Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
Hypersensitivity: Type 1
-Mediated IgE
-inflammation due to mast cell degranultion
-anaphylactic, asthma, hay fever
treatment: epinephrine
Hypersensitivity: Type 2
-Cytotoxic reaction: tissue specific
-binds to the antigen ON THE CELL SURFACE
-macrophages are primary effectors cells involved
cause tissue damage or alter function
Hypersensitivity 2
-Graves Disease (hyperthyroidism) -alters function not destroy
-blood transfusions reaction- transfused erythrocytes are destroyed by agglutination or lysis
-drug allergies
-hemolytic anemia
Hypersensitivity: type 3
-Not organ specific
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
-antibody binds to soluble antigen OUTSIDE THE CELL SURFACE that was released into the
blood or bodily fluids, and the complex is then deposited in the tissues
Hypersensitivity: Type 3
-rheumatoid arthritis
-Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
-Raynaud's
Hives (urticaria)
Hypersensitivity Type 1
First responders to innate the immune system
Neutrophils
Allergic contact dermatitis
Hypersensitivity Type IV
Type 2 cytotoxic hypersensitivity mediated by:
-IgG IgM
-macrophages are primary effort cells
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
-
Serum Sickness
type 3 hypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity IV,
-is more of a delayed immune response.
-mediated T-cells attack tissue directly (no antibodies)
Autoimmune
-diseases in which the body makes antibodies directed against its own tissues
Primary immunodeficiency
-Genetic; inherited
-result of single gene defects
-B and T cell deficiencies
secondary immunodeficiency
-acquired
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
Common cause of secondary immunodeficiency
Malnutrition
Most patients diagnosed with SLE will have a positive ?
antinuclear antibody (ANA)
SLE (lupus)
-Facial rash
-vasculitis
- tissue inflammation
Renal disease associated with autoimmunity?
Glomerulonephritis
Sjogren's syndrome
Inflammation in salivary and lacrimal glands
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
SLE
Autoantibodies and auto-active t-cells against DNA and nucleoprotein
Sjögren's syndrome immune changes:
Autoantibodies and auto-reactive t-cells against apoptotic cells
rheumatoid arthritis manifestations:
Joint inflammation, stiffness, pain, loss of range of motion
Rheumatoid Arthritis immune changes:
T-cells and B cells against joint associated antigens
MS manifestations
Formation of sclerotic plaque in the brain, leads to Muscle weakness and ataxia
MS immune changes
T-cells against brain antigens
___ measures the average size of RBCs
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
MCV
Anemia occur by...
-impaired RBC production
-excessive blood loss
- increased RBC production
microlytic anemia is characterized by hyper chromic RBS:
Hereditary spherocytosis
Anemia
-"without blood"
4.7-6.1mcl
Normal for men RBC
4.5-5.2mcL
Normal for women RBC
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
13.5-17.5
Normal hemoglobin for men
12.0-15.5 g/dL
Normal hemoglobin for women
RBC
The number of erythrocytes in 1 cubic mm of whole blood
Hemoglobin (Hgb)
The oxygen-carrying pigment of red cells
Hematocrit (Hct)
The volume of cells as a % of total volume of cells and plasma in whole blood
42-45%
Normal for HCT for men
37-48%
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
Normal HCT for women
Mean Cell Volume (MCV)
Measures the average size of the RBC
80-100 fL
Normal MCV
RDW (red cell distribution width)
Estimate of the uniformity of individual cell size
11.5- 14.5%
Normal RDW
Microcytic (MVC <80fL)
Iron deficiency
Microcytic (MVC <80fL) less than
Sideroblastic
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
Microcytic (MVC <80fL)
Thalassemia
Microcytic (MVC <80fL)
Anemia of chronic disease
Normocytic (MVC 80-99)
