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Chapter 12: Multiprocessor Architectures
Chapter 12: Multiprocessor Architectures
Objective
Be familiar with basic multiprocessor architectures and be able to discuss speedup in multiprocessor systems, including common causes of less-than-linear and super-linear speedup
Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
Multiprocessors
A set of processors connected by a communications network
Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
Early multiprocessors
Often used processors that had been specifically designed for use in a multiprocessor to improve efficiency
Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
Most current multiprocessors Taking advantage of the large sales volumes of uniprocessors to lower prices
The same processors that are found in contemporary uniprocessor systems
Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
Multiprocessors speedup
Designers of uniprocessor systems, measure performance in terms of speedup Similarly, multiprocessor architects measure performance in terms of speedup
Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Multiprocessors speedup
Speedup generally refers to how much faster a program runs on a system with n processors than it does on a system with one processor of the same type
Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Loop unrolling
Transforming a loop with N iterations into a loop with N/M iterations Each of the iterations in the new loop does the work of M iterations of the old loop
Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Limitations
Interprocessor communication Synchronization Load Balancing
Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Limitations of Synchronization
It is often necessary to synchronize the processors to ensure that they have all completed some phase of the program before any processor begins working on the next phase of the program
Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Example of Programs that simulate physical phenomena, such as game Generally divide time into steps of fixed duration Require that all processors have completed their simulation of a given time-step before any processor can proceed to the next
Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Example of Programs that simulate physical phenomena, such game The simulation of the next time-step can be based on the results of the simulation of the current time-step This synchronization requires interprocessor communication, introducing overhead that is not found in uniprocessor systems
Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Load balancing
In many parallel applications, difficult to divide the program across the processors When each processor working the same amount of time not possible, some of the processors complete their tasks early and are then idle waiting for the others to finish
Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Superlinear speedups
Achieving speedup of greater than n on nprocessor systems Each of the processors in an n-processor multiprocessor to complete its fraction of the program in less than l/nth of the programs execution time on a uniprocessor
Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Better structure
Some programs perform less work when executed on multiprocessor than they do when executed on a uniprocessor Achieve superlinear speedups
Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Example of Better structure in case of multiprocessor system Assume a program that search for the best answer to a problem by examining all of the possibilities Sometimes exhibit superlinear speedup because the multiprocessor version examines the possibilities in a different order, one that allows it to rule out more possibilities without examining them
Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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Summary
Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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We Learnt
Extracting of parallelism by multiprocessors Speedup is generally near linear for less number of processors and becomes below linear with more systems Limitations in getting linear speedup Interprocessor communication, synchronization and load balancing
Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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We Learnt
Super-linear performance when the data can fit into caches alone in the portion of the program running on each processor
Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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End of Lesson 01 on
Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
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