Chapter7 28energybalance 29

CHAPTER 7
ENERGY BALANCE
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the class, students should be able to:
◦Define energy and its types
◦General balances of closed and open system
◦Using and apply property table of B1&B2.
◦Identify specific properties and references state
◦Calculate energy balance for non reaction and
reaction process
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3
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General balance on closed system
Input + generation – output –consumption = accumulation
According to the 1st law of thermodynamic, generation = 0, consumption = 0.

Hence, the equation:
Input – output = accumulation
Accumulation = (final value of the balanced quantity) – (the initial

value of this quantity)
final - initial net energy transferred
system system = to the system
energy energy
Initial system energy = U i  Eki  E pi Energy transferred = Q W

Final system energy = U f  E kf  E pf
5
First law thermodynamics for a closed system is :
U  Ek  E p  Q  W
Points should be considered:
1) No temperature changes
No phase changes
No chemical reaction occur
2) pressure changes <a few atmospheres
3) If system is not accelerating, Ek=0
If system is not rising/falling, Ep=0
4) If T system =T surroundings, Q=0
5) If no moving parts /electrical currents at system boundary W=0
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General balance on open system
First law thermodynamics for a open system at steady state is :
H  E k  E p  Q  W s W  W s  W fl
• Work is +ve when the Net rate of work

surrounding perform work on the
system
• Work is –ve when the system
performs work on the surrounding
Heat is +ve when

transferred to the
system
7
Process
Units
8
Specific Properties
◦ A specific property is the intensive property obtained by dividing an extensive
property of a system by its mass or no. of moles.
◦ Symbol ^ denotes as a specific property
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10
General balance on open system
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Example 1
A gas contained in a cylinder fitted with a movable piston. The initial gas
temperature is 25 oC. The cylinder is placed in boiling water with the piston held
in a fixed position. Heat in the amount of 2.00kcal is transferred to the gas which
equilibrates at 100 oC (and a higher pressure). The piston is then released and the
gas does 100J of work in moving the piston to its new equilibrium position. The
final gas temperature is 100 oC. Calculate the amount of energy (Joule) in both
situations. Consider the gas in the cylinder to be the system, neglect the change
in potential energy of the gas as the piston moves vertically and assume the gas
behaves ideally.
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13
U depends on T for an ideal gas, and T does not change
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Example 2
The specific internal energy of helium at 300K and 1 atm is 3800J/mol and the
specific molar volume at the same temperature and pressure is 24.63 L/mol.
Calculate the specific enthalpy of helium at this temperature and pressure and the
rate at which enthalpy is transported by a stream of helium at 300K and 1 atm
with a molar flow rate of 250 kmol/h.
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Example 3
◦ Five hundred kilograms per hour of steam drives a turbine. The steam enters
the turbine at 44 atm and 450 oC at a linear velocity of 60m/s and leaves at a
point 5m below the turbine inlet at atmospheric pressure and a velocity of
360m/s. the turbine delivers shaft work at a rate of 70kW and the heat loss
from the turbine is estimated to be 104 kcal/h. Calculate the specific enthalpy
change associated with the process
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EXAMPLE :
To calculate Ĥ for a process in which ice at -5˚C, is converted
to steam at 300˚C. One of the possible process path is:
Ice (-5˚C, s) True path vapor (300˚C, g)
Ĥ1 Ĥ
OVERALL PROCESS
Hypothetical Ice (0˚C, 1 atm) 5 
path
Ĥ2 Ĥ =  H
i 1
liquid (0˚C, 1 atm) vapor (300˚C, 1 atm)
Ĥ3 Ĥ5
liquid (100˚C, 1 atm) vapor (100˚C, 1 atm)

Ĥ4
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Tables of thermodynamic data
Reference states and states properties
Example : The enthalpy changes for CO going from a

reference state of 0˚C and 1 atm to two other
states are measured, with following results:
CO (g, 0˚C, 1 atm) CO (g, 100˚C, 1 atm) :  Ĥ1= 2919 J/mol
CO (g, 0˚C, 1 atm) CO (g, 500˚C, 1 atm) :  Ĥ2= 15060 J/mol
Assign a value Ĥ0 = 0 to the reference state

T (oC) (J/mol)
0 0
100 2919
500 15060
From this table, the change in Ĥ when CO goes from the reference state
to 100˚C and 1 atm is 2919 J/mol

If two different tables are used, be sure Ĥ1 and Ĥ2 are based on the same
Reference state.
If another reference state had been used to generate the specific entalphy, Ĥ
They would have different values but the changes (Ĥ) still the same.
Example :
Ĥ CO (J/mol) Ĥ CO (J/mol)
Ref: CO (g)@0oC, 1 atm Ref: CO (g)@ ?
15 060 500 oC, 1 atm 12, 560
2919 100 oC, 1 atm 419
0 0 oC, 1 atm -2500
CO(100 oC, 1 atm) CO(500 oC, 1 atm)

Ĥ = (15 060 – 2919) J/mol
= (12 560 – 419) J/mol
= 12 141 J/mol
25
BALANCES ON NON REACTIVE
PROCESSES

Changes in pressure at constant temperature
Û =0 SO, Hˆ  Uˆ  PVˆ  VˆP
Changes in temperature
Sensible heat, Q = U (closed system)
Q = H (open system)
T2
Heat capacity at constant volume, Uˆ  C v (T ) dT


T1
T2


Heat capacity at constant pressure,  H  C P (T ) dT
T1
30
Heat capacity at constant pressure, Cp
T2
Ideal gas: Exact
Hˆ   C p (T )dT
T1 Real gas : Exact if P constant
T2
Solid or liquid : Hˆ  VˆP   C p (T )dT

T1
Cp = a + bT + cT2 + dT3
-values for coefficients a,b,c&d in table B.2 of App. B for
a number of species in at 1 atm.
Liquids and solids : CpCv
Ideal gases : Cp = Cv + R
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LATENT HEAT
Definition : Specific enthalpy change associated with the

transition of a substance from one phase to another
at constant temperature and pressure
Heat of fusion (melting)- Ĥm Heat of vaporization - Ĥv
Specific enthalpy difference between Specific enthalpy difference between

The solid and liquid forms at T and P The liquid and vapour forms of a
TABLE B1 species at T and P
TABLE B1
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Definition
◦ For non-reactive system,balance is input=output
◦ From energy balance equation,
. .  . 
Q   H   n out H out   n in H in
◦ Need to prepare inlet-outlet table

EXAMPLE :
Calculate the heat required to bring 150 mol/h of a stream

containing 60% C2H6 and 40% C3H8 by volume from 0˚C
To 400˚C. Determine a heat capacity for the mixture as part
of the problem solution.
(Cp)mix(T) =
all
yC i pi (T ) Heat capacity formulas for ethane and propane given in
table B.2
mixture
components
(Cp)mix[kJ/(mol)] = 0.6(0.04937+13.92x10-5T - 5.816x10-8T2 + 7.280x10-12T3) +

0.4(0.06803+22.59x10-5T - 13.11x10-8T2 + 31.71x10-12T3)
= 0.05683 + 17.39x10-5T – 8.734x10-8T2 + 17.05x10-12T3
400o C
Ĥ = = 34.89 kJ/mol
 (C )
p mix dT
0o C
  ˆ 150mol 34.89kJ kJ
Q  H  nH    5230 38
h mol H Free Template from www.brainybetty.com
Exercise
◦ Assuming ideal gas behaviour, calculate the heat that must be transferred in
each of the following cases.
1. A stream of nitrogen flowing at a rate of 100mol/min is heated from 20 oC to 100 oC
2. Nitrogen contained in a 5-liter flask at an initial pressure of 3 bar cooled from 90 oC
to 30 oC
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Heats of Reaction
When the chemical reaction occurs, the energy of a system can
change a lot
The enthalpy change accompanies with a chemical reaction is called;
- Enthalpy of reaction
- Heat of reaction (enthalpy change for a process in which
stoichiometric quantities of reactants at temperature (T) and
pressure (P) react completely in a single reaction to form
products at the same temperature and pressure
46
◦ There are 2 useful ways to calculate heat of reaction;
1)Method 1: From the enthalpy of formation
2)Method 2: From the enthalpy of combustion
◦ Standard heat of reaction is the heat of reaction when both the reactants and products
are at a specified reference temperature and pressure, usually 25 oC and 1 atm.
47
Definition
◦ For reactive system,balance is acc = input - output
◦ From energy balance equation,
. .  . 
ˆ
Q   H   n out H out   n in H in  H r
◦ Need to prepare inlet-outlet table

49
Moles of i
consumed or
generated
Stoichiometric
coefficient of
a reactant or
reaction
product
50
Heat of formation
aA + bB cC + dD
Hrxn
0
= [cH0 f(C) + dH0 f(D) ] - [aH0f (A) + bH0f (B) ]
Hess’s Law: When reactants are converted to products, the

change in enthalpy is the same whether the reaction takes place in
one step or in a series of steps.
(Enthalpy is a state function. It doesn’t matter how you get there, only where
you start and end.)
Heat of combustion
aA + bB cC + dD
Hrxn
0
= [aH0c(A) + bH0c(B) ] - [cH0 c(C) + dH0 c(D) ]
Exercise
55
Exercise
The standard heat of reaction of ammonia is given below:
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H20(v): ΔĤor = -904.7kJ/mol
One hundred mol NH3/s and 200mol O2/s at 25oC are fed into a reactor in which
the ammonia is completely consumed. The product gas emerges at 300 oC.
Calculate the rate at which heat must be transferred to or from the reactor,
assuming operation at approximately 1 atm.
58

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Chapter7 28energybalance 29

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CHAPTER 7

Input + generation – output –consumption = accumulation

According to the 1st law of thermodynamic, generation = 0, consumption = 0.

Input – output = accumulation

Accumulation = (final value of the balanced quantity) – (the initial

Initial system energy = U i  Eki  E pi Energy transferred = Q W

H  E k  E p  Q  W s W  W s  W fl

• Work is +ve when the Net rate of work

Heat is +ve when

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com 18

liquid (100˚C, 1 atm) vapor (100˚C, 1 atm)

Reference states and states properties

Example : The enthalpy changes for CO going from a

Assign a value Ĥ0 = 0 to the reference state

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CO(100 oC, 1 atm) CO(500 oC, 1 atm)

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Û =0 SO, Hˆ  Uˆ  PVˆ  VˆP

Heat capacity at constant volume, Uˆ  C v (T ) dT

Solid or liquid : Hˆ  VˆP   C p (T )dT

Definition : Specific enthalpy change associated with the

Heat of fusion (melting)- Ĥm Heat of vaporization - Ĥv

Specific enthalpy difference between Specific enthalpy difference between

◦ Need to prepare inlet-outlet table

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Calculate the heat required to bring 150 mol/h of a stream

(Cp)mix[kJ/(mol)] = 0.6(0.04937+13.92x10-5T - 5.816x10-8T2 + 7.280x10-12T3) +

The enthalpy change accompanies with a chemical reaction is called;

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Hess’s Law: When reactants are converted to products, the

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