Anemia of inflammation and chronic disease
Normocytic (MVC 80-99)
Hereditary spherocytosis
Normocytic (MVC 80-99)
G6PD deficiency
Normocytic (MVC 80-99)
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemglobinuria
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
Macrocytic (MVC >100) greater than
B12 deficiency (pernicious anemia)
Macrocytic (MVC >100) greater than
Folate deficiency
Hypochromic anemia -(MCHC) less than normal hemoglobin
RBCs pale in color
Normochromic anemia -(MCHC) normal hemoglobin
Neither pale or dark
Hyperchromic anemia - (MCHC) more than normal hemoglobin
Dark rue or red
Manifestations of anemia
fatigue, pallor, weakness, dyspnea, dizziness, tachycardia
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
iron deficiency anemia
-microcytic, hypochromic
-can cause excessive bleeding
-treatment: iron supplements
-insufficient iron levels or the inability of the cells mitochondria to utilize iron effectively
Ferritin
Measurement that reflects the body's total iron stores
microcytic hypochromic anemia
-iron deficiency anemia
-sideroblastic
-thalassemia
Microcytic Normochromic
Anemia of inflammation and chronic disease
Microcytic Hyperchromic
Hereditary spherocytosis
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
Lack of intrinsic factor causes
pernicious anemia
Folic acid is essential for the body because
It plays a role in maturing of RBCs
Liver disease causes
Non-megaloblastic anemia
Macrocytic Anemia's
-MCV larger than 100.
-megaloblastic and non-megaloblastic
megaloblastic anemia (macrocytic)
Folate deficiency and vitamin b-12 deficiency
Non-megaloblastic anemia (macrocytic)
-Liver disease, myelodsplastic syndrome, hemorrhage
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
Manifestations of Macrocytic Anemia's
-fatigue
-dyspnea -loss of appetite and weight
-diarrhea
-pallor
B12 definitely (pernicious anemia)
-Autoimmune destruction of intrinsic factor
-peripheral neuropathy
- treatment: injections
risk: vegetarians, elderly, h-pylori infection
Folate deficiency anemia
-lack of folate leading to premature RBC death... caused by dietary deficiency
-ferritin level normal
-alcoholics, pregnancy, anticonvulsant meds
folic acid foods
peas beans veggies liver seeds orange juice fortified bread cereal rice
pernicious anemia labs
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
-Normal or low -folate
-MCHC is normal
-elevated MCV
Folate deficiency labs
macrocytic. (increased MCV)
low RBC count.
decreased folate.
hemolytic anemia
-destruction of lysis of RBCs due to enzymes or toxins produced by infectious agent , chemical
release medication, effects of drugs
Incorrect blood transfusions -type 2 hypersensitivity
hemolytic anemia labs
RBC normal size, reticulocyte count is high
Aplastic anemia labs
RBC normal, reticulocyte count low
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
Blood loss anemia
-Acute: GI bleed, trauma, labor
-Chronic: GI bleed, deplete iron stores can result in iron deficiency anemia
aplastic anemia
"Without" =plasa of cell growth
- chemical- chemo
-viral: hepatitis
-tumor
-antibiotics and other meds: PCN, phenytoin, diuretics, anti diabetic, sulfa
-congenital defects: fanconi's anemia
___ used to diagnose aplastic anemia
-Blood test and bone marrow biopsy
-granulocyte count less than 500
-platelet count less than 20,000
-absolute reticulocyte count less than or equal to 40x 109/L
Post hemorrhage: lab
Reticulocyte count is high
MCHC normal
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
sickle cell anemia
-a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming
an abnormal sickle shape
sickle cell anemia
-autosomal recessive gene disorder
-two abnormal genes, one form each parent
Patho of sickle cell
-Involves a single amino-acid change on the beta-chain
-4 genes involved in encoding synthesis of the alpha protein chains for Hb. Genes located on
