STUDENTS - these review sheets are for review, not for use during your exam.

APWH UNIT 9
REFERENCE SHEET

OVERVIEW OF Advancements in Technology Impact and Limitations: Globalization and technology go hand in hand - as globalization makes the world more
connected, so do new advancements in technology. Although the above advancements lead to large positive impacts, there
by Theme are also some negative effects and limitations.

COMMUNICATION and TRANSPORTATION IMPACT

Globalization and ● TV and Radio ● Communication: leads to the faster spread of information and culture to more people around the world.
advancements in ● Cell phones ○ Ex. videos uploaded to the internet have impacted movements around the world (like Arab Spring)
Technology ● Social media ● Transportation: leads to more migration of people and goods; easier trade and connection to other locations
● Airplane
● Cargo planes LIMITATIONS:
● Tankers ● Communication: question of reliability of information
● With more connectivity are we becoming “one global culture”

AGRICULTURE IMPACT:

● Green Revolution: used new methods of
crossbreeding as well as new fertilizers and
irrigation techniques to produce more
resistant varieties of grains (that would yield
more produce)
● More productive crops resistant to pests and drought have led to increase in availability of certain grains (which
impacts population)
LIMITATIONS:
● Small farmers lose land due to expensive prices of fertilizers; larger farming groups take over
● Fewer jobs in agriculture due to new mechanical equipment
● Environmental damage (see more in next section)
○ Soil due to chemicals/deforestation
○ Pollinators (like bumbly bees) due to pesticides and new crops with less pollen

ENERGY IIMPACT:

● Fossil fuels like petroleum and natural gas ● More energy means more productivity
● Nuclear energy ● Cleaner energies like wind and solar can help alleviate environmental concerns
● Renewable
resources like wind LIMITATIONS: :
and solar power ● Fossil fuels contribute to environmental issues like air pollution and climate change
● Nuclear power can also have dangerous consequences when waste is not stored correctly or reactors have
accidents
STUDENTS - these review sheets are for review, not for use during your exam.
● Thus far only 5% of energy consumption comes from nuclear energy, another 5% from solar power
● Environmental damage (see more in next section)

MEDICINE IIMPACT:

● Antibiotics (ex. Penicillin by Alexander ● Antibiotics saved several soldiers in WWII and began to he;p fight illnesses in civilians
Fleming) ● Due to birth control, fertility rates declined worldwide (women having less children)
● Birth control ● Birth control has also led to the reshaping of gender roles, impacting society
● Vaccines ● Due to vaccines, many diseases (polio and measles) are more rare, smallpox essentially eradicated (1980s), others
○ Polio now prevented leading to the prevention of an estimated 3 million deaths in the 21st century
○ Measles -
○ Smallpox LIMITATIONS and THEIR IMPACTS:
○ Mumps, measles, tetanus, etc.
● Resistance: Antibiotics may lead to the evolution of stronger strains of the diseases they treat

● Lack of Access: Poverty and the factors associated with it (poor housing/work conditions, contaminated water,
poor sanitation, lack of access) has led to the spread of diseases in low-income regions
○ Malaria (large impact on tropical areas, especially in Africa)
○ Tuberculosis (places with populations living in close quarters are affected)
○ Cholera (bacterial disease impacting places with contaminated water)
○ Polio (disease through contaminated water, large impact on Pakistan and Afghanistan)

● Emerging Epidemics: due to more connectivity, disease can spread faster worldwide
○ Spanish Flu (1918-1919) killed more soldiers than WWI, infected 1/5 of the worldwide population
○ HIV/AIDS (1981-2014) killed more than 2r5 million during this time span; new research has led to
antiretroviral drugs leading to extension of life
○ Ebola: deadly disease with an outbreak in 2014 in West Africa; WHO (World Health Org) led response

