CHEMISTRY – 313 (TMA)

2025-2026

Q1 (a). Classify the elements of group 14, 15 and 16 into metals, non-metals and

metalloids
Ans:

Group 14 :
Elements: C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Fl

• Non-metals: Carbon (C)

• Metalloids: Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge)

• Metals: Tin (Sn), Lead (Pb), Flerovium (Fl)

Group 15 :

Elements: N, P, As, Sb, Bi, Mc

• Non-metals: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P)

• Metalloids: Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb)

• Metals: Bismuth (Bi), Moscovium (Mc)

Group 16 :

Elements: O, S, Se, Te, Po, Lv

• Non-metals: Oxygen (O), Sulfur (S), Selenium (Se)

• Metalloids: Tellurium (Te)

• Metals: Polonium (Po), Livermorium (Lv)

Q2 (a). Why does the application of alum to a fresh cut wound help stop bleeding?

Ans: This is because blood is a colloidal suspension containing microscopic particles such

as proteins. The Al³⁺ ions in alum, when applied to a wound, neutralize the negative
charges on the blood particles. This causes the particles to clump together, forming a clot.
This process, called coagulation, effectively stops the bleeding.

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Q3 (b). Give reason for the following:

(i) Neither Heat (q) nor Work (w) is a state function but q + w is a state function.

(ii) A real crystal has more entropy than an ideal crystal.

Ans: (i) Heat(q) and work(w) depend on path, not state; their sum equals change in internal
energy, a state function.

ΔU= q+ w

(ii) A real crystal has defects and imperfections, increasing disorder and microstates, so
its entropy is higher than a perfect crystal.

Q4. (b) Write down the reactions involved for ozone layer depletion in the
stratosphere?

Ans: Ozone shield depletion is primarily caused due to the following reasons:

• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are the heat transfer agents used in refrigerators and air

conditioners, and foaming agents in foam cups and cartons.

• Halons or halocarbons are anti fire agents used in fire extinguishers.

Process: Ozone in the stratosphere is depleted mainly by CFCs and halogen gases,
especially chlorine. UV radiation breaks CFCs, releasing chlorine, which converts ozone
into oxygen, leading to ozone layer depletion through specific chemical reactions :

Cl + O3 → ClO + O2

ClO + O → Cl + O2

It is believed that one molecule of CFC is capable of destroying 1,00,000 ozone molecules
in the stratosphere. The area where the ozone is completely destroyed is known as ozone

hole.

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Q5. (b) Consider the compounds, BCl3, and CCl4. How will they ‘behave with

water? Justify your answer.

Ans: BCl₃, being electron-deficient, reacts with water forming boric acid, while CCl₄ resists
hydrolysis due to a full octet and non-polarity.

Reactions

For BCl₃:
BCl3+3H2O⟶B(OH)3+3HCl

1. Electron deficiency

• BCl₃ is electron-deficient with six valence electrons, acts as a Lewis acid, and reacts
with water via hydrolysis.

• Carbon in CCl₄ already has a complete octet ; it is not electron-deficient, and does
not have a vacant orbital to accept electrons;

2. Orbital availability
• Hydrolysis requires the central atom to interact with water’s lone pairs; boron in

BCl₃ does so via vacant orbitals.

• Carbon in CCl₄ has a complete octet with no empty orbitals, preventing interaction

with water and thus hydrolysis cannot occur.

Q6. (b) Mr. Naresh works in a multinational company. He is stressed due to his hectic

schedule. Mr. Amit, his friend, comes to know that he has started taking sleeping
pills without consulting the doctor. Mr. Amit requests ‘Naresh to stop this practice

and takes him to a Yoga center. With regular Yoga sessions, Mr. Naresh is now a
happy and relaxed man.’

After reading the above passage, answer the following questions:

(i) Write the values shown by Mr. Amit to Mr. Naresh in your own words.

(ii) Which class of drugs is used in sleeping pills?

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(iii) Why is it not advisable to take sleeping pills without consultation with the

doctor?

Ans:

(i) Mr. Amit showed care, responsibility, concern, and empathy towards his friend Mr.
Naresh. He took timely action by advising him to stop an unhealthy habit and helped him

adopt a natural and healthy lifestyle through Yoga. This reflects values such as friendship,
compassion, awareness about health, and a sense of social responsibility.

(ii) Sleeping pills usually belong to a class of drugs called tranquilizers. These are
chemical substances that are used to relieve mental stress, anxiety, and induce sleep. One

of the most common types of tranquilizers used in sleeping pills are barbiturates.

• Barbiturates act on the central nervous system and help in calming down brain
activity, thereby promoting sleep. These drugs are prescribed to patients suffering

from insomnia or other sleep disorders. However, they must be taken only under
medical supervision, as they can cause side effects like addiction, dependence, and

withdrawal symptoms.

(iii) It is not advisable to take sleeping pills without a doctor's consultation because:

• Risk of addiction and dependency: Prolonged use can lead to psychological and
physical dependence.
• Side effects: These may include dizziness, confusion, memory problems, or even

worsening of sleep issues.

• Overdose risk: Taking an incorrect dose can be dangerous or even life-threatening.

• Interaction with other medications: Sleeping pills can negatively interact with other
drugs the person may be taking.

• Underlying health issues: The cause of sleep problems might be related to a deeper
medical or psychological issue that needs proper diagnosis and treatment.

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