chromosome 16
Hemoglobinopathies
sickle cell and thalassemia
Thalassemia
-Autosomal recessive genetic disorder
-abnormal Hb gene from each parent like sickle cell
-many possible genetic mutations
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
-single or muitlple amino changes on alpha and beta chains
Manifestations of Sickle cell
-Involves single Amino acid change on the betachai
-Increased RBC hemoglobin S concentration, dehydration, acidosis, hypoxemia
-have a cute painful episodes
Manifestation of thalassemia
-May have possible genetic mutations
- ineffective erythropoiesis
-occurs and people from south east Asia and China
Patho of heart failure
*less cardiac output
-Heart tries to compensate for not pumping an adequate amt of blood
-Increased heart rate
-Blood vessels dilate
-Heart hypertrophy
-Right side triggered by MI or lung dx
-Vascular resistance
-Greater O2 demand
-Cells become hypoxic
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
Heart failure overtime causes....resulting in increase preload
-decreased contractility
-decreased stoke volume
-increase left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV)
Long-standing cause of heart failure
Hypertension
Flow of the heart:
Inferior/Superior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semi lunar
valve, pulmonary arteries, (deox), lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle,
aortic semi lunar valve, aorta, (oxy)
Flow of the heart
a. Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Pulmonary Arteries, Lungs, Pulmonary Veins, Left Atrium, Left
Ventricle, Aorta
right sided heart failure manifestations
1. Jungular Vein Distention
2. Ascending Dependent Edema
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
3. Weight Gain
4. Hepatomegaly (Liver Enlargement
5. cor pulmonale
right sided heart failure
Right sided heart failure can occur due to left sided heart failure due to the back up of the fluid
from the left side of the heart
Preload
-volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole
-determined by:
1. Amount of venous blood returning to the ventricles door and diastole
2. The amount of blood in the left Ventricle after systole
-can cause a backflow of blood causing heart failure
Afterload
-the amount of resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle
-Elevated afterload results in increased ventricular workload and hypertrophy of the myocardium
Stroke volume
-The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction. (Systole)
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
Cardiac Output (CO)
measurement of the amount of blood ejected per minute from either ventricle of the heart
-CO= SV x HR
-4-8L/min
Heart failure definition
The heart is an able to generate an adequate cardiac output such as the inadequate perfusion of
tissues or increase diastolic filling pressure of the ventricle or both
Left side HF (systolic) HFrEF : congestive heart failure
-Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
-decreased contractility, increased preload, and increased afterload
-S3 gallop
ejection fraction
-measurement of the volume percentage of left ventricular contents ejected with each contraction
-if effected, the blood is unable to pump blood out of the ventricles resulting in increased preload
Ejection fraction of ___% can't provide adequate cardiac output
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
40
cor pulomale
Right ventricular failure secondary to pulmonary HTN
Right sided heart failure diastolic caused by:
-HTN, myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial infarction
-decreased compliance of the left side and abnormal diastolic relaxation
-increased afterload will cause an increased right ventricular contraction force and will
eventually not be able to move the blood (blood will remain in the right atrium)
Right HF involves..
