Complete KCSE Computer Studies Revision Notes System Unit Components:

1. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS  Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Definition and Basic Concepts  Motherboard

Computer Definition:  Power supply unit

 An electronic device that operates under  Main memory (RAM/ROM)

the control of programs stored in its
 Hard disk
memory
 Disk drives
 Accepts data as input and transforms it
using special instructions (programs) to  Battery
produce desired output (information)
 Buses
Key Terms:
 Input/output ports
 Data: Collection of raw facts, figures, or
 Video card
instructions without much meaning
 Expansion slots
 Information: Processed data that has been
refined and manipulated into meaningful Computer Generations
form for decision-making
First Generation (1940s-1950s):
 Program: Set of related instructions
 Used vacuum tubes
specifying how data is to be processed
 Large physical size
 Data Processing: Process of collecting data
and converting it into information  High power consumption

Computer Functions:  Produced excessive heat

1. Accepting data (Input)  Frequently broke down

2. Processing the data  Low memory capacity

3. Producing information (Output)  Very slow processing

4. Storing data and information  Very expensive

Computer Components  Used magnetic drum memory

Main Parts: Second Generation (1950s-1960s):

 System unit (houses internal components)  Used transistors

 Monitor (display screen)  Smaller and more reliable

 Keyboard (input device)  Less power consumption

 Mouse (pointing device)  Faster than first generation

 Printer (output device)  Used magnetic core memory

  Less expensive 2. Mainframe: Large computers for big
organizations; used in banks, airlines
 RAM capacity: 32KB
3. Minicomputers: Medium-sized; used in
Third Generation (1960s-1970s):
scientific labs, engineering
 Used integrated circuits
4. Microcomputers/PCs: Personal use;
 Faster processing schools, small businesses, homes

 RAM capacity: 2GB By Purpose:

 Smaller in size  General Purpose: Can perform various tasks

 Supported multiple users  Special Purpose: Designed for specific tasks

(calculators, digital watches)
 Introduced magnetic disks
By Data Processing:
Fourth Generation (1970s-1980s):
 Analog: Process continuous data
 Used LSI and VLSI circuits
 Digital: Process discrete data
 Small and very fast
 Hybrid: Combination of analog and digital
 High storage capacity

 Introduced operating systems

2. COMPUTER SYSTEMS
 Used magnetic disks, bubble memories,
optical disks System Components

Fifth Generation (1980s-Present): Hardware: Physical components

 Modern computers  Input devices (keyboard, mouse, scanner)

 Use parallel architectures and 3D circuit  Processing unit (CPU)

design
 Output devices (monitor, printer, speakers)
 Very high processing speeds
 Storage devices (hard disk, RAM, ROM)
 Multiprocessing capability
Software: Programs and instructions
 Virtually unlimited memory
 System software (operating systems,
 Advanced storage devices (DVDs, SSDs) utilities)

 Multi-user operating systems  Application software (word processors,

games)
Computer Classification
 Programming languages
By Size and Power:
Liveware/Peopleware: Human resources
1. Supercomputers: Fastest, most powerful;
used for weather forecasting, research  Users, programmers, system analysts,
operators
Central Processing Unit (CPU) o Contains boot programs, BIOS

Components: o Types: PROM, EPROM, EEPROM

1. Control Unit (CU): Controls and coordinates Secondary Storage:

computer operations
 Hard disks (fixed storage)
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs
 Floppy disks (removable, 1.44MB)
calculations and logical operations
 Optical disks (CDs, DVDs)
3. Registers: Temporary storage locations
 Flash disks (USB storage)
4. System Clock: Controls processing speed
(measured in Hertz)  Magnetic tapes

CPU Functions: Storage Capacity Units:

 Fetch instructions from memory  Bit: Smallest unit (0 or 1)

 Decode instructions  Nibble: 4 bits

 Execute instructions  Byte: 8 bits

 Control hardware operations  Kilobyte (KB): 1024 bytes

 Manage data flow  Megabyte (MB): 1024 KB

Types of Registers:  Gigabyte (GB): 1024 MB

 Accumulator  Terabyte (TB): 1024 GB

 Instruction register Input/Output Devices

 Address register Input Devices:

 Storage register  Keyboard: Text and command entry

Memory Systems  Mouse: Pointing and clicking

Primary Memory:  Scanner: Converting documents to digital

1. RAM (Random Access Memory)  Microphone: Voice input

o Temporary storage  Digital camera: Image capture

o Volatile (loses data when power off)  Barcode reader: Reading product codes

o Types: SRAM, DRAM Output Devices:

o User-defined contents  Monitor: Visual display (CRT, LCD, LED)

2. ROM (Read Only Memory)  Printer: Hard copy output

o Permanent storage o Impact: Dot matrix, daisy wheel

o Non-volatile o Non-impact: Inkjet, laser, thermal

  Speakers: Audio output Examples:

 Plotter: Large format graphics  Microsoft Windows (XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10, 11)

 UNIX/Linux

3. OPERATING SYSTEMS  Mac OS

Definition and Functions  MS-DOS

Operating System: Set of programs that control Windows Environment

computer hardware resources and manage system
Key Components:
operations
 Desktop: Main screen area with icons
Main Functions:
 Taskbar: Shows running programs and Start
1. Memory Management: Allocating and
button
deallocating memory
 Windows: Rectangular areas displaying
2. Process Management: Controlling program
content
execution
 Icons: Small pictures representing
3. File Management: Organizing and
programs/files
protecting files
 Menus: Lists of commands and options
4. Device Management: Controlling
input/output devices File Management:

5. Security Management: Protecting system  Files: Collections of related data

resources
 Folders: Containers for organizing files
6. User Interface: Providing interaction with
 Directory Tree: Hierarchical file organization
users
 File Extensions: Identify file types (.txt, .doc,
Types of Operating Systems
.exe)
By Number of Users:
Important Operations:
 Single-user (MS-DOS)
 Creating, copying, moving, deleting files
 Multi-user (UNIX, Linux, Windows Server)
 Creating and managing folders
By Number of Tasks:
 File searching and properties
 Single-tasking (MS-DOS)
 Backup and restore operations
 Multi-tasking (Windows, UNIX)

By Interface:
4. WORD PROCESSING
 Command Line Interface (DOS)
Definition and Features
 Graphical User Interface (Windows, Mac
Word Processor: Software for creating, editing,
OS)
formatting, and printing text documents
Advantages over Typewriters:  Orientation: Portrait (vertical) or Landscape
(horizontal)
 Easy error correction
 Paper Size: A4, Letter, Legal, custom
 Text formatting options
 Headers and Footers: Text appearing on
 Document storage and retrieval
every page
 Multiple copies printing
 Page Numbers: Automatic numbering
 Spell checking and grammar checking
Advanced Features:
 Mail merge capabilities
 Tables: Organizing data in rows and columns
Common Word Processors:
 Graphics: Pictures, clip art, shapes
 Microsoft Word
 Mail Merge: Combining form letters with
 WordPerfect data
 WordPad  Templates: Pre-designed document formats

 OpenOffice Writer  Styles: Consistent formatting throughout

document
Text Formatting
Editing Operations
Character Formatting:
Basic Operations:
 Font Type: Arial, Times New Roman, Calibri
 Copy (Ctrl+C): Duplicate text
 Font Size: Measured in points
 Cut (Ctrl+X): Move text
 Font Style: Bold, Italic, Underline
 Paste (Ctrl+V): Insert copied/cut text
 Font Color: Various colors available
 Undo (Ctrl+Z): Reverse last action
 Text Effects: Superscript, subscript,
strikethrough  Redo (Ctrl+Y): Repeat last action

Paragraph Formatting: Advanced Operations:

 Alignment: Left, center, right, justified  Find and Replace (Ctrl+H): Search and
substitute text
 Indentation: First line, hanging, full indent
 Spell Check (F7): Check spelling errors
 Line Spacing: Single, double, 1.5, custom
 Thesaurus: Find synonyms and antonyms
 Bullets and Numbering: Organizing lists
 AutoCorrect: Automatic error correction
 Borders and Shading: Visual enhancement
 Word Count: Document statistics
Document Features

Page Setup:
5. SPREADSHEETS
 Margins: Top, bottom, left, right spacing
Definition and Applications
Spreadsheet: Electronic ledger with rows and  Absolute Reference: Doesn't change when
columns for entering and manipulating numerical copied ($A$1)
data
 Mixed Reference: Combination ($A1 or
Applications: A$1)

 Accounting and financial calculations Examples:

 Statistical analysis  =B2+C2 (relative - changes when copied)

 Scientific calculations  =$B$2+$C$2 (absolute - doesn't change)

