AP WORLD HISTORY: MODERN Test Booklet

Unit 7 exam 23-24

1.

Which of the following best describes the 1936 lithograph (entitled The Hero) by German artist George Grosz?
(A) A propaganda poster prepared by the Nazi Party
(B) A protest poster against the atrocities of the atomic bomb
(C) A representation of a Holocaust victim
(D) A post-First World War print expressing antiwar sentiment

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Advertisement by Aeroflot, a Soviet State-Owned Commercial Airline.

The Advertisement Was Used in the Soviet Union During the 1950s.

Shawshots/ Alamy Stock Photo

The image shows a commercial jetliner flying over major landmarks from America, Europe, Africa, and Asia.

2. The image can best be used to illustrate which of the following about communist states?
(A) The collectivization of agriculture
(B) Limited technological progress in comparison with Western states
(C) State control of borders with noncommunist states
(D) State control over the economy

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3.

George Grosz, “The Hero,” lithograph, 16 x 111/2.

© Estate of George Grosz/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY

Which of the following best describes the lithograph above by German artist George Grosz?
(A) A propaganda poster prepared for the Nuremberg Rally by the Nazi Party
(B) A protest poster against the atrocities of the atomic bomb
(C) A representation of a Holocaust victim from Dachau
(D) A post-First World War print expressing antiwar sentiment
(E) A twentieth-century painting exemplifying the ideas of the Cubists

“I belong to those scientists who consider that the drying up of the Aral Sea is far more advantageous than preserving it.
First, in its zone, good fertile land will be obtained. . . . Cultivation of cotton alone will pay for the existing Aral Sea, with
all its fisheries, shipping, and other industries. Second, the disappearance of the Sea will not affect the region’s
landscapes.”

A. Babayev, president of Soviet Turkmenistan’s Academy of Sciences, late 1950s

4. Which of the following best describes the cause of the developments described in the passage?

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(A) Soviet efforts to modernize their economy through government control

(B) Soviet reaction to the economic crisis of the Great Depression
(C) Protests against the environmental effects of economic development
(D) Scientific breakthroughs in transportation and communication

“By the 1930s, many Europeans were ready to leave behind the liberal, democratic order created after 1918 by Britain,
France, and the United States for a more authoritarian future. What they did not bargain for was the brutal reality of Nazi
imperialism and the denial of all national aspirations apart from German ones. . . . No experience was more crucial to the
development of Europe in the twentieth century. As both Hitler and Stalin were well aware, the Second World War
involved something far more profound than a series of military engagements and diplomatic negotiations; it was a struggle
for the social and political future of the continent itself. And such was the shock of being subjected to a regime of
unprecedented and unremitting violence that in the space of eight years a sea-change took place in Europeans’ political
and social attitudes, and they rediscovered the virtues of democracy. . . .

Hitler’s war aimed at the complete racial reconstitution of Europe. There were no historical parallels for such a project. In
Europe, neither Napoleon nor the Habsburgs had aimed at gaining such exclusive domination. In its violence and racism,
Nazi imperialism drew more from European precedents in Asia, Africa, and—especially—the Americas. ‘When we eat
wheat from Canada,’ remarked Hitler one evening during the war, ‘we don’t think about the despoiled Indians.’ On
another occasion he described the Ukraine as [Germany’s] ‘new Indian Empire.’ But if Europeans would have resented
being ruled as the British ruled India, they were shocked at being submitted to an experience closer to that inflicted upon
the native populations of the Americas.”

Mark Mazower, British historian, Dark Continent: Europe’s Twentieth Century, 2000

5. Which of the following was the most important factor behind Europeans’ readiness to embrace authoritarian
political systems in the 1930s?
(A) Dissatisfaction with the welfare state
(B) Admiration for the economic achievement of the Soviet Union under Stalin
(C) The economic crisis caused by the Great Depression
(D) Resentment of United States mass culture and consumer society

6. Based on the passage, it can be inferred that Mazower might also support which of the following assertions?
The industrial capacity of the United States doomed Hitler’s project for a Nazi-dominated Europe to failure
(A)
from the start.
The Nazis’ rigidly ideological approach to empire building prevented them from consolidating their control
(B)
of continental Europe.
Ordinary Germans’ revulsion at the genocidal policies of the Nazi Party as the Second World War progressed
(C)
would have resulted in a revolution in Germany even if Hitler had won the military conflict.
Stalin’s modernization policies would have enabled the Soviet Union to defeat Nazi Germany regardless of
(D)
Hitler’s policies.

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“Since 1930, the Brazilian government has been undertaking a social policy whose main goal is to protect the working
classes through the betterment of their working conditions, elevating their standard of life and extending the social
security system. Indeed, the 1937 constitution proclaims that work is a social duty and establishes that it is the
government’s responsibility to guarantee the fulfillment of this duty by securing favorable conditions for workers and
protecting them. In this way, the constitution guarantees the right of organization, recognizes the current unions as
representatives of the workers, and authorizes the signing of collective-bargaining agreements.

Salaries are protected and must provide a minimum standard of life. The workday is eight hours long, and there is one
mandatory day of rest. Paid vacations are mandatory. Workers are protected against unjustified dismissal. Minors under
14 years old are not allowed to work, and women and men under 18 years old cannot work in unhealthy sites. The
constitution establishes that the state must provide medical assistance to workers, and it must protect maternity and create
insurance against old age and disability. The constitution also compels professional associations to assist its members. In
order to enforce these principles, the constitution anticipates the creation of a Work Tribunal whose goal will be to
arbitrate in all work-related litigation.”

Document produced by the Brazilian government of Getúlio Vargas circa 1940; Vargas had come to power in 1930 following a military coup.

