FUNDAMENTALS OF
SURVEYING
PREPARED BY: ENGR. MARIAN GLORY TIME
PRELIM RAW SCORE (PRS) = (Prelim Exam/Total Prelim Exam) x 50% + Class Standing
PRELIM GRADE = (PRS/2) + 50
MIDTERM MOVING RAW SCORE (MMRS) = (MIDTERM EXAM/Total Midterm Exam) x 50% + Class Standing
MIDTERM RAW SCORE (MRS) = (2 X MMRS + PRS)/3
MIDTERM GRADE = (MRS/2) + 50
FINAL MOVING RAW SCORE (FMRS) = (Final Exam/Total Final Exam) x 50% + Class Standing
FINAL RAW SCORE (FRS) = (2 X FMRS + MRS)/3
FINAL GRADE = (FRS/2) + 50
SURVEYING
The process of determining the
location of points, length and
direction of lines, area bounded
by the lines, and the volume
between layers.
DIVISIONS OF SURVEYING
PLANE SURVEYING
GEODETIC SURVEYING
PLANE SURVEYING GEODETIC SURVEYING
The earth surface is considered to be flat The earth surface is considered as
curved surface
The curvature of the earth is ignored. The curvature of the earth is taken into
account
Line joining any two stations is The line joining any two stations is
considered to be straight considered as curve line
The triangle formed by any three points The triangle formed by any three points
is considered as plane. is considered as spherical.
The angles of the triangle are considered The angles of the triangle are considered
plane angles. spherical angles.
Usually carried out on area less than 250 Usually carried out on area equal to or
km2 more than 250 km^2.
CADASTRAL SURVEYS
Closed surveys which are under taken in
rural or urban areas for determining the
property lines and boundaries, corners
and areas.
Approval for titling of lands (Alienable and Disposable)
DENR- cadastral surveys of untitled properties
LRA- management of records of titled properties
-approves subdivision, consolidation and relocation of titled
properties
DAR- agrarian reform areas.
CITY SURVEYS
Done within or near an urban area
for planning monitoring and
development.
FOREST SURVEYS
To define the boundary forest area.
Forest management and mensuration
Production and conservation of forest
lands.
TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS
Identify and map the contours of the
ground and existing features on the surface
of the earth.
NAMRIA- central mapping agency and
assumed the task of topographic mapping.
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEYS
Making measurements from
photographs, especially for
recovering the exact positions
of surface points.
INDUSTRIAL SURVEYS
Assembly of machines or
aircrafts, or alignment of
precision machinery.
HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS
Measures and describes features that affect maritime
navigation, marine construction, dredging, offshore
oil exploration/offshore oil drilling.
Waterway planning, dredging analysis and wreck
location
Construction and planning for docks, harbors and
dams.
ROUTE SURVEYS
For linear engineering projects.
MINE SURVEYS
Measurement, calculation and mapping for
ascertaining and documenting information at all
stages from prospecting to exploitation and utilizing
mineral deposits both by surface and underground
working.
CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS
Surveys undertaken at construction site
to provide data regarding grades,
reference lines, dimensions, ground
configuration and location and elevation
of structures which are of concern to
engineers, architects and builders.
SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
TRANSIT
AUTO LEVEL
TOTAL STATION
REAL TIME KINEMATIC (RTK)
DRONE
SURVEYING ACCESSORIES
PRISM RANGING ROD
SURVEYING ACCESSORIES
STAFF ROD/ LEVELLING RODS
SURVEYING ACCESSORIES
TRIPOD
SURVEYING ACCESSORIES
MARKING PINS
SURVEYORS TAPE MEASURE
Error and Correction
Error is the difference between an observed or calculated value and
a true value.
Correction is the action or process of correcting or adjusting
something
Sources of Errors
a. Instrumental error- imperfection the instrument manufacturing or faulty
adjustment of the instrument with which measurement is being taken.
For example: A tape may be too long or an angle measuring instrument maybe
out of adjustment.
b. Personal error - imperfections of the human senses such as the sense of sight
in observing, hearing in recording, and of touch in manipulating instruments.
For example: An error maybe taking the level readings or reading an angle on a
circle of theodolite.
SOURCES OF ERRORS
c. Natural Errors
may also be due to variations in the phenomena of nature such as
temperature, humidity, wind, refraction, gravity and magnetic
declination. If it is not properly observed while taking measurements,
the results will be incorrect.
For example: An error due to sagging of tape when raised above the
ground because of gravity
Types of Errors
GROSS ERROR
SYSTEMATIC ERROR
RANDOM ERROR
Gross Error
This is a result of mistakes that are due to the carelessness of the
observer. It must be detected and eliminated from the survey
measurements before such measurements can be used.
Systematic error
It is an error that follow some pattern and can be expressed by
functional relationships based on some deterministic system. It must
also be removed from the measurements by applying necessary
corrections. It is accumulative in nature.
Random error
It is the remaining error after all mistakes and systematic
errors have been detected and removed from the
measurements. It is treated using probability models.
SEATWORK 1
1. Give and compare 3 differences of plane surveying and
geodetic surveying.
2. Name 3 surveying instruments
3. Give 3 surveying accessories
4. Difference of error and correction
STATISTICS AND
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
STATISTICS- form of a mathematical analysis that uses quantified models, representations and
synopses for a given set of experimental data or real-life studies.
MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY is a number that shows what’s typical or average in a group
of numbers. It tells us where most of the values are in a set of data.
There are three main types:
Mean
Median
Mode
MEAN
the average of all the numbers.
MEDIAN
the middle number when the numbers are in order.
NOTE:
Order your data from smallest to largest, and find the data
point that has equal amount of values above it and below it.
MEDIAN EVEN
ODD 40
23 38
21 35
18 33
16 32
15 30
13 29
28
12 27
10 26
9 24
7 23
6 22
5 19
2 17
MODE
The one that occurs the most frequently in your data set.
5
5
5
4
4
3
2
2
1
PRECISION AND ACCURACY
PROBABLE ERROR
Quantity which is added to, subtracted from, the most probable value fixes the limits within
which it is an even chance the true value of the measured quantity must lie.
MOST PROBABLE VALUE
The one that has more chances of being true than any other. It is
deducted from the several measurements on which it is based. It is
the mean if all observations are of the same weight.
σ𝑥
𝑚𝑝v =
𝑛
RELATIVE (ERROR) PRECISION
The ratio of the error to the measured quantity is used to define the degree of refinement
obtained.
𝑃𝐸𝑚
𝑅𝑃 =
𝑚𝑝𝑣
Example 1
Example 2
The ff. values are determined in a series of tape measurements of a
line
1000.58, 1000.40, 1000.38, 1000.48, 1000.40 and 1000.46.
determine the ff:
a) Most probable value of measured length
b) PEm
c) PEs
d) RP