● New Diseases Impacting Longevity

○ Heart Disease: lifestyle, genetics, develops due to increased longevity of humans; new treatments like
heart transplants, stents, and medications available
○ Alzheimer’s Disease: form of dementia that leads patients to lose their memory, eventually death; cure
is still unknown and research in development

More In Depth Look: Technology and the Environment

General Look:
● Deforestation: loss of trees due to cutting down land for agriculture
● Desertification: overuse of agriculture and removal of natural vegetation in arid lands
● Air and water pollution: decline in quality of air due to pollution
● Increased consumption: of water and resources

Causes of Changes:
● Population Growth and Agriculture: more people means more demand for food, which means more crops
○ This means more deforestation, soil erosion, and decline of habitats for animals and people
○ How many people, you say? Take a look at the changing world population:
■ 1900 - 1.6 billion; 1950 - 2.55 billion; 2000 - 6.12 billion
STUDENTS - these review sheets are for review, not for use during your exam.
● Population Growth and Urbanization: more cities and larger cities have led to more waste and pollution
● Globalization and Industrialization: as more energy is needed to produce goods, more resources are depleted and pollution is increased

Effects of Changes:
● Resource Depletion: since the Industrial Revolution, fossil fuels are rapidly depleting and could be used up in the next 30-40 years

● Inequality/Scarcity of Resources: pollution of and increased consumption of water leads to shortages, especially in lower income regions
○ WHO predicts that by 2025 over 1/2 of the world’s population will lack clean water due to increased scarcity of clean/safe water
○ Since low income regions depend on women/children to collect water, this leads to lack of time in education, skill development, or in income centered jobs
(which has impacted gender roles and continued to reinforce the gap between developing and developed nations)

● Changes to Atmosphere: increase in greenhouse gases from factories, cars, airplanes, and industrialization

● New Energy Sources: new renewable energy like wind, solar, tidal, and geothermal power have become more popular. At first they were too
expensive, but as technologies have developed and become more readily available, more companies and countries invest in them. By 2050,
maybe half the world’s electricity will be from wind and solar power!

● New Awareness: new “Environmental Cool Club Kids” have emerged!

○ Club of Rome (1968) - organization with representatives from all walks of life (scientists, diplomats, etc) formed to discuss
solutions to global challenges, specifically discussing resource depletion
○ Green Party - organization in many countries focusing on identifying solutions to environmental issues
○ Green Belt Movement - helping to protect environment through initiatives like preservation of ecosystems (ex. Planting 51
million trees in Kenya)

The Debate: While many agree that Climate Change (at times called global warming) has led to changes and can lead to potentially more catastrophic issues (rising sea levels, more
severe droughts, hurricanes, etc) others remain skeptical. Many governments have come to agreements to help de escalate the crisis:

● Kyoto Protocol (1997): developed nations (W Europe) argued that developing nations (ex. China and India) needed to limit increased output of CO2; US did not ratify it

● Paris Agreement (2015): 195 countries signed a deal to refocus efforts on environmental initiatives ( US left in 2017 under Pres. Trump, rejoined in 2021 under Pres. Biden)

● Increased Activism:
○ Greta Thunberg speech at UN (2018): “You say you love your children above all else, and yet you are stealing their future in front of their very eyes.”
○ Extinction Rebellion (2018): group engaged in civil disobedience in England by blocking bridges and intersections, chaining themselves to headquarters of
businesses, etc. though many were arrested, parliament discussed the climate emergency due to their efforts

● Is it a New Age:
○ Holocene epoch: “current age”, means entirely recent; some scientists argue this is the name for our time period
○ Anthropocene: “new man”, some scientists voted to approve this name due to the fact that humans now directly affect almost the entire planet