-Right ventricle
-super vena cava (preload)
-pulmonary artery afterload
Left HF involves
-Left ventricle
-pulmonary vein (preload)
-aorta (afterload)
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
Stage A HF
Patient at risk for heart failure who have not yet developed structural heart changes (those with
diabetes, those with coronary disease without prior infarct)
Stage B HF
Patients with structural heart disease reduce ejection fraction (left ventricular hypertrophy
chamber enlargement) who have not yet developed symptoms of heart failure
-structural heart damage, but no damage
Stage C HF
Patients you have developed clinical heart failure
-symptomatic
Stage D HF
Patients with refractory heart failure that require advance intervention
-example the need for bio
-ventricular pacemaker left ventricular assist device or a heart transplant
Class I HF
No limitation of physical activity
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
Class II HF
-Slight limitation of physical activity
-Patient is comfortable at rest but ordinary physical activity results and symptoms of HF
Class 111 HF
-There is marked limitation of physical activity
-the patient is comfortable at rest but less than ordinary activity causes symptoms of HF
Class IV HF
The patient is unable to carry on any physical activity without symptoms of HF or they have
symptoms of HF at rest
Transition of stages of HF:
-Once a stage has been reached the person can ever go back to the prior stage
-the damage of the heart cannot be reversed
Transition of classes in HF
The patient may move between classes one and four as symptoms can be improved through
treatment wand medications
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
Manifestations of Right HF
-Jugular vein distention
-heptatosplenomegal
-peripheral Edema
-cor pulmonale
tricuspid valve damage
Left HF manifestations
-Increase left ventricular afterload
-decrease ejection fraction
-increased left ventricular preload
-pulmonary edema
-Dyspnea
CAD
Long-standing atherosclerosis
aortic stenosis murmur
Mid-systolic crescendo-decrescendo heard loudest at the base and radiating to the neck
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
Aortic regurgitation murmur
-Diastolic rumbling murmur heard at the apex of the heart
-An early high-pitched diastolic murmur hired at the left lower sternal border
-A systolic crescendo-descrescendo murmur heard at the left upper sternal border
Mitral Stenosis murmur
Low pitch murmur auscultated at the hearts Apex
Mitral regurgitation murmur
Pansystolic, often loud, blowing, best heard at apex, radiates well to left axilla
aortic stenosis
-calcification of aortic valve cusps that restricts forward flow of blood during systole
-narrowing of the aorta
-S4 gallop
-fainting, chest pressure
-left ventricular hypertrophy
mitral regurgitation
-Reflux of blood from left ventricle into left atrium during systole
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
-dyspnea, Jugular vein distention
aortic regurgitation
-flow of blood backward from the aorta into the heart; caused by a weak heart valve
-severe SOB
chest x-ray shows signs of pulmonary edema and cardiomegaly
mitral stenosis
-narrowing of the mitral valve opening usually caused by scarring from rheumatic fever
-SOB on activity, tachycardia, JVD, crackles
-EKG shows a-fib and left atrial hypertrophy
Obstructive Disease
characterized by an increase in resistance to airflow from the trachea and larger bronchi to the
terminal and respiratory bronchioles
Reduction of FEV1/FVC ratio
Chronic asthma
OBSTRUCTIVE
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
PFT Diagnosis used for chronic bronchitis
-FEV1 will be decreased (obstructive)
-increased TLC
simple spirometry measures
-Exhaled flow rates that include: -title volume
-vital capacity
-FEV1
forced vital capacity
-the maximum amount of air that can be removed from the lungs during forced expiration
-normal lungs should exhale 80% of the FVC
Restrictive Disease spirometry results
-FEV1, FVC, TLC are reduced
-FEV1/FVC ratio is normal
Steps to analyze pulmonary function test
1.Determine the pattern
2.Determine the severity
3.Bronchodilator response
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
FEV1/FVC ratio
Determines if it's obstructive of restrictive
FEV1/FVC ratio of ___% or less determines obstructive
-70%
FEV1/FVC ratio of greater than ___% determines restrictive
70%
TLC is greater than __% in restrictive
-80%
-80-120% represents a normal range
Obstructive pattern measurements:
-FVC- decreased or normal
-FEV1 - decreased
-FEV1/FVC ratio: less than 70%
-TLC: greater than 120 represents hyperinflation
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
Restrictive pattern measurements
FVC: decreased
-FEV1: decreased
-FEV1/FVC ratio: normal or greater 70%
-TLC: 80%
Determining the severity: mild
>70%
Determining the severity: moderate
60-70%
Determining the severity: Moderately Severe
50-60%
Determining the severity: severe
35-50%
Determining the severity: Very severe
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
<35%
Causes air trap in the Longs after full expirationobstructive disorders definition
COPD and asthma
-Characterized by extraction of airflow during expiration
-Shortness of breath when exhaling air
-Causes air trap in the Longs after full expiration
Types of COPD: irreversible
chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Restrictive disorders definition
-Characterized by reduction in lung volume
-Results in difficulty in taking air into the lungs
-Due to stiffness and lung compliance or chest wall structural abnormalities
-Includes interstitial lung disease, sclerosis, neuromuscular causes and significant obesity
Chronic bronchitis will decrease ?
