CHAPTER 1 A STUDY ON WAYANAD AS A TOURISM DESTINATION AND STRATEGIES FOR ITS POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT

1.1 Introduction

Tourism has been a major social phenomenon of societies all over the world. It is driven by the natural urge of every human being for new experiences, and the desire to be both educated and entertained. The motivations for tourism also include religious and business interests; the spread of education has fostered a desire to know more about different parts of the globe. The basic human thirst for new experience and knowledge has become stronger, as communication barriers are getting overcome by technological advances. Progresses in air transport and development of tourist facilities have encouraged people to venture beyond the boundaries. The importance of Tourism, as an instrument of economic development and employment generation, particularly in remote and backward areas, has been well recognized the world over. It is a large service industry globally in terms of gross revenue as well as foreign exchange earnings. Tourism can play an important and effective role in achieving the growth with equity an objective which we have set for ourselves. Over the years Kerala has become the most preferred tourist destination in India. The state is well known for smooth law and order, peace and tranquility. Selected as one of the ten paradises by the National Geographic Traveler (NGT), Kerala is among the fifty places in the world recommended to be visited in a life time. The recognition of the over whelming greenery and the unspoiled natural wealth of the state is reiteration of Keralas positioning as Gods Own Country. Varkala, a calm and quite hamlet lies on the outskirts of Trivandrum District. It has several places of tourist interest like a beautiful beach, a 2000- year old Vishnu temple and the ashramam- Sivagiri Mutt a little distance from the beach. At the serene Varkala beach is a quiet sea resort rich in mineral water springs. A dip in the holly waters at this beach is believed to purge the body of impurities and the soul of all sins. Hence the name Papanasan beach. High red rocks, coconut trees, unspoiled sea with good waves, restaurants, one holy Hindu beach and that is the wonderful sight of the Arabian sea coastline. However, it seems to be that Varkala is turning into a new Kovalam beach or may be even a new Goa. Quite some female travelers feel at ease in this new paradise to such an extent that they do not take into consideration anymore the beach dress code in India. Varkala offers excellent accommodation facilities for the tourist and is fast becoming a popular health resort with many Ayurvedic Massage centers.

1.2

Objectives

The following are the objectives of the present study: To understand the tourism scenario of Wayanad. To identify the strategies for promoting tourism in Wayanad. To promote Wayanad as well known toutism destination.

1.3

Scope and Significance of the study

Since Wayanad has not been exploited up to its great extend as a tourist destination there is amble scope for developing Wayanad as tourist destination. This study focus on how to develop various strategies to market wayanaad as well as to minimize the negative impacts of tourism

1.4

Methodology / Analytical Framework

In order to meet the objectives of this present study both primary as well as secondary data will be collected. The secondary data will be collected from books, journals, magazines and e-resources. For collecting the primary data a questionnaire will be prepared and issued to the identified respondents in wayanad.. The data collected will be analyzed and interpreted by using appropriate tools and techniques.

1.5

Chapterisation

The present study is structured into 5 chapters. The details are given below: I. II. III. IV. V. Introduction Review of Literature Tourism Attractions of wayanad Present tourism Scenario Of Wayanad Findings, suggestions and conclusion

Chapter 2

Review of Literature
2.1 Introduction
Tourism has been a major social phenomenon of societies all over the world. It is driven by the natural urge of every human being for new experiences, and the desire to be both educated and entertained. The motivations for tourism also include religious and business interests; the spread of education has fostered a desire to know more about different parts of the globe. The basic human thirst for new experience and knowledge has become stronger, as communication barriers are getting overcome by technological advances. Progresses in air transport and development of tourist facilities have encouraged people to venture beyond the boundaries. The term tourism, according to the dictionary of Colliers Encyclopedia, refers both to travel undertaken for pleasure and to the modern multimillion- dollar business that caters to the tourists need for transportation, food accommodation, recreation, health, souvenirs and social contact. Travel is an ancient phenomenon. From the very earliest historical period travel has had a fascination for man. The present century has witnessed the emergence of tourism as an eminent industry in almost all the countries. Tourism has major economic significance for a country. The receipts from international tourists are a major source of Foreign Exchange Earnings(FEE) earnings for developing nations as well as underdeveloped nations. Tourism is the largest source of revenue for countries like Srilanka, Maldives, Kenya whose economies are virtually dependent on tourism. The expenditure incurred by tourists at the destination creates a multiplier effect for the local economy . Tourism is traveling for predominantly recreation, leisure or business purposes and also refers to the provisions of services in support of this act. United Nations World Tourism Organisation defines Tourism as the activities of people traveling through and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.

2.1.1 Importance of tourism

The importance of Tourism, as an instrument of economic development and employment generation, particularly in remote and backward areas, has been well recognized the world over . It is a large service industry globally in terms of gross revenue as well as foreign exchange earnings. Tourism can play an important and effective role in achieving the growth with equity an objective which we have set for ourselves.

2.1.3 Tourism potential

Tourism has the potential to grow at a high rate and ensure consequential development of the infrastructure of the destinations. It has the capacity to capitalize on the countrys success in the services sector and provide sustainable models of growth. Tourism sector stimulates other economic sectors like agriculture, horticulture, poultry, handicrafts ,transport, construction, etc. through its backward and forward linkages and cross-sectoral synergies. Expenditure on tourism induces a chain of transactions requiring supply of goods and services from the related sectors. The consumption demand, emanating from tourist expenditure also induces more employment and generates a multiplier effect on the economy.

2.1.4 Concepts and Definitions

1. Tourism The activities of persons traveling to and in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year, for leisure, business and other purposes. 2. Domestic tourists A domestic tourist is a person who travels within the country to a place other than his usual place of residence and stays at hotels or ther accommodation establishments run on commercial basis or in Dharmasalas/ sarais/ musafirkhanas/ agrashalas/ choultries etc. for a duration of not less than twenty four hours or one night and for not more than twelve months at a time for anyone of the following purposes: a. b. c. d. Pleasure Pilgrimage, religious and social functions Business, conference and meetings and Study and health

3. Foreign tourists

A foreign tourist is a person visiting India on a foreign passport, staying at least twenty four hours in the country, the purpose of whose journey can be classified under one of the following categories: a. Leisure b. Business, family mission, meeting

2.1.4 Types of Tourism

There are different types of tourism. They are: Internal Tourism When people travel with the intention of relaxation and seeking pleasure within the territorial boundary of their nation, it is called internal tourism. The currency exchange, health formalities, language barrier are absent. II. Picnic It is a pleasure trip of a small level and for a short period, say for a few hours. I.

Excursion It is a visit to places of interest and to stay for a short period stays for a few days or less than a week and return to the place of origin. Pilgrimage Visiting sacred places are called pilgrimage. Large number of people every year visit Jerusalem, the birth place of Jesus Christ, Mecca, the birth place of Prophet Mohammad, Ayodhya, the birth place of Sri Rama, Bodhgaya, the birth place of Buddha. Seasonal Tourism It offers to those tourists who have a holiday period of not more than one month and remain in one specific place. Roaming Tourism This type of tourism refers to the category of tourists who travel throughout their holiday period. They travel from places to places and never spend more than five nights at a particular place. VI. V. IV.

III.

VII.

