co + 0.75 Cr + 0.5 W
18) D + Co + 0.75 Crv + 0.7 Eh ± 0.7 Ev

Note:-
1) The Snow Load ‘S’ shall be taken as either the flat roof snow load (pf) or
the sloped roof snow load (ps)
2) * - Denotes combination for frame connections, bracings, strut tube, eave
strut, strut purlins.
3) Stress increase as per section [Link]

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 L O A D S C O M B I N A T I O N S

IBC 2006 - LRFD

Basic Load Combinations
1) 1.4 D + 1.4 Co Eqn. 16-1
2) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 Lf + 0.5 ( Lr or S ) + 1.2 T Eqn. 16-2
IBC 2006
3) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 ( Lr or S ) + ( f1 Lf or 0.8 W ) Eqn. 16-3
Section
1605.2.1 4) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 W + f1 Lf + 0.5 ( Lr or S ) Eqn. 16-4
5) 0.9 D + 1.6 W Eqn. 16-6
Seismic Load Combinations
6) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + f1 Lf + f2 S + Eh ± Ev Eqn. 16-5
7) 0.9 D + Eh ± Ev Eqn. 16-7
Special Seismic Load Combinations*
8) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + f1Lf + Emh ± Ev Eqn. 16-22
9) 0.9 D + Emh ± Ev Eqn. 16-23
Crane Load Combinations
10) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 Cr + 1.2 T
11) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.6 Cr + ( f1 Lf or 0.8 W)
12) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 S + 1.2 Cr
13) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 Cr + 0.8 W
14) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 Crv + Eh ± Ev

Note:-
1) f1 = 0.5 if Floor Live Load (Lf) <= 4.79 kN/m2
2) f1 = 1.0 if Floor Live Load (Lf) > 4.79 kN/m2
3) f2 = 0.7 for saw tooth configuration roof.
4) f2 = 0.2 for other roof configurations.
5) * - Denotes combination for frame connections, bracings, strut tube, eave
strut, strut purlins.

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 L O A D S C O M B I N A T I O N S

IBC 2006 - ASD

Basic Load Combinations
1) D + Co Eqn. 16-8
2) D + Co + Lf + T Eqn. 16-9
IBC 2006
3) D + Co + ( Lr or S ) Eqn. 16-10
Section
1605.3.1 4) D + Co + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 ( Lr or S ) + 0.75 T Eqn. 16-11
5) D + Co + W Eqn. 16-12
6) D + Co + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 ( Lr or S ) + 0.75 W Eqn. 16-13
7) 0.6 D + W Eqn. 16-14
Seismic Load Combinations
8) D + Co + 0.7 Eh ± 0.7 Ev Eqn. 16-12
9) D + Co + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 ( Lr or f2 S ) + 0.525 Eh ± 0.525 Ev Eqn. 16-13
10) 0.6 D + 0.7 Eh ± 0.7 Ev Eqn. 16-15
Special Seismic Load Combinations*
11) 1.2 D + Co + f1 Lf + Emh ± Ev Eqn. 16-22
12) 0.9 D + Emh ± Ev Eqn. 16-23
Crane Load Combinations
13) D + Co + Cr + T
14) D + Co + 0.75 Cr + 0.75 Lf + 0.75 T
15) D + Co + 0.75 S + 0.75 Cr
16) D + Co + 0.75 Cr + 0.5 W
17) D + Co + 0.75 Crv + 0.7 Eh ± 0.7 Ev

Note:-
1) f1 = 0.5 if Floor Live Load (Lf) <= 4.79 kN/m2
2) f1 = 1.0 if Floor Live Load (Lf) > 4.79 kN/m2
3) f2 = 0.0 if Roof Snow Load (pf) < 1.44 kN/m2
4) f2 = 0.2 if Roof Snow Load (pf) >= 1.44 kN/m2
5) * - Denotes combination for frame connections, bracings, strut tube, eave
strut, strut purlins.
6) Crane hook loads need not be combined with (Lr) Roof Live Load or with
more than (0.75 S) Snow Load or (0.5W) Wind Load (Foot note:- IBC 06 1605.3.1)

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BS 5950 - LRFD
Basic Load Combinations
1) 1.4 D + 1.4 Co
2) 1.4 D + 1.4 Co + 1.6 (Lr or S) + 1.2 T
BS 5950-1
3) 1.4 D + 1.4 Co + 1.4 (Lr or S) + 1.4 Lf + 1.2 T
2000
Section 2.4 4) 1.0 D + 1.0 Co + 1.4 (W or E)
5) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 (Lr or S) + 1.2 Lf + 1.2 (W or E)
Crane Load Combinations
6) 1.4 D + 1.4 Co + 1.6 Crv + 1.2 T
7) 1.4 D + 1.4 Co + 1.4 Crv + 1.4 Crh
8) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.4 (Lr or S) + 1.4 Lf + 1.4 Crv
9) 1.2 D + 1.2 Co + 1.2 (Lr or S) + 1.2 Lf + 1.2 Crv + 1.2 Crh
10) 1.0 D + 1.0 Co + 1.2 Crv + 1.2 Crh + 1.2 (W or E)

23
 10
Chapter
S E R V I C E A B I L I T Y

Serviceability
 Serviceability as defined in the AISC Specification as “a state in which the
function of a building, its appearance, mainRRtainability, durability, and comfort
of its occupancies are preserved under normal usage”. Although serviceability
AISC
Design Guide issues have always been a design consideration, changes in codes and materials
Series 3 have added importance to these matters.

 The MBMA 2002 / 2006 states that the customer or his or her agent must identify
for the metal building engineer any and all criteria so that the metal building can
be designed to be “suitable for its specific conditions of use and compatible with
other materials used in the metal building system”. Nevertheless it also points
out the requirement for the active involvement of the customer in the design
stage of a structure and the need for informed discussion of standards and levels
of building performance. Likewise the AISC code of standard practice states that
in those instances where the fabricator has both the responsibility, the owner
must provide the “performance criteria for the structural steel frame”.

ASCE 7-02 addresses the serviceability issues as follows: “Structural systems, and
members thereof, shall be designed to have adequate stiffness to limit
deflections, lateral drift, vibration, or any other deformations that adversely
affect the intended use and performance of buildings and other structures.”

Many of the design criteria in the AISC design guide series 3 “Serviceability
Design Considerations for Steel Buildings” are based on the authors own
judgment and rules of the thumb from their own experience. It should be noted
that when applicable design codes mandate specific deflection limits the code
requirements supersede the recommendations of the Design guide.

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S E R V I C E A B I L I T Y

Ponding

ASCE 7-05 section 8.4 states that roofs with a slope of at least 0.25 : 12 (θ = 1.19°)
need not be investigated for ponding stability.

Standard Deflection Limitations

Unless specified in the Project Information Form, all deflection limitations

prescribed in this chapter shall govern.

All the standard allowable deflection limits are within the provisions of MBMA
2002 / 2006 and are applicable for general cases. For special case with the
approval of manager or supervisor deflection limits in MBMA 2002 / 2006 may
be considered if required.

The wind speed (3 Second Gust) that is to be considered for horizontal deflection
should be based upon 10 year mean recurrence interval and in the absence of
data for a 10 year wind speed map the listed limit values in the tables below for
horizontal sway, deflection due to wind only, can be approximated by
multiplying by an approximate reduction factor =0.70.

This assumption may be disregarded if customer has stated specific deflection

criteria.

Maximum deflection for any members vertical or horizontal should not exceed
200 mm for practical reasons.

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 S E R V I C E A B I L I T Y

Table 10.1 Standard Allowable Deflections (MBMA 2002)

Sr. Standard Allowable

Structural Members Load Case
No. Deflection
Rigid Frame and Endwall Rafters Vertical Deflection
1 With fully sheeted walls
2 With blockwall and sheeting of equal heights
Span / 180* L or S or W
3 With full height blockwall
& &
4 With glazing & sheeting of equal heights
Span / 120 D + (L or S)
5 With full height glazing
6 With pendant operated crane
* - Denotes ‘Span / 200’ as per BS 5950-1:2000
Rigid Frame and Portal Frame Sway (Horizontal)
1 With fully sheeted walls EH / 50
2 With blockwall and sheeting of equal heights EH / 75
3 With full height blockwall or precast walls EH / 100
4 With glazing & sheeting of equal heights EH / 150 W or E or Cr
5 With full height glazing EH / 240
6 With pendant operated crane CBH / 100
7 Special Cranes, Service Class E & F category CBH / 240 <= 50 mm
8 Special Residential Buildings (JAFZA, DM) EH / 500* W or E
* - Denotes ‘EH / 300’ as per BS 5950-1:2000
Mezzanine, Jack Beams, Panels & Purlins, Grating, Chequered Plates
Beams & Joists Span / 240 (D + L) or (D + W)
1
Of Mezzanine, Roof Platform, walkway etc. Span / 360 L or S or W
Span / 240 (D + L) or (D + W)
2 Jack Beams
Span / 360 L or W
3 Roof Panel Span / 60 Total
Span / 150 L or S
4 Roof Purlins Span / 180 W
Span / 120 D+L
5 Grating, Chequered Plates Span / 150 D+L

Wall Panels & Girts, Wind Columns, Horizontal Beams

1 Wall Panels Span / 60 Total
2 Wall Girts with Metal Sheeting Span / 90
3 Wind Columns W
Span / 120
4 Blockwall Supporting lateral beams, etc
For cantilevers ‘L’ shall be taken as twice the length of cantilever
Legend
EH – Denotes Eave Height S – Denotes Snow Load
CBH – Denotes Crane Beam Height W – Denotes Wind Load
D – Denotes Dead Load E – Seismic Load
L – Denotes Live Load Cr – Crane Load

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 S E R V I C E A B I L I T Y

Table 10.2 Standard Allowable Deflections

Sr.
Structural Members Vertical Deflection Horizontal Deflection
No.
Top Running Crane Beams
1 CMAA Service Class A, B and C Span / 600
Span / 400*
2 CMAA Service Class D Span / 800
3 CMAA Service Class E & F Span / 1000 Span / 600
* - Denotes ‘Span / 500’ as per BS 5950-1:2000
Underhung & Monorail Beams
1 CMAA Service Class A, B and C Span / 450 Span / 400
2 CMAA Service Class D, E & F Check with Customer/ Consultant / End User
Relative Deflection of adjacent rafter with
3 Bay Spacing / 225 -
Underhung, Monorail Cranes

Jib Cranes
Jib Crane Boom Span / 225 -

Table 1.3.1(b) from MBMA 2006 is reproduced below for reference, and is
same as Table 1.1(b) in MBMA 2002

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S E R V I C E A B I L I T Y