OVERVIEW OF Economics
Global World DEVELOPMENTS: MORE DEVELOPMENTS:
and:
● Economic liberalization: opening up of economies (nod to Ronald Reagan and ● Movement of Manufacturing: manufacturing plants have moved to different
Margaret Thatcher and free markets); regions, like Asia and Latin America instead of Europe and the US
-Economics ○ Led some corporations to move where wages, taxes, and regulations ○ Ex. Vietnam and Bangladesh: labor costs are lower than even in
-Reforms were cheaper or fewer; rise in labor exploitation and damage to China, large manufacturing of clothing/textiles and items like
environment phones
STUDENTS - these review sheets are for review, not for use during your exam.
-Globalization ○ Ex. Chile (August Pinochet 1974-1990; violent tactics yet opened up ○ Ex. Mexico and Honduras: due to development of NAFTA (North
free-market) American Free Trade Agreement) in 1994, maquiladoras (factories)
-New
○ Ex. China (Deng Xiaoping 1981 opened up China to more economic set up in Mexico; many jobs shifted to these locations where there
Institutions reforms like replacing communes with peasant least lands, allowing are low wages
factories more control over production, more private business in ■ Honduras has begun to upgrade their practices (recycling
Shanghai) materials, fair labor practices)

● Knowledge Economies: focus on information, creation, spread of knowledge to
increase economic success
○ Ex. Finland (resources into research, education, innovation; built
success on mobile phones and software)
○ Ex. Japan (increased exports/decreased imports, high emphasis on
education and growth in technological developments)
○ Ex. Asian Tigers: other countries who focused on government-business
partnerships and intense education (Hong Kong, Singapore, South
Korea, Taiwan)
● Economic Clubs: many organizations were created after WWII to allow ease of
trade. With less restrictions, certain countries enjoy trading benefits with one
another. Some of these, like WTO, also focus on creating fair labor practices.
○ Ex. Mercosur (South America)
○ Ex. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
○ Ex. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
○ Ex. World Trade Organization (WTO)
● Multinational Corporations: a corporation legally incorporated in one country
but sells (or makes) its product in others.
○ Ex. Go wayyy back to joint stock companies (British East India Co)
○ Ex. Microsoft, Google, Mahindra & Mahindra, Nestle
■ Mahindra & Mahindra is based in India, and has been
awarded for its responsible practices - it is considered the
“most trusted business in India”
■ Nestle is a Swiss based company, and is known for
buying cocoa from suppliers that use child labor;
however it also is investing in research aimed at better
environmental practices and agricultural training

Reform Movements and Impacts

An “Era of Rights” and the United Nations: since WWII, it has been argued that the development of the United Nations (UN) has led to movements toward justice, equality, and change
in many areas of life:
● Universal Declaration of Human Rights: basic rights and fundamental freedoms for all human beings (UN)
● Human Rights Initiatives: the UN focuses on protecting people of all backgrounds (ex. UNICEF - United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund)
● International Court of Justice: judicial body set up to negotiate disputes over international law; also deals with border disputes and treaty violations
● UNHCR and NGOs : United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and non-governmental organizations work to protect refugees and give help in the form of food,
medicine, and shelter
● Global Feminism: focuses on outlining rights and providing equal opportunities (ex. 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discimination Against Women: right
to vote, hold office, choose spouse, education, family planning)
● Cultural/Religious Movements: securing rights for those of various religions and groups (ex. Negritude and its focus on “blackness”/self-determination)

Gender Equality Racial Equality

● Along with US
access to ● 1965 Civil
professions, Rights Act:
healthcare, outlawed
STUDENTS - these review sheets are for review, not for use during your exam.