 Data management  =B$2+C2 (mixed - row absolute, column

relative)
 Forecasting and "What-if" analysis
Functions and Formulas
 Budget preparation
Mathematical Functions:
 Grade calculations
 SUM(): Adds values in range
Spreadsheet Components
 AVERAGE(): Calculates mean
Worksheet Elements:
 MAX(): Finds highest value
 Rows: Horizontal arrangements (numbered
1, 2, 3...)  MIN(): Finds lowest value

 Columns: Vertical arrangements (lettered A,  ROUND(): Rounds to specified decimals

B, C...)
 PRODUCT(): Multiplies values
 Cells: Intersection of row and column
Statistical Functions:
 Range: Group of selected cells (A1:C5)
 COUNT(): Counts cells with numbers
 Workbook: Collection of worksheets
 COUNTIF(): Counts cells meeting criteria
Data Types:
 RANK(): Ranks values in order
1. Labels: Text or alphanumeric data
 MODE(): Most frequently occurring value
2. Values: Numbers for calculations
Logical Functions:
3. Formulas: Mathematical expressions
 IF(): Conditional function
starting with =
 AND(): Tests multiple conditions
4. Functions: Built-in formulas
 OR(): Tests alternative conditions
Cell References
Date/Time Functions:
Types:
 TODAY(): Current date
 Relative Reference: Changes when copied
(A1)  NOW(): Current date and time

 DATE(): Creates specific date

Charts and Graphs  Network: Web-like connections

Chart Types:  Relational: Tables with relationships

 Column Charts: Compare values across Database Management Systems (DBMS)

categories
Examples:
 Bar Charts: Horizontal comparison
 Microsoft Access
 Line Charts: Show trends over time
 Oracle
 Pie Charts: Show parts of a whole
 MySQL
 Scatter Charts: Show relationships between
 SQL Server
variables
 FoxPro
Chart Components:
 dBase
 Data range
DBMS Functions:
 Chart title
 Data storage and retrieval
 Axis labels
 Data security and integrity
 Legend
 Concurrent access control
 Data labels
 Data backup and recovery

 Query processing
6. DATABASE MANAGEMENT
 Report generation
Database Concepts
Database Objects
Database: Organized collection of related data
stored for consistent access Tables: Store data in rows and columns Forms: User
interface for data entry Queries: Search and
Database Hierarchy:
analyze data Reports: Formatted output of data
1. Character: Individual letter, number, symbol Macros: Automated tasks Modules: Programming
code
2. Field: Collection of characters (Name, Age)
Field Data Types:
3. Record: Collection of related fields (student
record)  Text: Alphanumeric characters

4. File/Table: Collection of related records  Number: Numeric values for calculations

5. Database: Collection of related files  Date/Time: Date and time values

Database Models:  Currency: Monetary values

 Flat File: Single table  AutoNumber: Automatic sequential

numbering
 Hierarchical: Tree-like structure
 Yes/No: Boolean true/false values
  Memo: Large text blocks Examples:

 OLE Object: Pictures, files  Microsoft Publisher

Relationships and Keys  Adobe PageMaker

Primary Key: Field that uniquely identifies each  Adobe InDesign

record Foreign Key: Field linking to primary key in
 QuarkXPress
another table Index: Speeds up data retrieval
 CorelDRAW
Relationship Types:
DTP vs. Word Processing:
 One-to-One: Single record relates to single
record  DTP: Professional layout, precise positioning

 One-to-Many: Single record relates to  Word Processing: Document creation, basic

multiple records formatting

 Many-to-Many: Multiple records relate to DTP Components

multiple records
Layout Elements:
Database Design Principles:
 Pasteboard: Work area for arranging
 Normalization: Reducing data redundancy objects

 Data integrity: Ensuring accuracy  Printable Area: Area within margins

 Referential integrity: Maintaining  Margins: Page boundaries

relationships
 Columns: Text layout divisions

 Guides: Non-printing alignment aids

7. DESKTOP PUBLISHING (DTP)
Objects:
Definition and Purpose
 Text Frames: Containers for text
Desktop Publishing: Creating professional
 Graphics: Images, clipart, drawings
publications using specialized software on desktop
computers  Shapes: Geometric objects

Applications:  Lines: Connecting or decorative elements

 Newsletters and newspapers Text and Graphics Manipulation

 Brochures and flyers Text Features:

 Books and magazines  Font Management: Typefaces and sizes

 Business cards and invitations  Text Flow: How text moves between frames

 Posters and advertisements  Text Wrap: Flow around objects

 Calendars and certificates  Drop Caps: Large initial letters

DTP Software  Kerning: Letter spacing

  Tracking: Overall character spacing  Hyperlinks connect pages

Graphics Features: Email (Electronic Mail):

 Importing: Bringing in external images  Sending and receiving electronic messages

 Scaling: Resizing objects  Faster than traditional mail

 Cropping: Hiding parts of images  Can include attachments

 Layering: Stacking order of objects  Requires email address

 Grouping: Combining objects as one unit Other Services:

 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

8. INTERNET AND EMAIL  Instant messaging

Internet Basics  Video conferencing

Internet: Global network of interconnected  Online shopping (e-commerce)

computers enabling worldwide communication and
 Social networking
resource sharing
Web Browsing
Internet History:
Web Browser: Software for accessing web pages
 1969: ARPANET created by ARPA (USA)
 Internet Explorer
 1973: Email becomes common
 Mozilla Firefox
 1981: Network expansion begins
 Google Chrome
 1987: 10,000 host computers
 Safari
 1994: 3 million computers connected
URL (Uniform Resource Locator): Format:
Internet Requirements:
protocol://domain.extension Example:
 Computer with network capability http://www.google.com

 Internet Service Provider (ISP)  http: Protocol

 Modem or network connection  www: World Wide Web

 Internet software/browser  google: Domain name

 Telecommunication infrastructure  com: Commercial organization

Internet Services Navigation Tools:

World Wide Web (WWW):  Address bar

 Collection of web pages and websites  Back/Forward buttons

 Accessed through browsers  Refresh button

 Uses HTTP protocol  Home button

  Bookmarks/Favorites 7. Documentation

Email Components Programming Languages

Email Address Format: Generations:

username@domain.extension Example:
1. Machine Language: Binary code (0s and 1s)
student@school.ac.ke
2. Assembly Language: Mnemonic codes
Email Structure:
3. High-Level Languages: English-like
 Header: To, From, Subject, Date
statements (BASIC, Pascal, C++)
 Message Body: Main content
4. 4th Generation Languages: User-friendly
 Attachments: Additional files tools (Visual Basic, Delphi)

 Signature: Sender information 5. 5th Generation Languages: Artificial

intelligence
Email Operations:
Language Translators:
 Compose: Create new message
 Compiler: Translates entire program at once
 Send: Transmit message
 Interpreter: Translates line by line
 Receive: Get incoming messages
 Assembler: Translates assembly language
 Reply: Respond to sender
Program Design Tools
 Forward: Send to others
Flowcharts: Graphical representation of program
 Delete: Remove messages
logic Symbols:

 Oval: Start/End
9. PROGRAMMING
 Rectangle: Process
Programming Concepts
 Diamond: Decision
Program: Set of instructions directing computer to
 Parallelogram: Input/Output
perform specific tasks Programming: Process of
creating computer programs Programming  Circle: Connector
Language: Formal language for writing programs
Pseudocode: Structured English-like statements
Programming Process: describing program logic

1. Problem recognition Control Structures

2. Problem definition Sequence: Instructions executed in order Selection:

Decision making (IF-THEN-ELSE) Iteration:
3. Program design
Repetition (FOR, WHILE, REPEAT-UNTIL loops)
4. Program coding
Examples:
5. Program testing and debugging
IF condition THEN
6. Implementation and maintenance
 statement1 Decimal to Binary: Divide by 2, record remainders
Example: 13₁₀ = 1101₂
ELSE
Binary to Decimal: Multiply by powers of 2
statement2
Example: 1101₂ = 8+4+0+1 = 13₁₀
ENDIF
Binary Arithmetic: Addition, subtraction using
binary rules Two's complement for negative
numbers
FOR counter = 1 TO 10
Data Codes
statement
ASCII: American Standard Code for Information
NEXT counter
Interchange EBCDIC: Extended Binary Coded
Decimal Interchange Code BCD: Binary Coded
Decimal Unicode: International character encoding
WHILE condition DO
Data Units:
statement
 Bit: 1 binary digit
ENDWHILE
 Nibble: 4 bits
Program Errors
 Byte: 8 bits
Types:
 Word: Computer-specific unit
 Syntax Errors: Incorrect language rules

