Chemical Process Calculation

Course Code: CH21203

Energy Balances

Dr. SUVERNA TRIVEDI (Fulbright Fellow)

Assistant Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT KGP
1
Email: strivedi@che.iitkgp.ac.in
 Energy
Platforms
Conservation

❑ General Energy Conservation Equation for Closed System:

Energy In- Energy Out +Energy Generation- Energy Dissipation = Energy Accumulation
(1)
Energy Accumulation = Energy In- Energy Out

Total Change in the energy of the system during the process= Net transfer of the energy between system
and surrounding
 Energy
Platforms
Conservation
Total Change in the energy of the system during the process= Net transfer of the energy between system
and surrounding (2)

Total Change in the energy of the system during the process (ΔE)= Internal E+ Kinetic E+ Potential E

ΔE= Internal E+ Kinetic E+ Potential E

ΔE= U (3)

Net transfer of the energy between system and surrounding = Q+W (4)
Substitute the values from Eqn. (3) and (4) into Eqn. (2):

ΔE = U =Q+W (5)

dE= dU =δQ+ δW (6)

dU =δQ-P dV (7)

δQ= dU + P dV (8)
 Example: 1
An ideal gas contained in cylinder fitted with movable piston. Initial gas temperature is 25oC. The cylinder is
placed in boiling water with piston held in fixed position. Heat in the amount of 2kcal is transferred to gas, which
equilibrates at 100oC. The piston is then released, and gas does 100J of work in moving piston to its new
equilibrium position. Write the energy balance equations and solve the unknowns:
Approach to solve the problem:

Closed System
100J
Q-W = Internal E+ Kinetic E+ Potential E (1)
100oC 100oC

25oC 100oC Q-W = Internal E+ Kinetic E+ Potential E (1)

Q=100J

2kcal
ΔU =2kCal(2)
 Energy
Platforms
Conservation

❑ Energy Conservation Equation for Open System:

dE= δQ+ δW (1)

Divide equation (1) by Δt : Type equation here.

𝒅𝑬 δQ δW
= + (2)
d𝑡 δ𝑡 δ𝑡

𝒅𝑬
= 𝑄ሶ +𝑊ሶ (3)
Δ𝑡
 Example: 2 [Open System]
Five hundred kg/h of steam drives a turbine. The steam enters the turbine at 44 atm and 450oC at a linear velocity
of 60m/s and leaves at a point 5m below to turbine inlet at atmospheric Pressure and velocity of 360m/s.
Turbine delivers the shaft work at a rate of 70kW and heat loss from turbine from turbine is estimated to be 104
kcal/h. Calculate the specific enthalpy change associated with the process.

ሶ
𝑚ሶ = 500𝑘𝑔/ℎ
ሶ
𝑚ሶ = 500𝑘𝑔/ℎ
𝑄ሶ = 104ሶ kcal/h
. ሶ ሶ
𝑃 = 1𝑎𝑡𝑚;
𝑊 = 70𝑘𝑊 𝑃 = 44𝑎𝑡𝑚;
𝑇 = 450𝑜𝐶 𝑇 = 450𝑜𝐶
𝑣 = 60 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣 = 360 𝑚/𝑠

𝒅𝑬
= 𝑄ሶ +𝑊ሶ
Δ𝑡
ሶ Δ𝐻ሶ = 𝑄ሶ +𝑊 (1)
Δ𝐸ሶ 𝑃 + Δ𝐸𝑘 + ሶ
 Example: 2 [Open System]

ሶ
𝑚ሶ = 500𝑘𝑔/ℎ
ሶ
𝑚ሶ = 500𝑘𝑔/ℎ
𝑄ሶ = 104ሶ kcal/h
Open System
. ሶ ሶ
𝑃 = 1𝑎𝑡𝑚;
𝑊 = 70𝑘𝑊 𝑃 = 44𝑎𝑡𝑚;
𝑇 = 450𝑜𝐶 𝑇 = 450𝑜𝐶
𝑣 = 60 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣 = 360 𝑚/𝑠

ሶ Δ𝐻ሶ = 𝑄ሶ +𝑊 (1)
Δ𝐸ሶ 𝑃 + Δ𝐸𝑘 + ሶ

Δ𝐸ሶ 𝑃 = 𝑚gz
ሶ =500*9.81*(-5) (2)
𝜟𝑬ሶ 𝑷 = 𝒎gzሶ =6.81*10-3 kW (2)

𝟏
𝜟𝑬ሶ 𝒌 = 𝒎ሶ 𝒗𝟐𝟐 − 𝒗𝟐𝟏 𝟑
𝟐
𝟏
𝜟𝑬ሶ 𝒌 = 𝟐 ∗ 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟐 − 𝟔𝟎𝟐 /3600
𝜟𝑬ሶ 𝒌 = 𝟖. 𝟕𝟓𝒌𝑾 (𝟑)
 Example: 2 [Open System]