Regional Tourism

The system of traveling for seeking pleasure by visiting the places of tourist attractions of the neighboring countries is called regional tourism. This type of tourism is seen largely practiced by the people of Western countries. Educational tourism The spread of western education has created worldwide natural curiosity among the people to tourism travel and discover how others live and work. It helps them to see the way of life of other people to study and explore particular countries and their beautiful natural signs to satisfy ones last wish to acquire better knowledge and understand what goes in the world to visit scientific and cultural institutions and have a first hand information about its functioning. Political tourism This form of travel implies the participation in great political events and important national celebrations. Religious and spiritual tourism Travel for religious purpose has assumed significance during the medieval ages. The ceremonies that are performed from cradle to grave- birth, growth, marriage and death require undergoing certain religious Rites by visiting holy places. Domestic tourism and travel People travel outside the normal domicile to certain other areas within their country. Travel formalities are absent and currency exchange, language passport, visa and health documents are not necessary. The domestic tourist is one who spends not less than 24 hours or makes an overnight stay away from his usual residence. Business tourism ( mice tourism ) This type of tourism has become very popular. In order to attract more such people modern facilities are provided for business meetings, fairs, exhibitions, seminars, technical conferences and conventions are created. Cultural tourism In this tourism including urban tourism, visiting historical heritage, this type of tourism may also include specializes cultural experiences. Such as art museum where, the tourists visits many art museums during the tour, or opera tourism where the tourists sees many operas or coconuts during the tour. XIII. XII. XI. X. IX. VIII.

XIV.

Coastal tourism

In this tourism involves tourist products located along coastal environment. Due to the limited extend of coastal environments they often are amongst the finest place to experience tourist congestion for a region. Dark tourism This is the travel to sites associated with death and suffering. The first agency to specialize in this kind of tourism started with trips to Lake Burst, New Jersey, the seen of the Hindenburg airship disaster. Ethnical tourism Ethnical tourism denoted that kind of tourism , which is related with culturecustoms, fairs and festivals of the region or area. Sports tourism Sports tourism is a mass phenomenon of this world. It should be subjected to wise planning and guidance. This tourism is motivated by the person who wishes to practice sports, water and winter sports, hunting and fishing which are now in good demand. International tourism This type of tourism denotes the movement of people by crossing national boarders of different countries. Tourist should carry travel documents, passports, visas and they should fulfill the conditions of entry movement and exit of every country. Shopping tourism In this tourism shopping festivals as tourist draw attentions to the cities like Dubai, Singapore, Hong Kong . Eco tourism It can be defined as a nature based tourism that involve education and interpretation of a natural environment and is managed to be ecologically sustainable. It has gained popularity in the recent past and the year 2002 was declared as the international year for eco tourism. It is becoming popular in Kerala. It conserves nature and has the minimum impact on the environment. XXI. Space tourism Traveling in outer space or Spaceships is included in this tourism. XX. XIX. XVIII. XVII. XVI. XV.

Heritage tourism Heritage tourism is defined as tourism, which is based on heritage, where heritage is the core of the product that is offered which is the main motivating factor for the consumer. Heritage tourism uses historic, cultural and natural assets that already exist rather than erecting new alterations. XXIII. Health tourism and Medical tourism

XXII.

The concept of Health tourism is not a new one. The presence of natural factors and the availability of rare medicinal plants are important treasures of health tourism which has helped to attract more tourists. Health tourism in Kerala is more specifically known for the provision of health care with traditional Ayurvedic Medicine. For foreign tourist, it is a travel to a recuperative climate with natural therapeutic resources. Medical tourism indicates the provision of cost effective private medical care in collaboration with tourism industry for patients needing surgical and other forms of specialized treatments based on modern medicine. Medical tourism focuses on treatment of acute illness like cancer and effective surgeries for cardiology and bypass etc. It is a new branch where tourists arrive mainly for surgeries and dental implants. Recreational tourism Recreational tourism or leisure tourism takes a person away from the burden of everyday life. In this case, people spend their leisure time at the hills, sea beaches etc. Incentive tourism Holiday trips are offered as incentives by major companies to dealers and salesman who achieve high targets in sales. This is a new and expanding phenomenon in tourism. These are in lieu of cash incentives or gifts. Today incentive tourism is a three billion dollar business in the USA alone. XXV. XXIV.

2.2

Tourism in India
Tourism is the largest service industry in India, with a contribution of 6.23% to the

national GDP and 8.78% of the total employment in India. Indias performance in tourism sector has been quite impressive. During the period 2002 to 2009, India witnessed an increase in the Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) from 2.38 million to 5.11 million. India witnessed more than 5 million annual foreign tourist arrivals and 562 million domestic tourism visits in 2009. Majority of foreign tourists come from USA and UK and Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh were the top four states to receive inbound tourists. Domestic tourism in the same year was massive at 650 million. Due to global slowdown, terrorist activities, H1N1 influenza pandemic, etc., growth rate in FTAs during 2009 fell by 3.3 per cent. The year witnessed a contraction in global tourism by 4.3 per cent; the declaration in India was, therefore, less than that of the scale of global slowdown. Foreign Exchange Earnings (FEEs) from tourism increased from Rs. 15,064 crore in 2002 to Rs. 54,960 crore in 2009. The growth rate in earnings in 2009 vis-a-vis 2008 was 8.3 per cent. According to World Travel and Tourism Council, India will be a tourism hotspot from 20092018, having the highest 10-year growth potential. The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2007 ranked tourism in India 6th in terms of price competitiveness and 39th in terms of safety and security. Indian grand prix to boost tourism from the year 2011.Despite short- and medium-term setbacks, such as shortage of hotel rooms, tourism revenues are expected to surge by 42% from 2007 to 2017. Tourism in India need to be understood in the global context of competing destinations. It may be thought of as multiple Indias with a multitude of competing destinations Goa, Rajasthan, Kerala, Assam, Kashmir under the India umbrella. India's 5000 years of history, its length, breadth and the variety of geographic features make its tourism basket large and varied. It presents heritage and cultural tourism along with medical, business and sports tourism. Medical tourism sector in India is currently experiencing an exponential growth. The 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi has significantly boosted tourism in India. India represents one of the most potential tourism markets in the world. It has expanded rapidly over the past few years and underpinned by the government support, rising income level

and various international sports events, the Indian tourism industry will continue to grow at the fastest pace in the coming years. Concerted efforts are being made to promote new forms of tourism such as rural, cruise, medical and eco-tourism.

2.3

Tourism in Kerala
Over the years Kerala has become the most preferred tourist destination in India. The

state is well known for smooth law and order, peace and tranquility. Selected as one of the ten paradises by the National Geographic Traveler (NGT), Kerala is among the fifty places in the world recommended to be visited in a life time. The recognition of the over whelming greenery and the unspoiled natural wealth of the state is reiteration of Keralas positioning as Gods Own Country. According to the legends , Kerala came to existence when the God Parasurama hurled his axe far into the turbulent sea forcing it to retreat. The land thus uncovered was Kerala- the Gods own Country. It is also said that Kerala is named after Kera (Coconut Palm) which grows plenty in almost all parts of the state. The present state of Kerala was created in 1956 from the princely states of Travancore and Cochin and parts of Madras State- Malabar. Its flora and fauna, art and culture, cleanliness, health care etc have given her a name among the developed and developing countries in the world. In Kerala tourism has significant role because of it has potential in creating employment and contribution towards the development of the state. There is an increasing trend in foreign tourists arrival during the last few years. Kerala offers a wide variety of tourist attractions and Keralas small land area gives it the added advantage of being the best venture for multi destination tourism. Today Kerala tourism with its tagline Gods Own Country is a super brand and regarded as one of the most popular tourist destinations in india because of its unique culture and traditions coupled with its varied demography.

2.3.1 Kerala at a glance

Location Area Population Capital Language Religion Time Currency Climate Summer Monsoon Winter Literacy Clothing Best time to visit Southwestern tip of India 38,863 sq. Km 3,18,38,619 Thiruvananthapuram Malayalam Hinduism, Christianity, Islam Indian Standard Time: GMT+ 5.30 Indian Rupee Tropical February- May (24-33 C) June- September (22-28C) October- January (22-32C) 100% (Approximate) Light Cottons High Season: December May

Monsoon Programs June- November Airports Seaport Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, Kozhikode Kochi

Source: Kerala Tourism Statistics 2008

2.3.2 Major attractions of Kerala

1- Beaches Most of Indias finest beaches are in Kerala. Flanked on the western coast by the Arabian Sea, Kerala has a long coast line of 580 Kms, all of which is virtually dotted with sandy beaches. Kovalam beach near Thiruvananthapuram was among the first beaches in Kerala to attract tourists. Other popularly visited beaches in the state include Alappuzha Beach, Nattika beach, Vadanappilly beach, Cherai beach, Kappad beach, Muzhappilangadi beach and Varkala

beach. Beaches offer deep experience of sea, sand and sun blended together tourist relaxing on the sea shore going for a sea bath and returning to the hot sun rays get a natural experience. 2- Hill stations Much of Keralas exotic appeal is centered in the highland area of the Western Ghats. Eastern Kerala consists of land encroached upon by the Western Ghats; the region thus includes high mountains, gorges, and deep-cut valleys. The wildest lands are covered with dense forests, while other regions lie under tea and coffee plantations (established mainly in the 19th and 20th centuries) or other forms of cultivation. The Western Ghats rises on average to 1500 meter elevation above sea level. Certain peaks may reach 2500 meter. Popular hill stations in the region include Devikulam, Munnar, Nelliyampathi, Peermade, Ponmudi, Vagamon, Wayanad and Kottanchery Hills. 3- Wild life Kerala has about 30 per cent of its land covered by forest. The jungles of Kerala are famous for the elephants and tiger besides other animals. Most of Kerala, whose native habitat consist of wet evergreen rainforests at lower elevations and highland deciduous and semievergreen forest in the east is subject to a humid tropical climate. However, significant variations in terrain and elevation have resulted in a land whose bio diversity registers as among the worlds most significant. Most of Keralas significantly biodiverse tracts of wilderness lie in the evergreen forests of its eastern most districts. There are also numerous protected conservation areas, including 1455.4 square kilometer of the vast Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. In turn, the forests play host to such major fauna as Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus), Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) Leopard (Panthera pardus), and Nilgiri Tahr (Nilgiritragus hylocrius), and Grizzled Giant Squirrel (Ratufa macroura). More remote preserves, including Silent Valley National Park in the Kundali Hills, harbor endangered species such as Lion-tailed Macaque (Macaca silenus) Indian Sloth Bear (Melursus (Ursus) ursinus ursinus), and Gaur (the so-called Indian Bison-Bos gaurus). More common species include Indian porcupine (Hystrix indica) Chital (Axis axis), Sambar (Cervus unicolor), Gray Langer, Flying Squirrel, Swamp Lynx (Felis chaus kutas), Boar (Sus scrofa), a variety of catarrhine Old World monkey species, Gray Wolf (Canis lupus), Common Palm Civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus). Many reptiles, such as king cobra, viper,

python, various turtles and crocodiles are to be found in Kerala- again, disproportionately in the east. Keralas avifauna include endemics like the Srilanka Frogmouth (Batravhostomus moniliger), Oriental Bay Owl, large frugivores like the Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) and Indian Grey Hornbill, as well as the more widespread birds such as Peafowl, Indian Cornmorant, Jungle and Hill Myna, Oriental Darter, Black-hooded Oriole, Greater Racket-tailed and Black Drongoes, bulbul (pycnonotidae), species of Kingfisher and Woodpecker, Jungle Fowl, Alexandrine Parakeet, and assorted ducks and migratory birds. Additionally, freshwater fish such as kadu (stinging -catfish Heteropneustes fossilis and brackish water species such as Choottachi (orange chromide- Etroplus maculates; valued as an aquarium specimen) also are native to Keralas lakes and waterways. 4- Wetlands Kerala also hosts two of the worlds Ramsar Convention- listed wetlands; Lake Sasthamkotta and the Vembanad-Kol wetlands are noted as being wetlands if international importance. 5- Fairs & festival Authentic traditional values represented in the cultural festivals which reflect the legendary heritage enable the Keralites to transform into gaiety crowed with color full fairs and festivals. 6- Folk songs and dance The primitive folk songs and dance performance practiced by the ancient people offer a traditional attraction to the tourist. 7- Handicrafts and paintings Kerala is famous for handicrafts like Aranmulla mirror and wood carvings which offer souvenirs for every travelers visiting kerala. 8- Pilgrim centers Kerala is bestowed with many pilgrim centers located in many corners of the state, which offers peace of mind and divine moments for the tourists. Some of the most popularly visited pilgrim centers as Sivagiri near Varkala, Sabarimala, Lord Janardhana Swamy Temple, Malayatoor Church, and Edathwah.

9- Ayurveda Medical tourism promoted by traditional systems of medicines like Ayurveda and sidha are widely popular in the state and draws increasing number of tourists. Ayurvedic tourism is becoming popular in Kerala in recent times. 10- Back water tourism The backwaters in Kerala are a chain of brackish lagoons and lakes lying parallel to the Arabian Sea coast. Alapuzha also called Venice of east famous for back water tourism. The back waters in Kerala are a chain of brackish lagoons and lakes lying parallel to the Arabian Sea coast (known as the Malabar Coast). Kettuvallam (Kerala houseboats) in the backwaters are one of the prominent tourist attractions in Kerala. Alleppey known as the Venice of the East has a large networks of canals that meander through the town. The Vallam Kali (the Snake Boat Race) held every year in August is a major sporting attraction. The backwater network includes five large lakes (including Ashtamudi Kayal and Vembanad Kayal) linked by 1500 km of canals, both manmade and natural, fed by 38 rivers, and extending virtually the entire length of Kerala state. The backwaters were formed by the action of waves and shore currents creating low barrier island across the mouths of the many rivers flowing down from the Western Ghats range. 11- Unique Culture Keralas culture is mainly Dravidian in origin, deriving from a greater Tamilheritage region known as Tamilakam. Later, Keralas culture was elaborated on through centuries of contact with overseas cultures. Native performing arts include koodiyattom, kathalali- from katha (story) and kali (play) - and its offshoot kerala nadanam, koothu (akin to stand-up comedy), mohiniaatam (dance of the enchantress), thullal, padayani, and theyyam. Other parts are more religion- and tribal-themed. These include chavittu nadakom, oppana (originally from Malabar), which combines dance, rhythmic hand clapping, and ishal vocalizations. However, many of these art forms largely play to tourists or at youth festivals, and are not as popular among most ordinary Keralites. These people look to more contemporary art and performance styles, including those employing mimicry and parody.

Additionally, a substantial Malayalam film industry effectively competes against both Bollywood and Hollywood. Several ancient ritualized arts are Keralite in origin; these include kalaripayattu (kalari (place, threshing floor, or battlefield) and payattu (exercise or practice). Among the worlds oldest marital arts, oral tradition attributes kalaripayattus emergence to Parasurama. Other ritual arts include theyyam and poorakkali. In respect of Fine Arts, the State has an abounding tradition of both ancient and contemporary art and artists. The traditional Kerala murals are found in ancient temples, churches and places across the State. These paintings, mostly dating back between the 9th to 12th centuries AD, display a distinct style, and a color code which is predominantly ochre and green.

2.3.3 Important Tourist Places in Kerala

Kerala the land of green magic is one of the smallest states in the republic of India and having an area of about one per cent (1.27per cent) of the total land area of India was formed in 1956.kerala came in to existence legends say, when the God Parasurama hurled his axe fare in to the turbulent sea forcing it to withdraw; the land thus uncovered was Kerala the gods own Country. It is also said that Kerala is named after Kera which grows plenty in all parts of the state. The state is bordered by the states of Karnataka on the North Tamilnadu to East and Arabian Sea to the west beaches, backwaters, hill stations, waterfalls, wildlife, Ayurveda, year around festival and the diverse flora and fauna make Kerala quite distinct from the other Indian states. The pleasant climate is also a positive factor. Kerala emerged as the most acclaimed tourist destination of the country in recent past. World travel and tourism Council had selected Kerala as a partner State. National geographic Traveler after two years of research has chosen Kerala as one of the 50 most-see destinations of a lifetime; Kerala has been one of the 10 paradises of the world. A hundred per cent literate people, world-class wealth care systems. Indias lowest infant mortality and highest life expectancy rates. The highest physical quality of life in

India, peaceful and pristine, Kerala is also Indias Cleanest State. For administrative purpose, the state of Kerala is divided into fourteen districts. Most of these districts offer all the tourism products typical of the state. 1- Alappuzha Alappuzha is one of the most important tourist centers in the state, with a large network of inland canals earning it the sobriquet Venice of the East. These large networks of canals provide .Alappuzha was one of the busiest centers of trade in the past with one of the bestknown parts along the Malabar coast. Even today it retains its charm as the centre for coir carpet industries and prawn farming. Alappuzha the ideal headquarters for backwater tourism as well as for visits to the lovely church filed town of Kottayam and the town of Aranmula, famous for its historic Aranmula Snake Boat race, which is an annual event. A singular characteristic of this land is the region called Kuttanad. The land of lush paddy fields, Kuttanad is called the rice bowl of Kerala and is one of the few places in the world where farming is done below the sea level. The boat cruise along the backwaters of Alappuzha give one first hand experience of the life style ,toddy tapping, fishing for small fry, coir making, prawn farming etc, which remains more or less unchanged over the years. 2- Munnar One of the best hill stations of south India is situated at the confluence of three mountain stations, this hill stations was once the summer capital of the British Government in South India. Sprawling Tea Plantations, small towns and beautiful houses make this a popular hill station. Munnar is also famous for exotic flora- like Neelakurinji, which blooms once in 12 years. Anamudi, the highest peak of south India is situated in this area and is an ideal place for Trekking. 3- Silent Valley There exists in India, a tropical evergreen rain forest with an unbroken evolutionary history of 50 million years. Steep escarpments and ridges on all sides ensured that this plateau remained unsullied by man; there by preserving its rich bio- diversity .A new frog

genus supposed to be of the Jurassic era was discovered in the year 2003. it is no wonder then that scientists have described Silent Valley as the richest expression of life on earth. Silent valley is a virgin, fragile forest, nestled in the mountain folds of the Nilgris in Southern India. In Gods own abode. It has etymological connotations to the absence of noisy insect cicadas that are generally abundant in tropical rain forest, although now, cicadas form an integral part of the forest. The local names of the river that flows though it, resurrect the ground tale of the Mahabharatha. In the local or Sai- randhiri and the river is called Kunthipuzha. 4- Kumarakam Kumarakam, situated on the banks of the Vembanad Lake is one of the World famous Backwater destinations of Kerala. Fishing, boating and visits to the countryside make this destination a unique place to look forward. Kumarakam also has a small bird sanctuary where different species of birds can be seen. A boat cruise along the Vembanad Lake is the best way to experience the serenity of enchanting backwaters. Luxury hotels situated in this area to make your stay more relaxing and comfortable. 5- Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram City is the Capital of one of the most beautiful states in India, kerala. It is situated on the southern tip of Malabar Coast in Peninsular India. Thiruvananthapuram means the town of the sacred snake- God Ananthan. It stretches along the shores of the Arabian Sea for a distance of 78 Kms and an area of 2192 Kms. Trivandrum is famous for its enchanting tourist spots including internationally renowned beaches like Kovalam, historic monuments with Gothic architecture, lakes and backwaters, unexpected mountain ranges etc. The city enjoys a notable position in the tourist map of India. 6- Varkala Varkala, a calm and quite hamlet lies on the outskirts of Trivandrum District. It has several places of tourist interest like a beautiful beach, a 2000- year old Vishnu temple and the ashramam- Sivagiri Mutt a little distance from the beach. At the serene Varkala beach is a quiet sea resort rich in mineral water springs. A dip in the holly waters at this beach is believed to purge the body of impurities and the soul of all sins. Hence the name Papanasan beach.

High red rocks, coconut trees, unspoiled sea with good waves, restaurants, one holy Hindu beach and that is the wonderful sight of the Arabian sea coastline. However, it seems to be that Varkala is turning into a new Kovalam beach or may be even a new Goa. Quite some female travelers feel at ease in this new paradise to such an extent that they do not take into consideration anymore the beach dress code in India. Varkala offers excellent accommodation facilities for the tourist and is fast becoming a popular health resort with many Ayurvedic Massage centers. 7- Wayanad Wayanad district in the North-east of Kerala was formed on November 1 1980 as the 12th district, carved out of Kozhikode and Kannur district. Wayanad is known for picturesque mist- clad hill stations, sprawling spice plantations, luxuriant forests and rich cultural traditions. The etymology of the word Wayanad is Vayal (paddy) Naad (Land); Land of paddy fields. It is set lofty on the majestic Western Ghats with altitudes ranging from 700 to 2100 meters above main sea level. 8- Kovalam Thirty years ago, Kovalam was a picture perfect tropical beach; a traditional fishing village providing fresh fish, fruits and toddy (coconut beer). Today this tiny beach is the focus of a multi- million- dollar business, drawing thousands of tourists for a week dose of ozone, UV and a refreshing Indian experience, the Maharaja of Travancore brought Kovalam to the public eye. Over the past three decades, the place has been well developed, and now figures prominently on the world tourism map. Kovalam is just 16 Kms away from Trivandrum. Today Kovalam beach is known as the paradise of the south. Its scenic beauty and serenity is supplemented by the availability of excellent accommodation. There are many restaurants which provide western style food as well as Indian, which is delicious. The grilled seafood items such as lobster, king prawns and Kalamari are got fresh from the sea at Kovalam. Ayurvedic massage parlors, yoga centers and water sport facilities, make Kovalam a popular heaven for tourists from all over the globe.

9- Thekkady Periyar tiger reserve one of the famous wildlife sanctuaries in India, spread across 777 square kilometers out of which 360 square kilometers is thick forest, is one of the best places for viewing wild elephants. There is a 26 square kilometers artificial lake formed by the Mullaperiyar Dam across the Periyar River. A boat cruise on the lake is a great way to watch wild life. Wild animals like the elephants, Gaur, Sambar deer and Wild boar which can be easily seen from close quarters during the serene boat ride. Other mammals like the Nilgiri thar, the lion tailed macaque, the bonnet macaque, the Malabar giant squirrel, the flying squirrel, the tiger, the jungle cat and the sloth bear are seen only once in a while. Around 265 different species of birds like the Hornbill, Stork, Woodpecker, Kingfisher, Raptor, Cormorant, Grackle and Darter can also be seen. 10- Kochi Queen of the Arabian Sea is the commercial capital of Kerala. It has one of the first natural harbors in the world. Like most cities in India, Kochi has a very long and illustrious history. However, the origin of the name is still shrouded in mystery. Some historians believe that Kochi is a modified form of the word Cochazhi which in Malayalam means small sea. Others are of the opinion that Kochi was named so by Chinese. The peculiar Chinese fishing nets found here. The only place outside China where it has been spotted can possibly be attributed to the heavy Chinese influence the city has had in the past. A stroll along the beach, particularly at sunset with the Chinese fishing nets and sailing ships in the background is a memorable experience. The coastal stretch has lauds of small stalls, which make on demand mouth- watering traditional cuisines using freshly caught fish.

TOURISM SCENARIO OF WAYANAD

INTRODUCTION
Wayanad, one of the northern most districts of Wayanad in Kerala, did not have a place in tourist map of Kerala till the end of 1990s. The year 1999 saw a market increase in foreign as well as domestic tourist arrivals to its district. But it could not sustain the growth, and the period from 2000-2005 saw fluctuations in tourist arrivals, both domestic & foreign. But in 2006, 2007 and 2008 Wayanad has registered a big increase in domestic as well as tourist arrivals. To understand the trend of growth of tourist arrivals, the domestic and foreign tourist arrivals of Wayanad has been compared with that of Kerala. A comparison has been also between major foreign tourist market sources of Kerala and Wayanad.