 Logic Errors: Incorrect program logic

11. DATA SECURITY AND CONTROL
 Runtime Errors: Errors during execution
Security Threats
Debugging Methods:
Computer Viruses:
 Desk checking (dry running)
 Boot sector viruses
 Translator error checking
 File viruses
 Test data validation
 Trojan horses
 Step-by-step execution
 Worms

 Logic bombs
10. DATA REPRESENTATION
Computer Crimes:
Number Systems
 Hacking: Unauthorized access
Decimal (Base 10): Uses digits 0-9 Binary (Base 2):
Uses digits 0-1 Octal (Base 8): Uses digits 0-7  Cracking: Breaking security codes
Hexadecimal (Base 16): Uses digits 0-9, A-F
 Piracy: Illegal software copying
Number Conversion
 Fraud: Computer-assisted theft
  Data alteration: Unauthorized changes  Data protection acts

 Industrial espionage: Stealing trade secrets  Computer crime legislation

Other Threats:  Software licensing

 Hardware failure  Privacy regulations

 Power problems

 Natural disasters 12. NETWORKING AND DATA COMMUNICATION

 Human errors Network Concepts

 Theft and vandalism Computer Network: Collection of computers

connected for communication and resource sharing
Security Measures
Network Types:
Physical Security:
 LAN (Local Area Network): Small
 Locked computer rooms
geographical area
 Security cameras
 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): City-
 Burglar alarms wide coverage

 Fire protection systems  WAN (Wide Area Network): Global

coverage
 Environmental controls
Network Benefits:
Access Control:
 Resource sharing
 User passwords
 Communication
 User accounts and permissions
 Data sharing
 Biometric systems
 Cost reduction
 Smart cards
 Centralized management
 Encryption
Transmission Media
Data Protection:
Guided Media:
 Regular backups
 Twisted Pair: Two insulated copper wires
 Antivirus software
 Coaxial Cable: Central conductor with
 Firewalls
shielding
 Audit trails
 Fiber Optic: Glass fibers transmitting light
 Data encryption
Unguided Media:
Legal Protection:
 Radio Waves: Omnidirectional transmission
 Copyright laws
 Microwave: Line-of-sight transmission
  Satellite: Space-based relay stations 7. Application

 Infrared: Short-range optical transmission

Network Hardware 13. ICT APPLICATIONS

Network Interface Card (NIC): Connects computer Business Applications

to network Hub: Central connection point
Banking:
(broadcasts to all) Switch: Intelligent forwarding
device Router: Connects different networks Bridge:  ATMs for 24/7 service
Connects network segments Repeater: Amplifies
 Electronic funds transfer
signals Gateway: Protocol converter
 Credit card processing
Network Topologies
 Account management
Physical Topologies:
 Loan processing
 Star: All devices connect to central hub
Retail:
 Bus: All devices on single cable
 Point of Sale (POS) systems
 Ring: Devices connected in circular
arrangement  Inventory management

 Mesh: Every device connected to every  Barcode scanning

other
 Customer databases
 Tree: Hierarchical arrangement
 E-commerce websites
Logical Topologies:
Accounting:
 Ethernet: CSMA/CD protocol
 Automated bookkeeping
 Token Ring: Token passing protocol
 Financial reporting
Network Protocols
 Payroll processing
TCP/IP: Internet protocol suite HTTP: Web page
 Tax calculations
transfer FTP: File transfer SMTP: Email transmission
DNS: Domain name resolution  Budget planning

OSI Model Layers: Educational Applications

1. Physical Computer-Aided Learning (CAL):

2. Data Link  Interactive lessons

3. Network  Multimedia presentations

4. Transport  Self-paced learning

5. Session  Immediate feedback

6. Presentation E-Learning:
  Distance education  Telemedicine

 Online courses  Global collaboration

 Virtual classrooms Email Systems:

 Learning management systems  Instant communication

Computer Simulation:  Document sharing

 Safe practice environment  Group messaging

 Cost-effective training  Automated responses

 Complex system modeling Social Media:

 Scientific experiments  Social networking

Industrial Applications  Information sharing

Computer-Aided Design (CAD):  Marketing platforms

 Product design  Community building

 Architectural plans

 Engineering drawings 14. ICT IMPACT ON SOCIETY

 3D modeling Employment Effects

Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM): Job Creation:

 Automated production  New IT positions

 Quality control  Digital service roles

 Inventory management  Technology support jobs

 Process optimization  Online business opportunities

Robotics: Job Displacement:

 Assembly line automation  Automation replacing manual work

 Hazardous task performance  Reduced need for intermediaries

 Precision manufacturing  Skill obsolescence

 Quality inspection  Industry restructuring

Communication Applications Job Transformation:

Video Conferencing:  Upgraded skill requirements

 Remote meetings  Remote work possibilities

 Distance learning  Flexible working hours

  Continuous learning needs  Expert systems

Social Effects  Natural language processing

Positive Impacts:  Machine learning

 Improved communication  Neural networks

 Access to information  Voice recognition

 Educational opportunities Emerging Technologies:

 Healthcare improvements  Internet of Things (IoT)

 Entertainment options  Cloud computing

Negative Impacts:  Mobile computing

 Digital divide  Virtual reality

 Privacy concerns  Blockchain technology

 Cybercrime increase

 Social isolation 15. CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN ICT

 Information overload ICT Career Paths

Health and Environmental Issues Technical Roles:

Health Problems:  System Analyst: Analyze and design

information systems
 Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI)
 Programmer: Write and maintain computer
 Eye strain and vision problems
programs
 Electromagnetic radiation exposure
 Software Engineer: Develop software
 Stress and mental health issues applications

 Sedentary lifestyle problems  Database Administrator: Manage database

systems
Environmental Concerns:
 Network Administrator: Maintain computer
 Electronic waste (e-waste)
networks
 Energy consumption
 Web Developer: Create and maintain
 Resource depletion websites
 Pollution from manufacturing Management Roles:
 Carbon footprint of data centers  IT Manager: Oversee IT operations
Future Trends  Project Manager: Manage IT projects
Artificial Intelligence:
  System Administrator: Maintain computer  Market demand for skills
systems
 Educational requirements
 Data Processing Manager: Manage data
 Career advancement opportunities
operations
 Salary expectations
Support Roles:
 Work-life balance
 Computer Technician: Repair and maintain
hardware Professional Development:

 Help Desk Specialist: Provide user support  Continuous learning

 Computer Trainer: Teach computer skills  Industry certifications

 Technical Writer: Create documentation  Professional associations

Educational Requirements  Networking opportunities

University Level:  Practical experience through internships

 Bachelor's degrees in Computer Science, IT,

Software Engineering
EXAM PREPARATION TIPS
 Master's degrees for advanced positions
Study Strategies
 PhD for research and academic positions
Content Mastery:
Diploma/Certificate Level:
1. Understand concepts, don't just memorize
 Technical diplomas in computer studies
2. Practice numerical conversions regularly
 Professional certifications (Microsoft, Cisco,
3. Draw flowcharts and system diagrams
Oracle)
4. Learn key definitions exactly
 Vocational training programs
5. Understand cause-and-effect relationships
Skills Development:
Question Types:
 Programming languages
 Definition questions (2-3 marks)
 Database management
 Explanation questions (4-6 marks)
 Network administration
 Comparison questions (3-4 marks)
 Web development
 Application questions (5-10 marks)
 Project management
 Problem-solving questions (8-15 marks)
 Communication skills
Time Management:
Career Planning
 Section A: 15-20 minutes per question
Factors to Consider:
 Section B: 30-35 minutes per question
 Personal interests and aptitudes
  Leave 10-15 minutes for review  [ ] Software package features

 Read all questions before starting  [ ] Hardware component functions

Common Topics in KCSE:  [ ] Network device purposes

1. Computer systems and components  [ ] Data processing methods

2. Data representation and conversion  [ ] System development stages

3. Programming concepts and flowcharts  [ ] Communication protocols

4. Database design and management Remember: Focus on understanding concepts

thoroughly rather than memorizing facts. Practice
5. Network topologies and protocols
past papers regularly and time yourself during
6. ICT applications in society revision sessions.

7. Security threats and measures

8. Operating systems functions

9. Word processing features

10. Spreadsheet functions and formulas

Final Review Checklist

Technical Skills:

 [ ] Number system conversions

 [ ] Binary arithmetic operations

 [ ] Flowchart symbol meanings

 [ ] Database relationship types

 [ ] Network topology characteristics

 [ ] Memory unit conversions

Conceptual Understanding:

 [ ] Computer generation features

 [ ] Operating system functions

 [ ] Programming language types

 [ ] Security threat categories

 [ ] ICT impact on society

 [ ] Career opportunities in ICT

Application Knowledge: