Chapter 2- Neuroanatomy
Functions of the nervous system (NS):
Sensory function Integration function Motor function
Sensory No receptors here Response to the
receptors: detects Processing and environment or
the stimulus (for analysis of info. stimulus
every stimulus we have Neurons are called: motor/efferent
receptor) interneurons neurons: going
Sensory/afferent from the CNS to the
neurons: neurons PNS are motor
going from the PNS neurons
to the nervous The organs that
system perform the
response called
effectors (muscles or
glands)
Functional organization of the NS:
the NS is composed into two parts:
A. PNS; every nervous tissue outside the CNS;
it is composed into 3 parts:
1. somatic nervous system (SNS)
2. autonomic nervous system (ANS)
3. enteric nervous system (ENS)
B. CNS; brain and spinal cord
IN THE PNS:
SNS ANS ENS
it is the division where Effector is the smooth muscle, sometimes
the effector is skeleton cardiac muscle (heart) and glands called the
muscle; Autonomic sensory receptors / second brain= it
the sensory receptors autonomic sensory neurons. can function
here are called: somatic independently of
sensory neuron; the CNS
motor neuron here is Autonomic motor neurons it is located in
called somatic motor (involuntary) is composed of 2 parts: the GI Track
neurons. (are a. Sympathetic (fight-or-flight) (Gastro
voluntary) emergency situations Intestinal).
b. Parasympathetic (rest and it is import. For
digest (relaxing situations) the regulation of
Both divisions can’t work together digestive
(we can’t swim and digest in the process
same time)
Language of anatomy:
Planes of section:
Sagittal:
Cuts the structure into right and left
If the two sides are equal, they called:
midsagittal
If it is not: parasagittal
Coronal:
Cuts the structure into anterior and
posterior sections (front and behind)
Horizontal:
Cuts into superior and inferior (above and
below)
The Brain
A portion of CNS
Parts of the Brain functions
brain structure
Cardio vascular and respiratory center (breathing and heartbeat)
Brainstem: Medulla
= vital functions = essential for life
It connects the Bridges = connect the lower brain with the higher one.
brain to the Pons
Voluntary movements, regulate movements
spinal cord
Midbrain Movements + pain
Thalamus Regulation + receives sensory info.
Import. for the control of ANS responses (when parasym. is on/
sympathetic is off)
Hypothalamus + maintain the balance of the body
Diencephalon + appetite (when you feel full/ hungry)
+sleep/ wake cycle
Epithalamus
Secretes the melatonin (sleep hormone)
(pineal gland)
Coordination of movement (opening the door), balance, and
Cerebellum Cerebellum highly skilled balance movements
+ speech
Memory, emotion, intelligence, personality,
Cerebrum Cerebrum
Imagination, perception, language
Cerebral CTX-Development:
The cerebral cortex is made up of white matter and gray matter
White matter: inner side
It is primarily myelinated axons transporting impulses between the gray matter
and lower brain structures.
It makes up the circuits that connect the regions of the brain— connecting
cabling.
Grey matter: outer side (cortex)
The gray matter is where the nerve cells and synapses reside.
This is where the action occurs psychologically—where we think and feel
—where depression, schizophrenia, and dementia likely develop.
During development the brain forms from the outer layer called ectoderm
We have specific cells called:
o Neuroblasts: (undeveloped neural cells)
that will later migrate and development into neurons
multiply in an area called the ventricular zone (VZ)
The migrating and
differentiating neuroblasts
slowly form into the six
layers of the cerebral
cortex.
o 6 layers of neurons, after the
migration end. The inner layers
are formed first (IVI)
The different between layers
are in terms of:
Size
Number
Shape
Brodmann’s Areas:
The three traditional frontal lobe regions
Brodmann’s area Function
The orbital (orbitofrontal) Responsible for impulse control appropriate behavior
Dorsolateral Cognitive functions, judgements, planning
Medial spontaneous behavior, verbal output
The limbic system is a group of connected structures important for emotions and emotional
memories.
Ex: females have a larger limbic system = they are more emotional
It is located in the temporal lobe
The hippocampus and the amygdala are the essential structures of what is commonly called the limbic
lobe (or limbic system):
Hippocampus One of the regions where we’ve neurogenesis.
folded structure incorporated within the temporal lobe.
plays an essential role in the development of memories.
Amygdala (in If it is over activated, then:
the temporal Mostly fear
Negative emotions
lobe
Anger
ANS
BBB
Blood - Brain barrier
Astrocyte:
they are important for the support of the brain.
They form the BBB
Ribosomes:
Are for protein synthesis
are present in structures called rough ER
Smooth ER:
storage of substances
Nucleus:
it has the DNA, messenger RNA, protein
<gene expression: >
Mitochondria:
reproduction of energy
proteins (Golgi) need modifications to
become functioning these modifications are
called post-translational modifications; they
occur in the Golgi apparatus.
Memorize that oxygen O2, ethanol,
glucose, insulin, water, CO2, can cross the
cell
AP always move from dendrites to the axons
___
Structure of a neuron:
Dendrites, cell body, axons