and other discrimination

rights in the based on race,
20th century, color, religion,
there has been sex, national
more change origin
for women ● 1965 Voting
● Education has Rights Act:
increased - not banned
just in literacy discrimination
but in college in voting
attendance ● Continued
● Suffrage - as of developments
2018 only seeking and
Vatican City allowing more
did not allow access/fair
women to treatment in
vote; there are education,
still barricades workplace
to voting, rights, and
however (ex. more continue
Pakistan)
South Africa
Human Rights and ● 1948
China: A Closer Look Apartheid
enforced
segregation of
Though China began to people based
loosen up its government on race,
control of the economy, placing the
its social controls 15% minority
remained intact. News white South
and education were still Africans in
censored, NGOs were not charge of the
allowed to operate 85% majority
without supervision, and black, South
the political system Asian, or
essentially ensured the mixed race
continuation of the South Africans
Chinese Communist ○ Segr
Party. egat
ion
● Tiananmen laws
Square: pro- ban
democracy ned
activists the
demonstrated blac
after the death k
of a high level pop
government ulat
figure ion
sympathetic to fro
STUDENTS - these review sheets are for review, not for use during your exam.

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more cert
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STUDENTS - these review sheets are for review, not for use during your exam.

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STUDENTS - these review sheets are for review, not for use during your exam.

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STUDENTS - these review sheets are for review, not for use during your exam.

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O of
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STUDENTS - these review sheets are for review, not for use during your exam.

(TR
C)

India’s Caste System

● Though made
illegal in 1949
via India’s
Constitution,
the social
classes of the
Caste System
still receive
limitations
based on their
inherited
position on the
hierarchy,
especially
those
connected to
the lowest
group - dalit,
or
untouchable
● Caste
Reservation
System:
government
has tried to
alleviate this
by
guaranteeing a
certain
amount of
spots in
government,
education, and
the workforce

Environmental Repair Economic Fairness

The planet has spoken Since the WTO mostly

and said “hey, yo - this is
why I’m hot” (bad jokes
#sorrynotsorry) and the
world has responded:
● Earth Day:
began in 1970
in the US,
April 22 is a
focused on commercial
interests, a new group
was created:
World Fair Trade
Organization (WFTO) in
1989
● Made up of
organizations
STUDENTS - these review sheets are for review, not for use during your exam.

day for people from around

to focus on the world who
environmental follow these
awareness rules:
(highlight ○ Cre
policies, ate
information, opp
initiatives) ortu
niti
● Greenpeace: es
founded in for
1971, is now a eco
multinational no
agency that mic
essentially ally
speaks for the disa
planet, trying dva
to confront ntag
desertification, ed
global pro
warming, duc
overfishing, ers
and overkilling ○ Tra
of whales nsp
aren
● Green Belt cy
Movement: and
began in 1977 acco
by Wangari unt
Maathai (who abili
won the Nobel ty
Peace Prize in ○ Fair
2004 - first trad
African ing
Woman to prac
win!); helped tice
women work s
to plant trees ○ Pay
to improve soil men
and collect t of
rainwater as a
they had seen fair
streams pric
disappear and e
wanted to ○ Ens
change the urin
crisis. “We are g no
called to assist chil
the earth to d
heal her labo
wounds and in r or
STUDENTS - these review sheets are for review, not for use during your exam.

