Bio 111, Spring 12, Stark. Study Guide for 2nd Hour Exam.

Note: This is the revised version that includes only material up through Monday 3/26. (Wednesdays lecture will not be on this exam.) Where specific page numbers and figures are given below, unless noted they are the same for both the 8th and the 9th editions of the textbook. Where the editions differ, this information is given for both. Topic 7. Membrane Structure and Function. Chapter 7. Note: Most of this chapter was covered on the previous exam. For this exam: Be able to contrast active transport with passive transport. Under which conditions of concentration gradient does each operate, and which one requires energy expenditure by the cell? What is the source of energy for active transport? What is an electrogenic pump? Cotransport? Be able to explain exo- and endocytosis. What are some uses of these processes in cells? Topic 8. Metabolism, Energy, Enzymes, etc. Understand the difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions. Know which type is spontaneous and which is not, which type releases and which type absorbs energy, and how this can be expressed as the change in Gibbs free energy ( G) (Figure 8.6 p147). What types of biological processes are exergonic? Which are endergonic? Understand how cells harness energy released by exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions (energy coupling), and how the energy transfers involved are often carried out by ATP via the formation of a phosphorylated intermediate (Figure 8.9 p150) (8 th ed.: Figure 8.10 p150). Understand the ATP cycle (Figure 8.11, p151) (8th ed.: Figure 8.12, p151). Understand the concept of activation energy, and know how enzymes function as catalysts to accelerate reactions by reducing the activation energy required (Figures 8.12 and 8.13, pp152-3) (8th ed.: Figures 8.14 and 8.15, pp152-3). Be familiar with the general process of enzymatic catalysis (illustrated in Figure 8.15 p155) (8th ed.: Figure 8.17 p154), and with the induced fit hypothesis. Be aware that most enzymes function well only within a narrow range of temperature and pH (why?). Know that many enzymes require cofactors or coenzymes to be functional. Know the difference between competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibition. Understand allosteric regulation of enzymes, and how some metabolic pathways are regulated by feedback inhibition. Topic 9. Cellular Respiration / Fermentation. Ignore much of the fine detail of this chapter, and focus on the big picture: the major steps of cellular respiration, and the energy flow involved. Know in a general way that the energy that cells are able to extract from fuel molecules in cellular respiration results from the relocation of electrons in C-H bonds to a lower energy state in association with more electronegative oxygen. For each of the major phases of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, know the input and output, the energy yield, and the cellular location. Dont worry about the many individual reactions involved. What are NAD+ and NADH, and FAD+ and FADH2, and what role do they play? Where, and why, is oxygen required? Know the difference between ATP generation by substrate-level phosphorylation and by oxidative phosphorylation/chemiosmosis. What are alcoholic and lactic acid fermentations? Why, and under what conditions do cells run these reactions instead of cellular respiration? What are some examples?

Topic 10. Photosynthesis Know chloroplast anatomy. Understand the overview shown in Figure 10.6 p188 (Fig. 10.5 p189 8th ed.): the input and the output of the light reactions and the Calvin cycle, and how they relate to one another. What is a pigment, and how are pigments involved in photosynthesis? Understand Figure 10.10 a and b, p191 (10.9 p191 8th ed.): What is an absorption spectrum vs. an action spectrum? Be able to explain the relationship between graphs a and b. Dont worry about chlorophyll structure except for gross features (porphyrin ring, hydrocarbon tail). Know the organization of the photosystems (Figure 10.13 p193) (10.12 p193 8th ed.): the roles of the antenna pigment molecules and of the reaction center. Understand the overall scheme of the light reactions as shown in Figures 10.14 and 10.18 pp194 and 197 (10.13 and 10.17 pp 195, 197 8th ed.). What do photosystems II and I use, and what do they and their associated electron transport chains produce? Where and why is oxygen produced? Dont worry about the individual electron transport chain members, except for NADP+ reductasewhat does it do? Know about the chemiosmotic production of ATP as shown in Figure 10.18 (10.17 8th 3e.) (and be aware of the similarities and differences between ATP production by chemiosmosis in mitochondria and chloroplastswhy is the 1st called oxidative phosphorylation and the 2nd photophosphorylation?). For the Calvin cycle, you dont need to know any of the individual reactions, just the big picture: the input and output, and the general energy flow involved (Figure 10.19) (10.18 8th ed.). Ignore cyclic electron flow (p195) and pp199-end of chapter (200-end of chapter 8th ed.). Topic 14. Mendelian Genetics Be able to diagram Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, as shown in the book and in lecture, and to derive genotype and phenotype ratios among offspring. Know the following terms and how they fit in: gene, allele, locus (loci), dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, genotype. Be familiar with what is meant by Mendels laws of segregation and independent assortment. Understand how to conduct a test cross to determine the genotype of an individual displaying a dominant phenotype. Ignore the Section 14.2 on probability in geneticsthis will not be on the exam. Know the difference between classic Mendelian dominance/recessiveness and incomplete dominance, and codominance (part of Section 14.3). Understand blood types as an example of multiple alleles, as shown in Figure 14.11 and explained in the text. Understand in a general way the difference between monogenic (simple Mendelian) and polygenic characters, and how polygenic inheritance may reflect the combined influence of multiple loci on one character (see Figure 14.13). You may ignore the sections on pleiotropy and epistasis (p273), and all of Section 14.4. Topic 12. Cell Cycle; Mitosis Know the roles of cell division in the biology of organisms, and understand the process by which a cell replicates its chromosomes and divides mitotically. Be familiar with the following terms, and be able to integrate them into a unified picture of the major events of mitotic cell division: genome, somatic cell, gamete, chromatin, chromosome, chromatid, centromere, centrosome, cytokinesis, kinetochore, spindle. Know the phases of the cell cycle shown in figure 12.6 (12.5 8th ed.) and what processes occur in each. Understand the stages of mitosis as shown in Figure 12.7 (12.6 8th ed.). Be able to compare cytokinesis in animal and in plant cells (Figure 12.10 [12.9 8th ed.]). Understand, in brief, cell division by binary fission in prokaryotes (Figure 12.12 [12.11 8th ed.]). Ignore for now section 12.3 on the regulation of the cell cyclewe will return to this later in the term when we take a look at cancer.