History of Wayanad district Historians are of the view that the human life existed in these parts were far more organized and structured even ten centuries before Christ. Countless evidences about New Stone Age civilization can be seen on the hills of Wayanad. The two caves of Ambukuthimala located between Sulthan Bathery and Ambalavayal, with pictures on their walls and pictorial writings, speak volumes of the bygone era and civilization. From the 18th century recorded history was available in this region. For years, the only settlers in Wayanad were tribals or Adivasis, probably driven up from the plains. Rajas belonging to Vedar tribe were its earliest known rulers. Much later, Wayanad came under the ruler of Kottayam Rajas. The modern history of the Wayanad district is associated with the events that took place during the Mysorean invasion and the long spell of the British rule stretching over a period of about two centuries. There was stern encounter between the British and Pazhassi Raja. When the state of Kerala was born in 1956, Wayanad was a part of Cannannore district; later in 1957 south Wayanad was added to Kozhikode district and north Wayanad remained with Cannannore district. By mixing the north Wayanad and south Wayanad, the present Wayanad district came into being on the

1st November 1980 comprising of three taluks namely Vythiri, Mananthavady and Sulthan Bathery. The British authorities opened up the highland for cultivation of tea and other cash crops. Roads were laid across the dangerous slopes of Wayanad, from Kozhikode and Thalassery. These roads were extended to the cities of Mysore and Ooty through Gudalur.

The Wayanad district was thus opened up to neighboring areas by means of road networks. The district, even now has only road connectivity, an improvement of the foundation that the British have made. The introduction of plantations was another major change introduced by British in Wayanad. These two changes left an indelible mark of the history of Wayanad. Next major change was the huge migration to Wayanad from all parts of Kerala especially in 1940s due to drought and scarcity during Second World War. Through the roads poured in settlers from all parts of Kerala and the virgin forestlands proved a veritable goldmine with incredible yields of cash crops. Thus it can be said that as the connectivity by a network of roads and introduction of plantations change the landscape and destiny of Wayanad for ever.
The elevation and the humid climate sustain a plethora of plant species. Cash crops thrive on the undulating hills and in the meadows. Pepper, cardamom and ginger grow profusely in the region amidst vast rolling plantations of tea and coffee, the last spread over an area that accounts for 78% of the total in the state. There are also the new entrants- cocoa, & Vanilla.

This high altitude district is characterized by the cultivation of perennial plantation crops and spices. The major plantation crops include coffee, tea, pepper, cardamom and rubber. Coffee based farming system is a notable feature of Wayanad. Coffee is grown both as pure crop and as mixed crop along with pepper. Pepper is grown largely along with coffee in the north eastern parts of the district, especially in Pulpally and Mullankolli areas. Coffee in Wayanad (66,999 ha.) shares 33.65 per cent of the total cropped area in the district and 78 per cent of the coffee area in the state. Other major crops are rubber (63,015 ha.), coconut (59,452 ha.), cardamom (38,348 ha.), tea (31,792 ha.) cassava and ginger. A recent increase in the area

under coconut cultivation is noticed in the lower elevations. Paddy is cultivated in 22,772 hectares of land. The rice fields of Wayanad are in the valleys formed by hillocks and in majority of paddy lands, only a single crop is harvested. Ginger cultivation in Wayanad has also substantially increased in recent times and the ginger produced is mainly marketed in the form of green ginger. Homestead farming assumes importance in this district. The average size of holdings is 0.68 ha.

ATTRACTIONS OF WAYANAD

Lakes and Boating

1. Pookot Lake, Wayanad

With its own dream-like serenity, this natural fresh water lake surrounded by meadows and trees on all sides is a haven for peace-loving travellers. Pookot Lake, about 13 kms from Kalpetta, is undoubtedly the most beautiful tourist spot in the whole of Wayanad. The lake nestles in the lap of mountains surrounding it. Boating in the Pookot Lake is a memorable experience. Tall trees and dense forests that line along the pathway around the lake provide a visual treat. A freshwater acquarium with a large variety of fish is an added attraction. This is a beautiful natural fresh water lake surrounded by evergreen forest and wooded hills. Boating facilities, Children's Park and shopping centre for handicrafts and spices of Wayanad are arranged by District Tourism Promotion Council. This provides recreational facilities to the visitors. A fresh water aquarium with wide varieties of fishes is managed by the Fisheries Department. The lake is 9 km south of Planet Green Plantation resorts. 2. Banasura Sagar Dam. (25km northeast of Kalpetta) It is the largest earthen dam in India and the second largest in Asia, and an ideal starting point for hikes into the surrounding scenic mountains. It is an important tourist attraction.

3.Karalad Lake , Wayanad

16 km west of Kalpetta, this is a 7 acre lake with great photo opportunities.

4.Kuruva Dweep river islands ,Wayanad

Kuruva Island is situated on the tributaries of the river Kabani and is a fabulous picnic spot. Its serene silence and wide expanse of the evergreen forest leaves you astonishing. This island is isolated but an array of uncommon species of birds, herbs and orchids are the monarchs of Kuruva Island. Kuruva Island is 17 kms to the east of Mananthavady. Kuruva Island is a vast island of 950 acres abundantly rich with green forest. It is very far from the turbulence of city life making it an exotic place for visitors to relax and enjoy the beauty of the nature.

VIEW POINTS

1.Boys town view Point ,Wayanad This is a breathtakingly beautiful site in the boys town ghat road leading to famous Kottiyoor temple. One can watch sunset from a high altitude and see off Kannur coast will be visible like a silver line. 15 kms north of Mananthavady. An herbal garden, nature care centre, sericulture unit, perma-culture centre etc. are situated here. A Jean park, the Indo-Danish project for promoting herbal gardening is also situated here.

2.Phantom Rock ,Wayanad A skull shaped rock which has an eerie similarity to the face of Phantom. Located close to Ambalavayal town, Phantom Rock named so because of its skull head shape is locally called Cheengeri Mala. 3.Nellimale view Point ,Wayanad Nellimale is an excellent venue for trekking with lots of stimulating trails. The summit of this hill affords a great view of the cascading Meenmutty falls and the beautiful valley in its foreground. The Meenmutty waterfalls, gushing down and then flowing down in cascades further down its course is

an awesome sight to watch from the Neelimala viewpoint near Vaduvanchal in Wayanad. Reach Chundale before Kalpetta in Wayanad District and take the Ooty road to the right that goes via Meppady and on reaching Vaduvanchal turn right. It is best to hire a four wheeler form here to reach Neelimala view point.

TREKKING
1.Chembra Peak ,Wayanad

Chembra Peak soars upto 2100 metres and is perhaps the tallest summit of the Wayanad region. It is popular amongst tourists for the simple reason that it provides some spectacular views of the surrounding area from its zenith. However, trekking up the hill itself is not so simple. Usually it takes around four hours to climb up but for the starters it might just take another extra hour. 2. Brahmagiri Peak

Brahmagiri peak is a mountain range in the Western Ghats of south India. It is situated on the border between Kodagu district in Karnataka state in the north and Wayanad district of Kerala state on the south. Brahmagiri Hill, at 1608 m height, is a scenic tourist attraction. The top of Brahmagiri Hill is well forested and has a lot of wildlife. 3.Pakshipathalam ,Wayanad Pakshipathalam in the Brahmagiri hills at Thirunelly is a challenging tourist spot for any adventure seeking tourist. To reach Pakshipathalam seventeen kilometers have to be covered through wild forest. The deep rock caves, formed among the thick blocks of rocks at the northern top end of the Brahmagiri, are the abode of various birds and wild beasts. Special permission has to be obtained from Forest Department to go to Pakshipathalam.

WILD LIFE AND BIRD SANCTURAY 1.Begur (Tholpetty) wild life sanctuary ,Wayanad

Situated along the northern ridge of Wayanad (bordering Coorg district of Karnataka) Tholpetty is much similar to Muthunga in terms of flora and fauna. The best season to visit both the sanctuaries is between Nov. and May. The Begur Wildlife Sanctuary is located about 20 kilometers from the Wayanad district of Kerala. It is situated at a place called Mananthavady in Wayanad near the Western Ghats. Begur National Park of Wayanad, Kerala is one of the most beautiful places to see in Wayanad. A dense cover of lush green trees covers the entire sanctuary. Most of the trees over here also have rare medicinal values. All nature lovers will find this sanctuary a wonderful place to visit in Wayanad. 2.Muthanga Wild life sanctuary ,Wayanad Spread over a vast area, Muthunga is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Region. Located 18kms east of Sultan Bathery, it is a rain forest reserve connected to two major sanctuaries. Bandipur National Park in Karnataka and Mudumalai Sanctuary in Tamilnadu (TN) The vegetation is predominantly moist deciduous forest with smaller stretches of swamps, teak forests, bamboo and tall grass. Amidst such fertile and varied flora, this region hosts several rare herbs and medicinal plants. With numerous watering holes, Muthunga has a large population of pachyderms, and has been declared a Project Elephant site. Other animals species include Leopards, Gaur, Sambars, Cheetal, Barking Deer, Hanuman Langur and Slender Loris. The reserve is also home to a small population of Tigers. In addition, there is also a profusion of birds, butterflies and insects. 3.Palchuram waterfalls ,Wayanad
Palchuram is new road opened from Wayanad towards Kottiyoor. A visit to this place is exotic, especially during rainy season and winter season. The whole mountains will be covered with snow and the chilling cold climate makes you feel wonderful.

4.Pakshipathalam bird sanctuary ,Wayanad Located deep within the forest in the Brahmagiri hills at an altitude of more than 1700mtrs, Pakshipathalam is a formation of large boulders, some as tall as two storey buildings! The deep caves found here are home to wide variety of birds, animals and distinctive species of plants. The journey involves an arduous 7km trek through thick forest commencing at Thirunelly. WATERFALLS 1.Meenmutty water falls ,Wayanad Meenmutty is the largest and most spectacular waterfall in Wayanad. A unique feature is that water drops about 300 metres over three stages. Cascading over three stages and falling from a height of over 300 meters, Meenmutty is the tallest waterfall in Wayanad. 2.Soochipara water falls ,Wayanad Soochippara waterfalls are really a treasure of nature. Soochippara is a three tiered powerful waterfall. The cliff face here is ideal for rock-climbing, but for true professionals only. Soochippara waterfalls are really a treasure of nature. Alight from your drive and take a 1 km walk into the dense equatorial forest of Wayanad and find the nature at its thundering best. Soochippara is a 3-tiered powerful waterfall. The cliff face here is ideal for rock climbing. 3.Chethalayam waterfalls ,Wayanad Chethalayam is one of Wayanad's smaller waterfalls. Its surroundings offer a number of vantage points for bird watching. It is also popular with trekking enthusiasts. About 12 km from Sultan Bathery, near Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, is a popular tourist spot known as Chethalayam Waterfalls..

4.Kanthanpara Waterfalls ,Wayanad This beautiful waterfall is about 30 mts in height. Keralas charming natural beauty has lured nature lovers from across the globe. Wayanad district in northern Kerala has been specially blessed. The beauty of the place is accentuated by countless waterfalls that thunder down rocky clefts, shimmering in the sunlight and ending in a glorious spray that creates a nebulous aura around them. The lesser known Kanthanpara Waterfall is only five minutes drive from Glenora Home stay in Wayanad. It's much more peaceful and less frequented than nearby Sentinel Rock Falls.

CULTURAL &TRIBAL 1.Wayanad Heritage Museum Located in the town of Ambalavayal, this museum is home to an interesting collection of artifacts that shed light on the history, culture and heritage of the Wayanad region. These include headgear, weapons, pottery and various objects associated with tribal life. A series of pictorial rock edicts referred to as Hero Stones, memorialize a bygone age of valiant

warriors.

2.Muniyara Excavations at various points around the foot of the Ambukuthimala Hill have unearthed a distinctive series of ancient burial vaults commonly called Muniyaras. Remnants of Stone Age tools and pottery found within these cellars are now displayed at the Wayanad Heritage Museum, Ambalavayal.

3.Uravu Uravu is a charitable trust that works in the area of indigenous sciences and technology. They run a successful bamboo crafts design and production centre along with a bamboo nursery. Uravu has a whole range of functional and decorative products created out of this wonderful material found so abundantly in Wayanad.

4. Chain Tree

This large Ficus tree, bound by a prominent chain is the source of a dramatic local legend. As the tale goes, an Adivasis youth named Karinthandan was instrumental in guiding a British Engineer through the difficult mountain terrain into Wayanad. Eager to take credit for the discovery the engineer conveniently killed his guide, whose soul, according to the legend, constantly haunted subsequent travellers. It is further believed that a priest chained the troublesome spirit onto this tree.

RELIGIOUS ATTRACTIONS 1.Valiyoor Kavu temple This temple dedicated to the Mother Goddess, manifest in the three principal forms of

Vana Durga, Bhadrakali and Jala Durga is an important place of worship for the tribal communities in Wayanad. The annual 15 day festival is in Mar / Apr.

2.Seetha Lava-Kusha Temple This is the only known temple dedicated to Lava and Kusha, the sons of Lord Rama. Local legends connect this region with many important episodes from the Ramayana. As the favored shrine of the Pazhassi Raja, this temple has traditionally permitted entry to devotees from all faiths. 3. Thrissilery Shiva Temple This stunning temple of rather perfect architectural proportions is inextricably linked with the Vishnu temple at Thirunelly. It is believed that the performance of ancestral rites at Thirunelly remain unfinished unless followed by offerings at this temple. Within the premises there is also a shrine devoted to Jala Durga, believed to have been installed by no less a personage than the legendary Parasurama. There are many myths connected with the temple tank here.

5. Papanasini, Thirunelly A short walk from Thirunelly temple is the clear mountain spring known as Papanasini. A ritual dip here is believed to wash one away of all worldly sins. 6. Ananthanatha Swami Temple at Puliyarmala
A beautiful Jain temple, devoted to Ananthanatha Swami, one of the saints of the Jaina faith, is located six kms from Kalpetta.

7. The Glass temple at Koottamunda Located on the slope of Vellarimala, this temple dedicated to Parswanatha Swami, the Third Thirthankara of the Jain faith is an exquisitely beautiful family temple. The icons of Paraswanatha Swami and Padmavathi Devi set in the sanctum of this temple have thousand reflections in beautiful patterns on the mirrors placed on the inner side of the temple walls. It is twenty kms from Kalpetta. Jain Temple- Sultan Bathery This temple is one of the most important amongst a series of ruins spread across the state of Kerala that testify to a period of a strong Jain presence in this region. Believed to have been built in the 13th century, it served as a Hindu shrine, an important for centre for commercial activity and eventually as a battery (ammunition store) for Tipu Sultans marching armies. The temples at Punchavayal and Puthenangadi are the best known ruins of Jain temples. With their beautifully carved pillars now partly ruined, and the area rather derelict, these sites exude a peculiar air of mystery.

Chapter-4 PRESENT TOURISM SCENARIO OF WAYANAD POSITION OF WAYANAD IN TOURIST ARRIVALS

FOREIGN TOURISTS ARRIVALS A comparison has been made between domestic as well as Foreign tourists arrivals to Wayanad and other districts of Kerala for the years 2007 and 2008, to understand its relative position among other districts of Kerala. Arrivals for the period 2007 and 2008 are shown in table no 1 & 2 below.

FOREIGN TOURISTS ARRIVALS 2007

250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 Series1

In 2007, Wayanad was in the 10th position among 14 districts in Kerala in Foreign Tourists Arrivals with 4093 arrivals, Kannur(3067),Kasargod(868), Palakkad (615) and Pattanamthitta(547) were the districts with lesser tourist arrivals than Wayanad. Wayanad accounted for 0.79% of total Foreign Tourists Arrivals to Kerala in 2007.

FOREIGN TOURIST ARRIVALS 1998-2008(%)

1.00% 0.90% 0.80% 0.70% 0.60% 0.50% 0.40% 0.30% 0.20% 0.10% 0.00%

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Series1 0.05% 0.22% 0.27% 0.30% 0.24% 0.21% 0.22% 0.27% 0.61% 0.79% 0.94%

FOREIGN TOURISTS ARRIVALS 2008

250,000 234,937 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 8,728 349 0 51,025 49,866 27,230 3,398 785 10,166 9,966 5,638 3,143 825 193,013

In 2008, Wayanad districts were elevated to 9th position in Foreign Tourists Arrivals from 10th position in 2007 with 5,368 arrivals. Thrissur (3,398), Kannur ((3143), Kasargod (825), Palakkad (785), Pathamthitta (349) recorded lesser arrivals than Wayanad in 2008. Wayanad accounted for 0.94% of total Foreign Tourists Arrivals in Kerala in 2008, an increase of 15% in arrivals compared to previous years. In DOMESTIC TOURISTS ARRIVALS

DOMESTIC TOURISTS ARRIVALS 2007

1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 TVM KLM PTA 145524 60988 170731 189411 ALPY KTM IDKI EKM TRC 313200 PLKD MLPM KZD WYD KANR KSD 505,229 315591 948,579 570832 375255 256190 135191 1109644 1546576

In the year 2007, Wayanad was placed in the 9th position in domestic tourist arrivals with 2, 56,190 arrivals (3.85% of the total arrivals to Kerala) .Kottayam (1,89,411),Alappuzha(1,70,731), Kollam(1,45,524), Kasargod(1,35,191)and Pattanamthitta (60,988) were the districts with less arrivals than Wayanad.

DOMESTIC TOURISTS ARRIVALS 2008

1800000 1600000 1400000 1200000 1102115 1000000 800000 600000 400000 200000 0 TVM KLM PTA ALPY KTM IDKI EKM TRC PLKD MLPM KZD WYD KANR KSD 180943 59832 531970 239700 230831 324399 323448 595985 395121 295465 135581 1671174 1509686

In 2008, Wayanad was placed in 9th position with 2,95,465 arrivals(3.89% of total arrivals to Kerala) Alappuzha (234,700) Kottayam(2,30,831), Kollam(1,80,943), Kasargod(1,35,581) and Pattanamthitta (59,832) were the districts with less arrivals than Wayanad.

DOMESTIC TOURISTS ARRIVALS 1998-2008(%)

4.50% 4.00% 3.50% 3.00% 2.50% 2.00% 1.50% 1.00% 0.50% 0.00% 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

TOURIST ARRIVALS TO WAYAND AND KERALA- A COMPARISON FOREIGN TOURIST ARRIVALS

KERALA FOREIGN TOURIST ARRIVALS 1998-2008

KERALA 598,929 515,808 428,534 294,621 232,564 189,941 202,173 209,933 208,830 345,546 346,499

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

WAYANAD FORIEGN TOURIST ARRIVALS 1998-2008

WAYANAD 5,638 4,063 2,611 449 1999 561 2000 630 2001 563 2002 621 2003 749 942

98 1998

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Foreign Tourists Arrivals to Kerala has been increasing since 1998, except for the year 2001, whereas Wayanads Foreign Tourist Arrivals was fluctuating for the year 2002. Comparing the foreign tourist arrivals of Kerala and Wayanad, Wayanad has been growing steadily since 2003, which is similar to the trend of growth of Foreign Tourists Arrivals to Kerala.

KERALA AND WAYAND DOMESTIC TOURISTS ARRIVALS

KERALA 4,888,287 4,481,714 5,013,221 5,239,692 WAYANAD 5,946,423 5,972,182 6,642,941 6,271,724 7,591,250 5,871,228 5,568,256

62,974 190,559 171,040 1998 1999 2000

170,880

202,291 202,909 187,701 2002 2003 2004

191,184 225,923 256,190 295,465 2005 2006 2007 2008

2001

Keralas Domestic Tourists Arrivals has been growing for the period 1998-2008 except for the year 2005, which witnessed negative growth. Domestic Tourists Arrivals to Wayanad increased by a little over threefold in 1999, but arrivals were fluctuating until 2005. For the period 2006-2008, the domestic tourists arrivals have been growing steadily in tune with the trend of growth of domestic tourist arrivals in Kerala.

MAJOR MARKET SOURCES OF WAYANAD AND KERALA- A COMPARISON FOREIGN TOURIST ARRIVALS

KERALA MAJOR TOURISM MARKETS 2007

120890

48137

39433

35848 22642 18052 16097 14622 12738 10492

MAJOR TOURIST MARKETS FOR WAYANAD 2007

869 384 363 286

226

222

167

142

135

132

UAE, one of the top 10 market sources of Wayanad in 2004 and 2007, is ranked 15th among top 20 market sources in Kerala with a share of 1.58% in 2007. The arrivals from UAE have been fluctuating; 47 in 2004, 10 in 2005, 68 in 2006 and 222 in 2007. Maldives, one of the major market sources of Wayanad is nearly absent in Wayanad with only 5 arrivals from 2003-07.

FOREIGN TOURISTS ARRIVALS KERALA 2008

160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 141147

52,239

43,468

43,307

35,435 20,666 17,385 16,968 15,603 13,541

With the exception of Maldives & UAE, the top market sources are the same for Wayanad & Kerala. UAE, one of the major top ten Foreign Tourist market sources for Wayanad was ranked 15th in terms of tourist arrivals to Kerala.

WAYANAD FOREIGN TOURISTS ARRIVALS 2008

1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 519 393 307 207 224 190 170 151 720 1366

Maldives, one of the top ten Foreign Tourists market sources for Kerala is nearly absent in Wayanad. Comparing Foreign tourists market sources of Kerala and Wayanad, the market sources are the same except for UAE and Maldives. USA, which is the third

major market source for Kerala, is the second major market source for Wayanad. UAE and Maldives continues to be the top 10 market sources for Wayanad & Kerala in 2008 also.

MODE OF TRANSPORT

MODE OF TRAVEL TO KERALA 20042007

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 AIR RAIL ROAD SEA 19.3 11.1 0.8 68.8

From the above shows that air is the most preferred travel followed by rail.

PURPOSE OF VISIT AND PROFILE OF FOREIGN TOURISTS

2004-05 86.1 89.5 86.5

2005-06

2006-07

2004-07

83

5 6.5 7 6.3 LEISURE VFR

1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 OFFICIALS

5.9

1.9 3.6

7.5 0

0 2.2

BUSINESS

OTHERS

The leisure is the most important reason for foreign tourist to visit Kerala. AGE DISTRIBUTION

AGE DISTRIBUTION OF FOREIGN TOURISTS

0-21 6.5 47 36.2 5.2 2004-2005 2.1 2005-2006 54.3 38.4 47.3 48.8 46.4 44.8 22-35 36-55 55+

2.7

1.2 2006-2007

5.8

3 AVERAGE

The majority of the foreign tourists visiting to Kerala belong to the age group 55. For the period 2004-07 age group 22-55 contributed to 91.2 % of the total arrivals an average.

22on

MAIN ATTRACTIONS FOR FOREIGN TOURISTS

MAIN ATTRACTIONS FOR FOREIGN TOURISTS

2004-05 73.7 39.7 22.3 44 40.8 15.3 18.4 2.6 5 15 1.5 3 14 2.6 0.6 0.7 1.6 2.4 2005-06 2006-07

From the table it can be seen that the major attractions for foreign tourists are natural beauty, beaches and backwaters. Ayurveda and yoga though a major attraction of Kerala has not figured in the survey DOMESTIC TOURISTS DOMESTIC NON KERALITE TOURISTS From the chart below it can be found that leisure is the main purpose of domestic non-Keralite tourists to visit Kerala followed by business, Visiting Friends and Relatives and pilgrimage.