the process forc

heal our own.” ed
labo
r
○ Co
mm
itm
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to
non
disc
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○ Pro
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cap
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buil
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○ Pro
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fair
trad
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○ Res
STUDENTS - these review sheets are for review, not for use during your exam.
pect
for
the
envi
ron
men
t
Globalization and Resistance to Globalization
Examples of Globalization in Various Realms:
Political Changes
● Moving away from competition via imperialism or Cold War, there is now more
cooperation through regional organizations (ex. UN)
Social Changes
● People are now more connected - even if virtually so, leading to more conversation
and more voices within the discussion on everything from rights, to the
environment, to which are the best cat memes
Economic Changes
● Global Brands: some companies become multinational (ex. Apple, Nike, Rolex,
Toyota, Amazon, Coca Cola)
● Online Commerce: trade is easier than ever, where you can buy goods from other
countries easily
Cultural Changes
● Popular Culture (1920s): culture of everyday peoples, not just the wealthy; spreads
through radio and TV
○ Americanization: more people learn about American culture; some
resent it, viewing the US as “throwaway culture” of waste and pollution
○ English language also spreads rapidly
○
● ART/COMMUNICATION
○ Harlem Renaissance: rebirth of black artistic expression, ex. Jazz
○ Bollywood: blend of film styles in India (they make more films than any
other country)
○ Anime: hand-drawn animation in the Japanese style; 60% of animated
TV shows were based on anime in 2016
○ Reggae: Jamaican music blending New Orleans jazz with mento
○ K-pop: artists whose songs are a mixture of Korean and English, led to
more popularity for South Korean goods
○ Social Media: new format of communication through means such as
Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, etc.
■ Has led to inspiration and movements for reform, but also is
easy to manipulate leading to current debate over usage
■ Some countries limit/ban social media (ex. China) although it
Examples of Resistance in Various Realms: Though globalization has led to connection,
raised awareness and spread of diversity, and technological developments, many have
pushed back against it for various reasons.
● The Battle of Seattle (1999): protests occurred at a WTO conference in Seattle,
WA. The 40,000 protestors included environmentalists, students, labor unions,
farmers, and more. Significant as it was planned on the internet and is seen as
a beginning of the anti-globalization movement
Why Resistance
● Economic reasons
○ Poor labor conditions: ex. child labor, sweatshops
○ Harm to small businesses
○ Push for: fair trade, sustainable development, debt relief
● Environmental reasons
○ Damage: ex. climate change, deforestation
● Distrust:
○ Threat to nations, concern for sovereignty: ex. Brexit (from the EU)
○ Unreliability of information, ex. Social media
New Globalized Institutions - The UN and NGOs
New Institutions in a Globalized World
United Nations - new and stronger edition of the old League of Nations
● Includes:
○ General Assembly (decides issues on peace, security, budget)
○ Security Council (debates issues from General Assembly, has five
permanent member - US, France, Great Britain, Russia, China;
elects ten other members on rotation)
■ The big 5 have veto power, but some dispute its fairness
○ Secretariat: administrative arm of the UN
○ International Court of Justice: settles disputes about international
law
STUDENTS - these review sheets are for review, not for use during your exam.
allows its own censored platforms ○ Economic and Social Council: directs economic, social,
humanitarian, cultural initiatives (ex. Green energy)
● SPORTS ○ Universal Declaration of Human Rights: made in 1948, includes
○ Olympic Games: modern edition began in 1896 bringing fans of popular basic rights and freedoms that all should have globally (ex. Freedom
sports together from slavery, right to nationality, right to own property, freedom of
○ World Cup: rivals the Olympics as soccer has eclipsed other sports as thought, etc.)
the most popular
○ Other sports are popular too - especially due to their players (ex. ● UN Priorities
Michael Jordan and basketball) ○ Peacekeeping
○ Protecting Refugees
● RELIGION ○ Alleviating world hunger/poverty
○ New Age religions: new forms of Buddhism, Sufism, and others adapted ○ Supporting education, science, culture (ex. UNESCO)
mostly for the West ○ Human Rights Watch
○ More and more numbers of nonbelievers (not atheists or agnostic, just ○ More
nonaligned)
NGOs - non governmental organizations

World Bank - fighting poverty by giving loans to countries

International Monetary Fund: promotes stable currency exchange rates

International Peace Bureau (apart from the UN) - nuclear disarmament

The Next Chapter, My Friends - is, as Jasmine and Aladdin Say - “A Whole New World”

Sources: Other than my own brain and wit, the following contributed to the success of these review guides!
● Freeman, Benjamin (2020). AP World: Modern. Freeman-Pedia. https://www.freeman-pedia.com/apworldmodern
● Janis, J. et al. (2020). AMSCO Advanced Placement World History: Modern. Perfection Learning.
● Tripp, Caitlin (2020). AP World New Units Graphics. https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Caitlin-Tripp
● Memes and images taken from the internet are for educational purposes and not for profit.