T3 & T3A: Enthalpy

H = U + PV
Model 1: H is a state function H = U + PV

𝑑𝐻 = 𝑑𝑈 + 𝑑 𝑃𝑉

𝑑𝐻 = 𝑑𝑈 + 𝑃𝑑𝑉 + 𝑉𝑑𝑃

If P is constant:

𝑑𝐻 = 𝑑𝑈 + 𝑃𝑑𝑉 (CTQ3) CTQ 4: Show the

relationship between 𝑑𝐻
!" and 𝑑𝑞.
Δ𝐻 = ) 𝑑𝐻
!!
CTQ 5: Derive Δ𝐻 in terms
of Δ𝑈, Pex=P, and Δ𝑉.

CTQ 1-5 : turn in 4+5 45

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Typical pollution droplets such as those found in urban smog or summertime

haze are on the order of .5 to 1 um in diameter. Particles this large are not good
Rayleigh scatterers. Because pollution aerosols normally exist in a wide range
of sizes, however, the overall scattering they produce is not strongly
wavelength-dependent.

“N95 - Removes 95% of all particles that46 are at least 0.3 microns in diameter”
Model 2: Enthalpy as a State Function

CTQ 6-7 47
Model 2: Enthalpy as a State Function

CTQ 6-7 48
Model 3: Hess’s Law
The value of Δ" 𝐻 for a reaction doesn’t depend on the path
used to convert the starting materials into the products.

It only depends on the initial and final conditions.

Hess’s Law: Δ" 𝐻 is the same regardless of whether a reaction

occurs in one step or in several steps.

CTQ 8-10 : turn in 10 49 H2O(l) à H2O(g) Δ" 𝐻 ∘

Model 3: Hess’s Law
The value of Δ" 𝐻 for a reaction doesn’t depend on the path
used to convert the starting materials into the products.

It only depends on the initial and final conditions.

Hess’s Law: Δ" 𝐻 is the same regardless of whether a reaction

occurs in one step or in several steps.

CTQ 8-10 : turn in 10 50 H2O(l) à H2O(g) Δ" 𝐻 ∘

Model 4: Enthalpy of formation

Δ" 𝐻$° is the enthalpy change for a reaction that produces one
mole of a compound for its elements, which are in their stable
states of aggregations at 1bar and usually 298 K.

The standard state pressure was 1 atm for many years, but is now bar.

CTQ 16

Δ! 𝐻 ° = $ Δ! 𝐻#° (products) − $ Δ! 𝐻#° (reactants)

CTQ 11-16 turn in 11-15 51

Try out Homework Groups!
• Wednesdays at 5PM

• Fridays at 1PM

• Come to office hours, I will put you in a breakout

room and you can request my help or I can leave
you alone. (In the future, you can organize your
own groups!)

52
T3A: Calculating a reaction’s work, heat, energy, and
enthalpy

In chemical reactions, the number of moles of can change!

We use moles/reaction to keep track of changes, like Δ" 𝑉.

53
Model 2: Isobaric
The ideal gas and hot brick will come to
Weight equilibrium.

1. The pressure is constant.

System
2. The temperature changes.
Ideal gas 3. Heat of system= q is positive
4. Δ𝐻 is also positive!
Hot Brick
Exercise 1 – solve for q, w, Δ𝐻 , and Δ𝑈
assuming the amount of heat lost by the brick
is 500 J and the volume change of the system
is 1.43 Liters.

CTQ 1-4, turn in Exercise 1 54

Model 2: Isothermal and Isobaric

The gases can react – the heat bath keeps

Weight
the temperature constant.

A+B à C + 2D Δ" 𝐻 = 0
System
Gas A=1mol
Gas B=1mol 5. The pressure is constant.
6. The temperature is constant.
Surroundings= 9. Δ" 𝑛 = 1
heat bath at 10. Δ" (𝑃𝑉) = (𝑅𝑇)Δ" 𝑛
temp T
11. Piston rises.
12. Work is negative b/c done by the gas!

CTQ 5-12 55
Model 2: Isothermal and Isobaric

The gases can react – the heat bath keeps

Weight
the temperature constant.

A+B à C + 2D Δ" 𝐻 < 0

System
Gas A=1mol
Gas B=1mol 13. The piston moves the same amount as
when Δ" 𝐻 = 0
Surroundings=
heat bath at A+B à C + D Δ" 𝐻 < 0
temp T
14. The piston does not move!

CTQ 13-15, turn in CTQ 15, 16 56

Model 3: Adiabatic
The gases can react and can produce or
consume heat - the insulator keeps heat from
Weight
transferring from the surroundings.

A+B à C + D Δ" 𝐻 < 0

System
Gas A=1mol
Gas B=1mol 17. The pressure is constant
18. The temperature changes!
Perfect insulator 19. Exothermic = temperature increases.
no heat transfer 23. Work may be done from a change in
moles or the breaking and forming of
chemical bonds.

The Carnot cycle =

The most efficient
engine
CTQ 17-23, turn in CTQ 20-22 57
Grading Rubric
You can correct all problems (turned in on time) for 100% of points. Typos and small
math errors are minus 0.1-0.3 points.

4.0 (A) – Perfect, work clear and answer correct

3.5 small error or correct but work not clear

3.0 (B) mostly correct, maybe missing important part

2.5 missing important element

2.0 (C) satisfactory, half correct, general idea there

1.0 (D) some effort that’s relevant

Imagine quiz w/ 4?
1) 4.0
0.0 (F) – no work or
non-relevant response 2) 4.0
3) 0.0
4) 0.0 à ave 2.0