FEV1
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
Emphysema has a late effect of__?
Hypoxia and hypercapnia
A patient with chronic bronchitis is likely to experience__?
Respiratory acidosis due to inability to exhale CO2
Presentation of COPD on X-ray
A flatten diaphragm, distended lung fields, and increased thoracic diameter
GOLD criteria for COPD: stage 1: mild FEV1 % predicted
80-100%
GOLD criteria for COPD: stage 2: moderate FEV1 % predicted
50%-80%
GOLD criteria for COPD: stage 3: severe FEV1 % predicted
30-50%
GOLD criteria for COPD: stage 4: very severe FEV1 % predicted
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
Less than 30%
Emphysema
-hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls (damage occurs in the airway, but
the aveloi
-air trapping
-purses lip breathing
-barrel chest
Chronic Bronchitis definition
-Bronchial inflammation hypersecretion of mucus and chronic productive cough that persist for
at least three consecutive months for at least two successful years
Result of chronic bronchitis
-Excessive mucus production accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscles
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of chronic bronchial mucus producing cells
-airflow obstruction
-and decreased alveolar ventilation
-(irreversible)
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
Manifestations of chronic bronchitis
-Productive and purulent cough
-copious sputum production
-Dyspnea
- wheezing
-rhonchi
-cyanosis of the skin and mucous membranes
-and peripheral edema
Patho of chronic bronchitis
Inspired irritants result in airway inflammation with infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, and
lymphocytes into the bronchial wall.
chronic low oxygen
-The kidneys compensate by increasing secretion of a erythropoietin the primary hormone results
for simulating red blood cell production
-As a result of increased red blood cells production the patient with chronic bronchitis exhibits in
elevated hematocrit can develop secondary polycythemia Vera.
-This increase in red blood cells causes strain on the pulmonary and cardiovascular system
causing pulmonary hypertension due to vasoconstriction
-causes right sided heart failure or cor pulmonale
Asthma s/s common to both instrinsic and extrinsic:
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
Wheezing
Extrinsic asthma is
-Triggered by an allergic reaction
-elevated IgE
-more common in children
Intrinsic asthma is
-triggered by non-allergic factors
-no elevation in IgE
-more common in adults less than 40 years of age
Wheezing occurs at
-The end of expiration
-improves after bronchodilator use
Asthma occurs at __% FEV1/FVC
70
Gold standard test for asthma
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
Methacholine Challenge test
Treatment of asthma
- Avoidance of triggers
- Short-acting ß2-agonists (SABA)
- Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)
- Long-acting ß2-agonists (LABA)
- Leukotriene antagonists (modifiers) (LTRA)
Classic for asthma
Decrease total long capacity and residual volume
Interstitial Lung Disease... associated with smoking
-pulmonary langerhans cell histiocytosis
-desquamative interstitial pneumonia
-respiratory brochiolitis-interstitial lung disease
Breath sounds IlD
Fine crackles
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
Most diagnosed interstitial lung disease
-radiation pnemonitis
-pneumonconioses
-hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Microcytic-hypochromic
iron deficiency
sideroblastic
thalassemia
Microcytic normochromic
Anemia of inflammation and chronic disease
Microcytic hyperchromic
Spherocytosis
Hypertension directly effects which load?
Afterload
Which condition can lower preload?
Midterm Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (New 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | with over 200
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Elaborations | A Grade – Chamberlain
Hemorrhage
left side of heart
Aorta, pulmonary vein, left atrium, mitral valve, aortic valve, left ventricle
Right sided of the heart:
Super vena cava (preload), pulmonary artery, right atrium, pulmonary valve, tricuspid valve,
inferior vena cava, right ventricle