ሶ
𝑚ሶ = 500𝑘𝑔/ℎ
𝑄ሶ = 104ሶ kcal/h ሶ
𝑚ሶ = 500𝑘𝑔/ℎ
. Open System
ሶ
𝑃 = 1𝑎𝑡𝑚;
𝑄ሶ = 10 *0.001162=11.62kW
4 ሶ
𝑃 = 44𝑎𝑡𝑚;
𝑊 = 70𝑘𝑊 𝑇 = 450𝑜𝐶 𝑇 = 450𝑜𝐶
𝑣 = 60 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣 = 360 𝑚/𝑠
1kcal/h = 0.001162kW

6.81∗10−3 + 𝟖. ሶ 𝟕𝟓 + Δ𝐻ሶ = 𝑄ሶ -𝑊 (1)

ሶ

6.81∗10−3 + 𝟖. 𝟕𝟓 + ሶ Δ𝐻ሶ = −11.62 − 70(1)

ሶ
 Estimation of
Platforms
Physical Properties

❑ Example: Ice at -20oC heat up steam at 120oC in order to calculate total heat required.
How many physical parameters are need?

✓ Ice (Solid –water from -20oC to 0oC)

✓ Melting of ice –Phase Change
✓ Liquid water heat-up from 0-100oC
✓ Water vaporization at 100oC –Phase change
✓ Vapor from 100-120oC
Estimation of Physical Properties
 Estimation of Physical Properties

Heat of Vaporization: Clapeyron Equation

It is the relationship between the slope of vapor pressure curve and molar heat of vaporization.

𝒅𝒑 ∆𝑯𝒗
=
𝒅𝑻 𝑻 (𝒗𝑮 − 𝒗𝑳 )
 Heat
Platforms
Capacity

❑ Heat capacity is a measure of the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a given
amount of a substance by one degree Celsius (or one Kelvin).

❑ Gases: For gases, heat capacity can be expressed as either the heat capacity at constant volume (CV) or at
constant pressure (CP).

❑ Specific heat capacity is a physical property of a substance that indicates how much heat energy is
required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of that substance by one degree Celsius (or one
Kelvin).

𝟏 δQ
C= (1)
𝒎 δ𝒕

δQ= dU + P dV (2)
 Heat
Platforms
Capacity

𝟏 δQ
C= (1)
𝒎 δ𝒕

δQ= dU + P dV (2)

Substitute the value of δQ from eqn (2) to eqn (1):

𝟏 d𝑼 d(𝑷𝑽) (3)
C= +
𝒎 d𝒕 d𝒕

At a constant volume eqn (3) becomes: 𝟏 d𝑼 Pd(𝑽)

Cv= +
𝒎 d𝒕 d𝒕
𝑼
d 𝑼
(𝒎) (4) =𝑼ሶ
𝒎
Cv=
d𝒕
d(𝑼)ሶ
Cv=
d𝒕
 Estimation of
Platforms
Physical Properties

Substitute the value of δQ from eqn (2) to eqn (1):

𝟏 d𝑼 d(𝑷𝑽) (3)
C= +
𝒎 d𝒕 d𝒕

At a constant pressure eqn (3) becomes:

𝟏 d𝑼 𝑷d(𝑽) 𝑽d(𝑷)
Cp= + +
𝒎 d𝒕 d𝒕 d𝒕

𝟏 d𝑼 𝑷d(𝑽)
Cp= +
𝒎 d𝒕 d𝒕

d (4) H=U+PV
Cp= (𝐔 + 𝐏𝐕/𝐦)
d𝒕
d ሶ
Cp= (𝑯) (5)
d𝒕
Estimation of
Platforms
Physical Properties

d(𝑼)ሶ d ሶ
Cv= Cp= (𝑯)
d𝒕 d𝒕

Constant V Constant P
 Empirical
Platforms
formula

Cp = a+bT+CT2 (1)

𝑻𝟐
Q= ‫ 𝒑𝑪 𝟏𝑻׬‬dT (2)

Cp for Ideal Gas Mixture: The molal heat capacity is weighted average.

Cpavg = σ 𝒙𝒊 𝑪𝒑𝒊

Where xi =mole fraction of ith species

 Empirical
Platforms
Formulas

Heat Capacity for Solids by D:product of specific heat and atomic mass of an element is always a constant.

Rule well apply

for elements with
atomic weight>40

Constant Volume
 Estimation of
Platforms
Physical Properties

Kopps’s Rule molecular heat capacity of a solid compound is the sum of the
atomic heat capacities of the elements composing it;