7. Which of the following best explains the historical significance of views such as those expressed in the passage?
They show that many political leaders used the economic challenges of the Great Depression to justify
(A)
implementing repressive policies.
They show that many states responded to the Great Depression by using race-based ideologies to mobilize
(B)
economic resources.
They show that, in response to the disruptions of the Great Depression, many political leaders saw it as their
(C)
duty to take an active role in guiding economic life.
They show that, in response to the disruptions of the Great Depression, some states reaffirmed their
(D)
commitment to pursuing liberal economic policies.

8. The Brazilian government’s pride in listing the extensive workers’ rights guaranteed under the 1937 constitution is
significant because it shows that
(A) governments across the political spectrum sought the support of the military in obtaining political power
(B) governments across the political spectrum were influenced by socialist economic and social policies
(C) governments across the political spectrum used nationalism to mobilize their populations for war
(D) governments across the political spectrum promoted state-led industrialization to foster economic growth

9. Which of the following best explains a potentially significant limitation of using the document for understanding the
reforms described in the passage in Brazil?
(A) The document likely exaggerates the extent to which the reforms benefited Brazil’s middle and upper classes.
The document likely exaggerates the importance of the Work Tribunal in reshaping economic development
(B)
in Brazil.
(C) The document likely ignores the deep tensions that existed between workers and union leaders.
(D) The document likely ignores some economic problems that might have occurred because of the reforms.

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“In view of the outbreak of war between Great Britain and Turkey, which occurred because of the ill-advised,
unprovoked, and deliberate action of the Ottoman government, His Majesty’s government has made a public
announcement regarding the holy places of Arabia, the holy shrines of Mesopotamia, and the port of Jeddah,* which is as
follows.

His Majesty’s most loyal Muslim subjects should understand that His Majesty’s government is not fighting this war
because of religion. The British navy and its military forces will not attack the holy places of Arabia or Jeddah unless the
Turks interfere with pilgrimages from India to the holy places and shrines in question. In that case, British military forces
will intervene to keep the pilgrimage routes open. At the request of His Majesty’s government, the governments of France
and Russia have given similar assurances.”

*a city located on the western coast of Arabia along the Red Sea

Pamphlet published by the British Indian War Department, 1915. The pamphlet was translated and distributed in cities and towns in India.

10. Which of the following best explains why the British government felt the need to distribute the pamphlet?
British authorities were concerned that going to war against a Muslim country could fuel anti-imperialist
(A)
protests among India’s large Muslim population.
Many people in Britain regarded the First World War as a religious conflict between Christian and Islamic
(B)
states.
Religious tensions between India’s Muslim and Christian populations significantly increased before the
(C)
outbreak of the First World War.
British passenger ships and shipping companies made significant profits by transporting Muslim pilgrims on
(D)
the hajj from India to Mecca and Medina.

11. The Ottoman Empire likely entered into the conflict referred to in the passage because
(A) it shared religious and cultural values with Germany and Austria-Hungary.
(B) it had undertaken significant political and economic reforms in the late nineteenth century.
(C) it had lost significant territory to other European states in the nineteenth century.
(D) its economy significantly lagged behind those of the other European powers.

12. The treaties that settled the conflict referred to in the passage most directly changed the geopolitical structure of the
Middle East in which of the following ways?
(A) Most states that were formerly under European colonial rule became independent.
(B) The state of Israel was created, which led to numerous wars.
(C) Allied powers received territorial mandates from the League of Nations.
(D) Religious fundamentalism increased, which led to attacks on Western states.

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13. Article XI The Emperor has the supreme command of the Army and Navy.

Article XIII The Emperor declares war, makes peace, and concludes treaties.

Japan’s 1889 constitution

Article IX Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever
renounce war . . . and the threat or use of force as a means of settling international disputes.

In order to accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land, sea, and air forces . . . will never be maintained.

Japan’s 1947 constitution

The differences in the passages above are most likely a result of which of the following?
(A) Ideological struggles between communist and capitalist political parties
(B) The Japanese emperor’s acceptance of Enlightenment ideals
(C) Demilitarization imposed by the United States after the Second World War
(D) The persistence of mass antiwar protests in Japan

“The peace conditions imposed upon Germany are so hard, so humiliating, that those who had even the tiniest hope for a
‘just peace’ are bound to be deeply disappointed. Our condemnation of the lust of power and conquest that Germany
displayed during the war is strong and unwavering. But a condemnation of wartime actions must not amount to a lasting
condemnation of an entire nation.

The question is not whether the Germans have been led astray by their leaders, or whether they have been willing
accomplices in the misdeeds of those leaders—the question is, whether it is in the interest of mankind to punish the
German people as the Entente governments seem to have decided to do.

The Entente evidently desires the complete annihilation of Germany. Not only will its whole commercial fleet be
confiscated, but its shipbuilding yards will be obliged to work for the foreigner for some time to come. Whole regions of
Germany will be entirely deprived of their liberty; they will be under a committee of foreign domination, without
adequate representation. The financial burden is so heavy that it is no exaggeration to say that Germany is reduced to
economic bondage. The Germans will have to work hard and incessantly for foreign masters, without any chance of
personal gain, or any prospect of regaining liberty or economic independence.

This ‘peace’ offered to Germany is a mockery of President Wilson’s principles. Trusting in these, Germany surrendered
and accepted peace. That confidence has been betrayed in such a manner that all Germans must now feel that they wish to
shake off the heavy yoke imposed on them by the cajoling Entente. And we fear very much that they will soon find the
opportunity to do so. Chained and enslaved, Germany will always remain a menace to Europe.”