SPECIFIC PURPOSE OF VISIT(2004-07) DOMESTIC TOURISTS(NON-KERALITE)

65.9

7.6

11.5

9.2

5.7 0.2

LEISURE

PILGRIMAGE

BUSINESS

VFR

OFFICIAL

OTHERS

OCCUPATION

OCCUPATION OF DOMESTIC NON-KERALITE TOURISTS(%) 2004-2007

27.5 26.2 18.7 10.4 8.4 3.9 2.5 2.2

For the period 2004-07 professionals and businessmen accounted for more than half of the domestic tourists arrivals on average. The Government employees and Students are next main categories.

AGE DISRTIBUTION OF DOMESTIC NON-KERALITE TOURISTS

AGE DITRIBUTION OF DOMESTICNON KERALITE TOURITS

55.4 37.9

4.1 0-21 22-35 36-55 55+

2.6

From the above graph it can be seen that majority of the two third of the domestic non-Keralite tourists who visited Kerala during the period 2004-2007 belongs to age group 22-55.

the

MAJOR MARKETS OF DOMESTIC NONKERALITE TOURISTS

32.3

15 9.9 3.9 2.6 2.5 2.2 1.7 1.4

10.5

Tamil Nadu and Karnataka accounted for around half of the domestic non-Keralite tourist arrivals to Kerala followed by Maharashtra.

MODE OF ARRIVAL OF DOMESTIC NON-KERALITE TOURISTS

52 34.4 13.6

RAIL

ROAD

AIR

From the graph above it can be seen that rail was the most preferred mode of travel followed by road.

DOMESTIC KERALITE TOURISTS

SPECIFIC PURPOSE OF VISIT(2004-07) DOMESTIC TOURISTS(KERALITE)

62.8

10.5

3.5

7.2

4.6

5.9

5.6

From the above graph it can be seen that, leisure is the main purpose for domestic Keralite tourists to visit tourists destinations in Kerala followed pilgrimage and Visiting Friends and Relatives (VFR).

by

PLACE OF ORIGIN OF DOMESTIC KERALITE TOURISTS

12.9 7.9 4.8 10.2 9.7 5.4 14.3 7.7 6.5 2.4 3.1 6.1 5.3

3.8

The major source of domestic tourists as obtained by the survey is Ernakulum, Thiruvananthapuram and Alappuzha.

AGE DISTRIBUTION OF DOMESTIC KERALITE TOURISTS 2004-2007

59.8

24.7 11.2 4.3

0-21

22-35

36-55

55+

The major category of visitors belong to the age group 22-35 followed by 36-55.

OCCUPATION OF DOMESTIC KERALITE TOURISTS

18.8 18.9 16.4 16.1 10.6 8.3 7.8 3.1

Businessmen and professionals form the major category of domestic Keralite tourists followed by Government employees.

SEASONALITY IN TOURIST ARRIVALS FOREIGN TOURIST ARRIVALS KERALA AND WAYANAD- A COMAPARISON

A comparison has been made between domestic and foreign tourists arrivals of Kerala and Wayanad as well as tourist arrivals during different months of the period 2007 and 2008.

FOREIGN TOURIST ARRIVALS TO KERALA MONTHWISE 2007

72,814 66,131 56,131 34,487 21,098 18,262 25,199 35,563 24,708 35,534 55,647 72,214

FOREIGN TOURIST ARRIVALS TO WAYANAD 2007

751 670 541 311 194 129 57 125 155 350 256 554

Comparing the foreign tourists arrivals to Kerala and Wayanad ,the trend in the tourist arrivals to Wayanad is similar to Kerala, but not in the same proportion. For Kerala January had the maximum tourist arrivals followed by December. For Wayanad January had the maximum arrivals followed by February and December.

FOREIGN TOURIST ARRIVALS- KERALA AND WAYANAD- A COMPARISON

KERALA FOREIGN TOURIST ARRIVALS 2008

85,028 78,155 71,026 59,923 39,538 26,348 20,578 45,711 31,610 28,292 39,748 72,792

WAYANAD FOREIGN TOURIST ARRIVALS 2008

1,023 840 807 696 589 397 235 94 124 279 292 262

Comparing the foreign tourists arrivals to Wayanad and Kerala 2008, Kerala had maximum tourists arrivals in January followed by February. Wayanad had maximum arrivals in December followed by January.

DOMESTIC TOURIST ARRIVALS

2007 KERALA DOMESTIC TOURISTS ARRIVALS (IN LAKHS)

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 5.89 5.01 4.86 6.4 5.58 5.02 4.79 5.25 5.3 5.56 6.19 6.59

WAYANAD - MONTHWISE ARRIVALOF DOMESTIC TOURISTS 2007

28,991 20,638 16,743 22,439 18,843 18,162 17,622 20,523 23,834 18,316 24,566

KERALA DOMESTIC TOURISTS ARRIVALS 2008

800000 700000 600000 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0 645492 586317 580681 643808 719566 566541 574544 600121 572977 655670 695118

WAYANAD - MONTH WISE ARRIVALS OF DOMESTIC TOURISTS 2008

31,854 23,957 21,572 22,486 25,344 21,456 23,587 26,534 26,027 33,502 28,485

10,661

The trend of tourists arrivals is similar to the trend experienced by Kerala the year 2008 except for the month of October, though not in the same proportion.

in

CHAPTER-5 FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION

More Promotion: More promotional campaigns are needed to promote Wayanad as a tourism destination. Infrastructural Development: Along with the promotional campaigns, infrastructural development needs to be undertaken at the same time to accommodate the future tourist arrivals. More luxury hotels are also required. Visitor Management: Visitor Management should be introduced to avoid overcrowding at the tourist destinations. Development without negative impacts: As Wayanad is highly environmentally sensitive; development should be undertaken without affecting the environment adversely.

CONCLUSION
The only settlers in Wayanad were tribals or Adivasis, probably driven up from the plains. Rajas belonging to Vedar tribe were its earliest known rulers. . The modern history of the Wayanad district is associated with the events that took place during the Mysorean invasion and the long spell of the British rule stretching over a period of about two centuries. The British authorities opened up the highland for cultivation of tea and other cash crops and laid road networks to Kozhikode, Thalassery, Mysore and Ooty. The huge migration to Wayanad from all parts of Kerala especially in 1940s due to drought and scarcity during Second World War. Through the roads poured in settlers from all parts of Kerala and the virgin forestlands proved a veritable gold mine with incredible yields of cash crops. The major attractions of Wayanad are Edakkal Caves, Pookot Lake, Chembra Peak, Soochippara and Meenmutty waterfalls, Tholpetty and Muthanga Wildlife Sanctuaries, Kuruva Islands. Major tourism products are trekking, camping, river rafting, spice tours, wildlife safaris, heritage and legend trails. Wayanad with its scenic beauty and Wildlife has a great potential to be one of the most visited tourists destinations in Kerala. No other districts have such diversity in terms of its culture, customs and traditions, history, archaeology and anthropology, wildlife and forest. Nestled among the mountains of Western Ghats Wayanad has a unique and peculiar geographical position. The difference in altitudes is each locality within the districts presents a variation of climatic conditions. The nature has blessed Wayanad with mist clad mountains and sylvan valleys. Idyllic nature of Wayanad with its proximity to Ooty, and Mysore with well laid roads, offer tremendous tourism potential. Wayanad did not find a place in the tourist map of Kerala until the end of 1990s. The period between 2000 & 2005 saw fluctuating tourists arrivals to the district. For the next 3 years saw a continuous increase in tourist arrivals to the district. The tourist attractions of Wayanad are yet to be exploited to its potential. Of late, lot of efforts is being made to promote tourism in Malabar Region to which Wayanad belongs to. Its proximity to Calicut international airport will help Wayanad be one of the most visited destinations in another few years.