Algemeen Handelsblad, Dutch liberal newspaper, editorial on the Treaty of Versailles, June 1919

14. The mention of “President Wilson’s principles” is most directly significant to understanding the editorial’s point of
view about the Treaty of Versailles because of the United States president’s commitment to

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(A) establish an international organization to prevent future conflicts

(B) work to create nation-states for ethnic minorities that had been under imperial control
(C) broker a peace agreement on liberal principles that would not be motivated by revenge
(D) resist the spread of Bolshevism following the Russian Revolution

15. Which of the following accurately explains the historical significance of the harsh conditions imposed on Germany
that the editorial describes?
(A) They led to a successful communist revolution in Germany.
(B) They triggered a massive wave of emigration from Germany.
(C) They resulted in the virtual deindustrialization of Germany.
(D) They encouraged the rise of political extremism in Germany.

16. Which of the following true statements about the Netherlands best explains how the newspaper’s national origin
likely influenced the view of Germany expressed in the editorial?
The Netherlands, by remaining neutral during the war, profited significantly from helping Germany evade
(A)
the Entente’s naval blockade.
(B) The Netherlands, like Germany before the war, had a significant overseas empire.
(C) The Netherlands, like Germany, had a large merchant fleet.
The Netherlands, like Germany until 1918, was a constitutional monarchy, although the Dutch monarchs had
(D)
less effective power than the German kaiser.

“Our country needs a large population to utilize and exploit its land and natural resources. In general, the way to increase
a country’s population is to increase the number of births and to decrease the number of deaths. Some European states
adopt a number of methods to increase their birth rates: (1) additional government services are provided to people who are
married and have many children; (2) discounts and tax rebates on expenses related to the education of children are
provided; (3) awards are given to families with many children.

In Iran, due to the special impact of our national morals and religious traditions, families have many children. Therefore,
the best means to increase the Iranian population is to take measures to decrease the death rate. More governmental
physicians and health officials are needed to prevent the wasting of the country’s human capital.

Due to the lack of literature on child rearing available to Iranian mothers, and due to the absence of sufficient means for
the treatment of ill children, more than 50% of all children born to Iranian families die before the age of seven. Through
instructions and acquainting people with the literature on child rearing, as well as by providing families with free medical
treatment, at least 90% of children could live to reach adolescence. In this context, patriotic women’s organizations must
carry out serious and efficient actions to help invigorate the management of the country’s health.”

Fereydun Keshavarz, Iranian pediatrician, article published in an Iranian newspaper, 1937

17. As described by Keshavarz in the first paragraph, which of the following would best explain why European
countries were implementing policies to increase the size of their populations?

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(A) They had adopted Marxist economic philosophy.

(B) They wanted to address the effects of the First World War and mobilize for future conflicts.
(C) They needed to employ the workers who had lost their jobs in the Great Depression.
(D) They feared a popular backlash against the economic and social costs of the welfare state.

“The way in which the nuclear weapons that we are now developing are first used will be of fateful importance. Our
primary objective once the war is over should be to reach an international agreement on the total prevention of nuclear
warfare. From this perspective, using nuclear weapons against Japan may easily destroy all our chances of success.

A demonstration of the new weapon might best be made, before the eyes of representatives of all nations, in a desert or on
a barren island. Then America could argue, ‘We are ready to renounce the use of these weapons in the future if other
nations join us in this renunciation and agree to the establishment of an efficient system of international control.’

If an international agreement is not concluded immediately after the first use of nuclear weapons, this will mean a flying
start toward an unlimited armaments race. However, once an international peace agreement is achieved, then the
technology and materials accumulated in the process of developing the weapon can be used for important peacetime
developments, including power generation and mass production of radioactive materials. In this way, the money spent on
wartime development of nuclear technology may benefit the peacetime development of the national economy.”

James Franck, German-born scientist developing nuclear weapons technology for the United States, report to the United States government, 1945

18. Which of the following developments during the Second World War would Franck most likely have cited as
evidence to support his arguments in the passage?
Nazi scientists were working frantically to develop nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction
(A)
that could save the Nazi regime from defeat.
Allied firebombing in Germany and Japan had caused massive devastation and civilian casualties, and atomic
(B)
weapons were vastly more powerful than those used in firebombing.
German scientists such as Franck were critical to helping the United States develop nuclear weapons, and
(C)
some of those scientists wanted the weapons used on Germany rather than Japan.
(D) Some United States allies were largely unaware of the United States attempt to develop nuclear weapons.

19. Which of the following arguments would a supporter of using nuclear weapons against Japan have most likely cited
to explain the limitations of Franck’s arguments in the first and second paragraphs?
The United States use of nuclear weapons against Japan might provoke the Soviet Union into becoming
(A)
Japan’s ally.
Japanese government propaganda instilled fierce, suicidal nationalism in the Japanese population, making
(B)
Japan unlikely to surrender unconditionally without experiencing the effects of nuclear weapons.
The United States use of nuclear weapons against Japan would likely force the United States into a prolonged
(C)
occupation of Japan in order to ensure the economic redevelopment of the country.
Japanese military actions in the Pacific, though often brutal, did not justify the use of nuclear weapons
(D)
against Japanese cities with large civilian populations.

20. Contemporaries who agreed with Franck’s argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an
international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their position?

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New international organizations could have only a limited effect in restraining the actions of the great
(A)
powers.
(B) The peace agreements should ensure that Germany could never threaten the stability of Europe again.
(C) The end of the war would probably lead to a new rivalry between the victorious states.
Mass atrocities committed during the war required that states possess sufficient armaments to defend
(D)
themselves in future conflicts.

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“THE FLN WAS LYING TO THEM, BUT THEY SAW THROUGH IT AND MADE THE RIGHT CHOICE.
THE FLN IS LYING TO YOU!” POSTER PRODUCED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF FRANCE AGAINST
THE ALGERIAN NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT (FLN), 1958

The FLN was a political movement that advocated for the overthrow of French rule in Algeria. The poster shows an
outline of French president Charles de Gaulle in the middle of the French national flag. The photo underneath de Gaulle
shows two former FLN guerrilla leaders who switched sides and joined the French forces.

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21. The poster can most directly be used as evidence to illustrate which of the following continuities of the twentieth
century?
(A) Fascist states used propaganda to glorify their leaders.
(B) Governments used propaganda to resist liberal social and economic reforms.
(C) Governments used propaganda to mobilize populations against their enemies.
(D) Totalitarian governments used propaganda to suppress ideological opposition to their rule.

ANNUAL REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES OF THE AFRICAN FRENCH COLONY OF TOGO, 1938

(in French francs)

Revenues
Direct taxes on the people 7,933,000
Taxes on domestic production and imports 22,870,000
Revenue from postal service and telegraph 1,130,000
Funds from the French colonial budget 8,744,000
Other income 3,380,000

TOTAL 44,057,000

Expenditures
Colonial official salaries and other expenses 17,600,000
Public works, communication and infrastructure 4,885,000
Sleeping sickness-related personnel and other medical costs 2,700,000
Other expenditures 15,259,000

TOTAL 40,444,000

The figures are from a report of the Togo colonial government to the Ministry of Colonies in Paris.

22. The table best supports which of the following conclusions?

(A) European powers did not provide financial support for the maintenance of their colonies.
(B) European powers maintained colonies despite global war and economic depression.
(C) Europeans migrated and established settler communities in Africa.
(D) Revenue from cash crops accounted for the majority of “other income” in French African colonies.

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23. The expenditures shown in the table most strongly illustrate which of the following?
Despite some medical advances, the environment in Africa continued to present unique challenges to
(A)
European imperialism.
Despite economic challenges they faced at home, European imperial powers continued to finance local
(B)
manufacturing in their colonies.
The primary objective of European imperialism in Africa was to stop the rule of private joint-stock
(C)
companies.
European colonial powers did not build roads, bridges, or railways in the African territories under their
(D)
control.

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Snark/ Art Resource, NY

Poster from the Seventeenth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1934.

Poster text: “Raise the Flag of Lenin, It Gives Us Victory!”

Banners at bottom read: “Long live the invincible party of Lenin!” “Long live the great guide of the international
proletarian revolution, Comrade Stalin!”

24. Which of the following directly enabled the establishment of the government that produced the poster?
(A) The collapse of the Russian Empire under the stress of the First World War
(B) Redrawn national boundaries as a result of peace treaties ending the First World War
(C) The abolition of serfdom and other forms of coerced labor in Russia during the nineteenth century
(D) Increased ethnic violence in Russia due to imperial expansion in the nineteenth century

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25. Which of the following best describes the likely intent of the poster?
To build support for Soviet participation in institutions of international governance such as the League of
(A)
Nations
(B) To build support for centrally directed economic modernization programs in the Soviet Union
(C) To promote Soviet free-market economic policies and participation in international trade agreements
(D) To promote resistance to the prevailing political and economic order in the Soviet Union

INDIAN MUSLIM TROOPS IN THE BRITISH ARMED FORCES PRAYING. PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN IN
SURREY, ENGLAND, 1916

FPG / Staff

In the background, a group of British civilians, mostly women, are watching the troops pray.

26. The situation shown in the image is best understood in the context of which of the following aspects of twentieth-
century warfare?
(A) States used propaganda to intensify patriotism in times of war.
(B) States used new industrial technologies to fight wars that were deadlier and more expensive.
(C) States made full use of their populations and material resources to fight total wars.
(D) States increasingly mobilized their citizens for warfare regardless of gender or class.

27. As shown in the image, the deployment of soldiers by European powers most directly relates to which of the
following causes of conflict during the early twentieth century?

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(A) The network of rival alliance systems

(B) Imperialist expansion and competition for resources
(C) Decline in global economic production and trade
(D) The emergence of revolutionary communism

Source 1:

“The British . . . have for many decades had settled notions about India’s future. Their concept of party government and
parliamentary rule has become the ideal with them as the best form of government for every country. . . .

It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism. It is
only a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality. This misconception of one Indian
nation will lead India to destruction if we fail to revise our notions in time. The Hindus and Muslims in India belong to
two different religious philosophies, social customs, literatures. . . . They have different epics and different heroes. Very
often the hero of one is a foe of the other. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical
minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be built
up for the government of such a state.”

Muhammad Ali Jinnah, leader of the All-India Muslim League, an organization of Indian Muslims that had split from the Indian National Congress,
address to a meeting of the League, March 1940

Source 2:

“We, the inhabitants of India, have one thing in common and that is our India-ness, which we share despite our religious
and cultural differences. Just as our different features and personalities do not affect our common humanity, so our
religious and cultural differences should not interfere with our shared association with our homeland. Therefore, like other
religious groups in India, we Muslims have a duty to struggle for the attainment of our common Indian interests and fight
against the evils that hamper our common progress and prosperity. This is what I mean when I speak of a common
nationhood of all Indians. The [Indian National] Congress, having the same position as ours, has made provisions for the
protection of all religions, cultures, and languages in a future Indian state.

On the other hand, the European concept of nationalism is unacceptable to our organization. We denounce it and are
totally against it.”

Husain Ahmad Madani, leader of the Council of Indian Muslim Religious Scholars, address to the annual meeting of the organization, June 1940

28. Taken together, the two sources best support which of the following conclusions regarding the situation in British
India in 1940?
(A) The British skillfully manipulated religious tensions within India to rally support for the imperial war effort.
(B) Indian opposition to British rule involved groups pursuing very different political goals.
(C) Indian Muslim religious scholars rejected Gandhi’s emphasis on nonviolence to achieve political change.
(D) There was a clear difference between Hindu and Muslim visions of what postwar India should be.

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29. “Lenin used severe methods only in the most necessary cases, when the exploiting classes were still in existence and
were vigorously opposing the revolution. . . . Stalin, on the other hand, used extreme methods and mass repressions
at a time when the revolution was already victorious, when the Soviet state was strengthened, when the exploiting
classes were already liquidated, and when our party was politically consolidated and had strengthened itself both
numerically and ideologically.”

Nikita Khrushchev, Soviet leader, 1956

The passage best exemplifies which of the following historical developments?

(A) Khrushchev’s attempt to distance his rule from Stalinist atrocities
(B) Khrushchev’s defense of communism as an alternative to free-market capitalism
(C) The Soviet Union’s deployment of ballistic missiles to Cuba
(D) The diplomatic split between Communist China and the Soviet Union

“I got beaten up many times by the Japanese officials because I resisted changing my name to a Japanese one. Eventually,
I got tired of the abuse.

Out of desperation, I wrote to my aunt in Seoul, the one who had been an activist and had been arrested for the
independence demonstration. I asked her, should I do it? She wrote back, saying, ‘Do you have two fathers? If you have
two fathers, then change your name to the name of your Japanese father.’ She was furious!

So I held out a while longer, but I couldn’t stand any more persecution. I finally changed my name to Otake. The ‘O’ in
Korean is the first syllable of the place where I was born. The ‘take,’ meaning bamboo, is for the huge bamboo grove
behind our house. So my Japanese name meant that I was born in my home township, in the house with the bamboo grove
in the back.’”

Songp’il Pak, Korean farmer and fisherman, describing his experiences circa 1939–1940, interview with a historian, circa 1990

30. The policy of requiring Koreans to adopt Japanese names most directly illustrates which of the following aspects of
interwar Japan?
(A) Its traditional samurai culture
(B) Its extreme nationalism
(C) Its alliance with Nazi Germany
(D) Its economic modernization

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“Are we prepared for so stubborn a fight as a future war involving the great powers of Europe will undoubtedly become?
The answer, we must say without evasion, is no. In addition to the military considerations, there is also the political angle.
It should not be forgotten that Russia and Germany are representatives of the conservative principle in the civilized world,
as opposed to the democratic principle represented by England and France. From this point of view, a war between Russia
and Germany, regardless of the specific issues over which it is fought, is profoundly undesirable to both sides. Such a
conflict, however it ends, would entail the weakening of the conservative principle of which the two powers are the only
reliable bulwarks. Moreover, one must realize that, under the precarious conditions that now exist, a general European war
is mortally dangerous to both Russia and Germany, no matter who wins.

It is my firm conviction, based on long and careful study of the multitude of subversive tendencies and movements that
we are presently facing, that there must inevitably break out in the defeated country a social revolution that, by the very
nature of these things, will inevitably spread to the country of the victor. In our country today, there are countless agitators
telling the peasant that he should demand a gratuitous share of somebody else’s land, or the worker that he should be
getting hold of the entire capital and profits of the manufacturer. War with Germany will create exceptionally favorable
conditions for such agitations.”

Pyotr Durnovo, Russian Minister of the Interior, memorandum to Tsar Nicholas II, February 1914

31. The memorandum is best explained in the context of which of the following developments in the early twentieth
century?
(A) The decline of the Western-dominated global order
(B) The emergence of external and internal challenges that threatened the stability of imperial states
(C) The emergence of new nation-states based on the principle of ethnic self-determination
(D) The use of government propaganda to mobilize national populations for conflict with rival states

32. Durnovo’s argument in the second paragraph regarding the effect of war between Germany and Russia on the two
countries would prove to be
(A) inaccurate in its prediction that war between Germany and Russia would lead to “social revolution”
accurate in its prediction that both Germany and Russia would succumb to revolution regardless of which
(B)
side won the war
(C) inaccurate in its prediction that revolution would break out first in the defeated country
(D) accurate in its prediction that a war with Germany would create the circumstances for a revolution in Russia

33. Which development during the first decade of the twentieth century can best be explained in the context of the
“weakening of the conservative principle” mentioned in the first paragraph of the passage?
The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, as socialists in the Balkans led revolutions that greatly
(A)
weakened the Habsburg monarchy
The Mexican Revolution, as middle classes and peasants united to oust longtime dictator Porfirio Díaz and
(B)
establish a more equitable society
The Boer War, in which Dutch-speaking white settlers inflicted several military defeats on British colonial
(C)
armies in southern Africa
The formation of the Triple Entente alliance, in which Great Britain, France, and Russia pledged to work
(D)
together to check the rise of Germany

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Source 1

“Under the present circumstances, if we were to find ourselves in a war with France, it will be a people’s war that cannot
be won in one decisive battle but will turn into a long and deadly struggle with a country that will not give up before the
strength of its entire people has been broken. Our own people, too, will be utterly broken and exhausted, even if we
emerge victorious at the end.”

Helmuth von Moltke, German general, letter to the German emperor Wilhelm II, 1905

Source 2

“The integrity of what remains of the Ottoman Empire is one of the principles upon which the world’s balance of power is
based. Therefore, I reject the idea that it is in our national interest to shatter one of the cornerstones of the international
order. What if, after we have attacked Libya* and destabilized the Ottoman Empire, the Balkans begin to stir? And what if
a Balkan war provokes a clash between the two power blocs and a European war? Italy must not be the country that bears
the responsibility of putting a match to the powder keg.”

*Italy wanted to colonize Libya, which at the time was a province of the Ottoman Empire.

Giovanni Giolitti, prime minister of Italy, speech before the Italian parliament as it debated whether to attack Ottoman Libya, 1911

34. Moltke’s prediction in Source 1 about the consequences of a potential war between Germany and France is most
directly explained by the fact that
(A) France’s recent industrialization made it militarily superior to Germany
(B) France had a much larger population than Germany
(C) previous conflicts had stirred intense nationalism in France and Germany
(D) fascists within Germany sought to use a potential war with France as an excuse to establish a dictatorship

35. Giolitti’s concerns in Source 2 about the potential consequences of conflict in the Balkans are most directly
explained by which of the following developments in Europe in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
Ethnic and religious diversity in European states ensured that ethnic tensions in one region would quickly
(A)
spread across Europe and spark civil wars.
European states entered into military alliances with each other that forced them to come to their allies’ aid in
(B)
the event of conflict with a nonallied state.
Military experts feared that future wars between European states would likely be far deadlier than past wars,
(C)
because of the recent development of more advanced weapons.
Conflict between European rivals had already led to the dissolution of imperial states such as the Habsburg
(D)
Austro-Hungarian Empire.

36. In addition to the potential destabilization of the Ottoman Empire, Giolitti’s argument in Source 2 regarding Italy’s
ambitions in Libya is likely explained by the concern that any attempt by a European state to acquire colonies in
Africa could
(A) lead African states to unite with each other against European powers
(B) greatly endanger the spread of Catholicism and enable the spread of Islam
(C) encourage Japan to take advantage of the situation and conquer Italian colonies in Asia
(D) dangerously intensify rivalries between European states seeking to acquire territories and resources

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37. “I gave the people to understand that neither Turkey nor the handful of men Turkey possesses could be placed at the
disposal of the Caliph [leader of the Muslims] so that he might fulfill the mission attributed to him, namely to found
a State comprising the whole of Islam. . . . The people of the new Turkey have no reason to think of anything else
but their own existence and their own welfare. Turkey has nothing more to give away to others.”

Mustafa Kemal, president of Turkey, speech to a party congress, 1927

In the excerpt above, Mustafa Kemal is most clearly supporting which of the following?
(A) Fundamentalism
(B) Totalitarianism
(C) Marxism
(D) Nationalism

38. “At school the teachers say it is our patriotic duty to stop using foreign words. I didn’t know what they meant by
this at first, but now I see it—you must no longer say ‘adieu’ [‘farewell’] because that is French. It is in order to say
‘lebwohl’ [‘farewell’ in German] instead. We also have a little tin box in which we’ll put some small change in
every time we slip up and use a foreign word. The contents of this little war savings box will go towards buying
knitting wool. We must now knit woollen things for the soldiers.”

Diary of a twelve-year old German girl, August 1914

The passage above best exemplifies which of the following processes shortly after the outbreak of the First World
War?
(A) The increasingly authoritarian methods used by European teachers
(B) The strengthening of nationalist sentiment throughout Europe
(C) The emergence of a pan-European antiwar movement
(D) The key role European women played in sustaining the war effort

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DAVID OLÈRE, FRENCH JEWISH PAINTER, WHO SPENT MORE THAN TWO YEARS (MARCH 1943 TO
MAY 1945) AS AN INMATE IN AUSCHWITZ AND OTHER NAZI CONCENTRATION CAMPS, THE FOOD
OF THE DEAD FOR THE LIVING, PAINTED CIRCA 1950

39. The implementation of the policies of extermination shown in the image is most directly explained by which of the
following aspects of Nazi ideology?
(A) The idea that Germans descended from a master “Aryan” race
(B) The idea that some minority populations could eventually be Germanized
The idea that minority populations within Germany were somehow responsible for its defeat during the First
(C)
World War
(D) The idea that Germany needed to expand its postwar borders in order to provide “living space” for its people

40. The image can best help explain which of the following differences between the Nazi program of genocide and
other acts of genocide in the early twentieth century?
(A) The Nazis persecuted specific ethnic and religious groups because they viewed them as threats to the state.
(B) The Nazis industrialized the killing process, allowing them to commit murder on a massive scale.
(C) The Nazis attempted to conceal their atrocities from the larger international community.
(D) The Nazis committed their crimes during the course of a major international conflict.

41. Which of the following most directly explains the Nazis’ ability to carry out the policies of extermination shown in
the image?

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Jews in many regions of Europe had been restricted to certain occupations and had to live in ghettos until the
(A)
nineteenth century.
Many European Jews emigrated to Palestine after the First World War following the establishment of a
(B)
Jewish homeland in the region.
(C) Local populations collaborated with the regime either out of racial prejudice, fear, or hopes for material gain.
Nazi officials used propaganda to convince local populations that German occupation would benefit and
(D)
liberate them.

Number of Olympic Athletes by Gender, 1896 to 2016

42. The change in the total number of athletes shown in the graph circa 1932 was most directly a result of the
(A) spread of Cold War proxy conflicts in Africa and Asia
(B) lingering effects of a global economic depression
(C) creation of new nations after the First World War
(D) success of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia

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43. Which of the following best explains the changes depicted in Map 2 ?
(A) The rise of the Safavid Persian Empire
(B) European imperialism and increasing ethnic nationalism
(C) Sunni versus Shia rivalries within the Islamic world
(D) The decline of Silk Road trade routes

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“In theory, all of the peoples of the world, though different in their degree of civilization and enlightenment are created
equal and are brothers before God. As universal love advances, the theory goes, and as the regulations of international law
are put into place, the entire world will soon be at peace. This theory is currently espoused mainly by Western Christian
ministers or by persons who are enamored of that religion. However, when we leave this fiction and look at the facts
regarding international relations today, we find them shockingly different. Do nations honor treaties? We find not the
slightest evidence that they do. When countries break treaties, there are no courts to judge them. Therefore, whether a
treaty is honored or not depends entirely on the financial and military powers of the countries involved. Money and
soldiers are not for the protection of existing principles; they are the instruments for the creation of principles where none
exist.

There are those moralists who would sit and wait for the day when all wars would end. Yet in my opinion the Western
nations are growing ever stronger in the skills of war. In recent years, these countries devise strange new weapons and day
by day increase their standing armies. One can argue that that is truly useless, truly stupid. Yet if others are working on
being stupid, then I must respond in kind. If others are violent, then I too must become violent. International politics is the
way of force rather than the way of virtue—and we should accept that.”

Yukichi Fukuzawa, Japanese intellectual, Commentary on the Current Problems, 1881

44. Ideas similar to those expressed in the passage would contribute most directly to which of the following?
(A) Japanese imperialist policies in East and Southeast Asia in the first half of the twentieth century
Japanese government attempts to mobilize public opinion by promoting the veneration of the emperor in the
(B)
1930s and 1940s
(C) Japan’s policy of demilitarization after the end of the Second World War
(D) Japan’s “economic miracle” in the 1960s and 1970s

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Poem 1

“The world calls us coolie.*

Why doesn’t our flag fly anywhere?

How shall we survive, are we slaves forever? Why aren’t we involved in politics?

From the beginning we have been oppressed. Why don’t we even dream of freedom?

Only a handful of oppressors have taken our fields. Why has no Indian cultivator risen and protected his land?

Our children cry out for want of education. Why don’t we open science colleges?”

*An insulting term for South or East Asian manual workers

Poem 2

“Why do you sit silent in your own country You who make so much noise in foreign lands? Noise outside of India is of
little avail.

Pay attention to activities within India.

You are quarreling and Hindu-Muslim conflict is prevalent.

The jewel of India is rotting in the earth because you are fighting over the Vedas and the Koran.

Go and speak with soldiers.

Ask them why they are asleep, men who once held swords.

Muslim, Hindu, and Sikh heroes should join together. The power of the oppressors is nothing if we unitedly attack him.

Indians have been the victors in the battlefields of Burma, Egypt, China and the Sudan.”

45. In Poem 2, the reference to Indian victories on battlefields is best understood in the context of which of the
following?
(A) Violent resistance by Indians to colonial rule
(B) The drafting of migrants into the militaries of host countries
(C) Indian resistance to Japanese imperialism
(D) The mobilization of Indian troops to fight in Great Britain’s wars

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46.

The photograph above of German East African troops best illustrates which of the following historical processes
during the First World War?
(A) The increasing inclusion of non-Europeans in European conflicts
The undermining of European claims to moral superiority as a result of the destructiveness of the First World
(B)
War
(C) The development of African nationalism as a consequence of Africans’ involvement in European wars
The gradual extension of self-rule to Europe’s African colonies in the face of anticolonial protests by
(D)
Africans

47. “The immense majority of Mexico’s villages and citizens own only the ground on which they stand. They suffer the
horrors of poverty without being able to better their social status . . . or without being able to dedicate themselves to
industry or agriculture due to the fact that the lands, woods, and water are monopolized by the few.”

Emiliano Zapata,, Plan of Ayala, 1911

The opinion expressed in the passage above is most consistent with which of the following?
(A) Privatizing Mexico’s water and mineral resources
(B) Guaranteeing workers’ rights to organize and go on strike
(C) Redistributing one-third of the land controlled by large landholders to landless peasants
(D) Abrogating all contracts giving foreign nationals ownership of Mexican land

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“When the proposal to proclaim the equality of races was rejected by the Peace Conference at Versailles, Viscount
Makino, the Japanese representative, made it known that Japan would reintroduce the proposal. Obviously, Japan feels
that this issue is momentous for the sake of humanity and the peace of the world.

Of the non-white countries, Japan has taken the lead in adopting the best parts of European civilization. Japan codified her
laws, and reformed her police and judicial systems, her military and naval forces, thus placing herself almost on an equal
footing with that of the European countries.

Some whites regard the development of Japan as an unjustifiable encroachment upon their own rights. It is, of course, true
that there are still peoples in this world who are so backward in civilization that they cannot at once be admitted into the
international family on an equal footing. What they need is proper guidance and direction. When they have reached a
certain stage of civilization, they should be given an equal place and rank in the family of nations. Although most Asiatic
nations are fully peers of European nations, yet they are discriminated against because of the color of the skin. The root of
this discrimination lies in the perverted feeling of racial superiority entertained by the whites. If the present situation
continues, there is every likelihood that the peace of the world will be endangered.”

Okuma Shigenobu, Japanese member of parliament and former prime minister, “Illusions of the White Race,” article published in a Japanese journal,
Tokyo, 1921

48. Shigenobu’s point of view regarding Western attitudes toward Japan as expressed in the passage is significant in
that similar ideas were used by members of the Japanese government during the period between the First and the
Second World Wars to justify
(A) engaging in war with Russia over influence in Manchuria
(B) militarizing the Japanese state and expanding its territories in Asia
(C) overthrowing the Tokugawa Shogunate and establishing the Meiji dynasty
(D) introducing reforms that industrialized Japan’s economy

49. Shigenobu’s criticism of European race-based discrimination against Japanese people is significant mostly because
it shows that advocates of Japanese imperialism
(A) shared European Enlightenment views about representative government and natural rights
(B) accepted Western racial hierarchies and the place that those hierarchies assigned to Asian peoples
adopted the European attitudes about a “civilizing mission” and used those attitudes to justify Japan’s own
(C)
imperial policies
vigorously opposed European and United States’ restrictions on Japanese immigration to the United States
(D)
and Europe or European colonies

50. Asian reactions to Western claims of racial and cultural superiority, such as the reaction by Shigenobu in the
passage, were also instrumental in the period 1918–1945 in the
(A) intensification of anti-imperial resistance activities and independence movements
(B) growing number of conversions to Christianity among Asian peoples
(C) growing popularity of laissez-faire economic policies in Asian states
(D) establishment of European immigrant enclaves in many parts of South and East Asia

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51. Which of the following twentieth-century developments most directly weakened European colonial states and
contributed to the changes between the two maps?
(A) The decline of European economies during the Great Depression
(B) Japanese occupation of Southeast Asia during the Second World War
(C) Competition between Great Britain and France
(D) The conquest of Spanish imperial territories by the United States

52. “We did not have a tractor industry. Now we have one. We did not have an automobile industry. Now we have one.
In the output of electric power we were last on the list. Now we rank among the first. In the output of oil products
and coal we were last on the list. Now we rank among the first.And as a result of all of this our country has been
converted from an agrarian into an industrial country.”

Joseph Stalin, Soviet Union, 1933

The economic development Stalin describes above was achieved primarily through which of the following?
(A) Government control of the national economy
(B) Foreign investment from Western Europe
(C) Extensive trade with the United States
(D) Creation of private companies by Russian entrepreneurs

1. Scientists have reached general agreement in recognizing that mankind is one: that all men belong to the same species,
Homo sapiens. . . .

10. The scientific material available to us at present does not justify the conclusion that inherited genetic differences are a
major factor in producing differences between the cultures and cultural achievements of different peoples or groups. . . .

14. The biological fact of race and the myth of “race” should be distinguished. For all practical social purposes “race” is
not so much a biological phenomenon as a social myth. The myth of “race” has created an enormous amount of human
and social damage. In recent years it has taken a heavy toll in human lives and caused untold suffering.

A. According to present knowledge there is no proof that the groups of mankind differ in their innate mental
characteristics, whether in respect of intelligence or temperament.

B. There is no evidence that race mixture as such produces bad results from the biological point of view.

C. All normal human beings are capable of learning to share in common life, to understand the nature of mutual service
and reciprocity, and to respect social obligations and contracts.

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), statement about the “science of race,” 1949

53. The declaration’s mention of a “heavy toll” in the third paragraph was most likely a reference to which of the
following?

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(A) The casualties of the First World War

(B) The deaths that occurred as a result of the use of nuclear weapons during the Second World War
(C) The deaths that occurred during the Holocaust
(D) The mass violence that occurred under communist leaders, such as Mao Zedong

Source 1

“German wartime propaganda [during the First World War] has been criticized on many different grounds, but its success
in blaming the war on Russia was a masterstroke, mobilizing widespread Russophobia in the working classes, the people
most opposed to armed conflict, and playing on the threat of invasion. As [a daily newspaper in Berlin] told its readers,
‘the German people may honestly say once more in this hour that it did not want this war. . . . But it will not allow the soil
of the Fatherland to be overrun and devastated by Russian regiments.’ The brief occupation of East Prussian territory by
Russian units at the end of August fanned fears of the so-called ‘blood Tsar’ and his ‘Cossack hordes’ further.
Exaggerated atrocity stories appeared in the press and were given credibility by the letters of men serving [at the front].

Under such circumstances, it was hardly surprising that men of all classes decided that it was their patriotic duty to fight.
. . . [I]n Germany, surrounded on all sides by enemies, the rush to volunteer was immediate and spontaneous. With no
official encouragement, 260,672 enlistment requests were received in Prussia alone during the first week of mobilization.
. . . Moreover, contrary to the usual claim [made by historians] that volunteers were ‘war-enthused’ students or
schoolchildren, examination of muster rolls [lists of new recruits] and letters demonstrates that a broad cross-section of
urban society enlisted, mainly for reasons of patriotic self-defense.”

Alexander Watson, British historian, Enduring the Great War, 2008

Source 2

“In Britain, the interpretation of what constituted sensitive military news and should therefore be suppressed was broad,
but censorship was handled far less obtrusively [than in Germany]. Essentially, the British system consisted of a close
control of news at the source by military authorities, combined with a tight-knit group of ‘press lords’ who . . . decided
what was ‘good for the country to know.’ Important losses or battles often went completely unmentioned. When the
[British] battleship Audacious was sunk by a mine on 27 October 1914 off the Irish coast, the loss was simply never
announced. When the Battle of Jutland [a major naval engagement between British and German fleets] was under way,
not one civilian knew about it.

[Even when official censorship sometimes foundered], the press willingly censored itself. Why did British journalists
cooperate so willingly in suppressing important news? The obvious answer is that they all belonged to the same club,
whose membership also included the most powerful politicians. Publishing a casualty list (or a letter from a wounded
corporal about military bungling) would have meant expulsion from the club; social ostracism apparently meant more to
the newsmen than their professional duty to inform the public. The government also possessed positive incentives. In
addition to breakfast, lunch, tea, dinner, and golf weekends in the company of the powerful, knighthoods and lordships
were generously distributed among the press and, finally, prestigious posts in government itself.

Alice Goldfarb Marquis, United States historian, “Words as Weapons: Propaganda in Britain and Germany during the First World War,” article
published in an academic journal, 1978

54. Watson, in the first paragraph of Source 1, uses the newspaper quote to support the claim that

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(A) Russian troops committed atrocities against German civilians

(B) German propaganda portrayed the conflict with Russia as a defensive war
(C) parts of eastern Germany were occupied by Russian troops in the early stages of the war
(D) ordinary Germans were not genuinely afraid of the effects of a possible Russian invasion

55. Which of the following types of evidence does Watson (Source 1) cite to support his claim that early German
support for the war was not limited to the young?
(A) Muster rolls and letters
(B) Newspaper articles
(C) Propaganda ministry records
(D) The works of other historians of the war

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