Ontology The branch of philosophy which studies the basic characteristics of reality It is the theory of objects and their

ties The most set of questions of ontology What really exist? What is truly real? Another set of questions of ontology is concerned with comprehending the observable world, the most general laws of its development and functioning What is nature and what are its limits? What is a physical object? What is existence? Why do things change? What is space and time and how do they relate to the objects? How do events occur? The central concepts of ontology Being is the general statement of the existence of anything Matter (according to physics) is the substance that has mass and occupies space Matter (according to philosophy) is the concept for the defining objective reality which exists independently of consciousness and is reflected the latter Universe is the whole cosmic system of matter and energy of which the Earth is a part Idea is a transcendent entity that is a real pattern of which existing things are imperfect representation Spirit is an animating or vital principle held to give life to physical organisms; a supernatural being or existence The Central State Question in philosophy How does consciousness relate to matter? Sub questions What is primary? (Does matter originate from consciousness or consciousness from matter?) Whether consciousness is capable of truthfully reflecting the world? Materialism (Democritus, Epicurus, Thomas Hobbes, Diderot, Volter, Ludwig Feuerbach, K. Marx) Matter is a primary substance Consciousness reflects the matter The simplest form of materialism: all things consist of matter or its modifications Naturalism whatever exists can be explained only in natural terms Dialectical materialism (K. Marx) the material world, perceptible to the senses, has objective reality independent of mind Modern materialism: the concept of matter has meaning only by the contrast with that of mind Idealism: an epistemological doctrine emphasizing the primacy of the spirits or consciousness in the viewing the world Nothing exists apart from minds and the "contents" of minds Objective idealism: (Plato, Hegel, Immanuel Kant) Individuals can know supersensible reality by pure intuition or thoughts independent of sense The reality of the outside world is contingent on a knower

Subjective idealism (George Berkeley, Fichte) Individuals can know only sensible appearances while essences of things are elusive Esse est percepi To be is to be perceived (J. Berkeley) Solipsism an extreme form of Subjective idealism I alone exist Solipsism is the philosophical idea that only one's own mind is sure to exist Metaphysical dualism was formulated by R. Descartes Substance is an existent thing which requires nothing but itself in order to exist Organizing levels of existence or Forms of being The ultimate classification of everything that exists The main criteria for classification: Temporal and spatial limits of existence Degree of complexity Origin The laws and forms of change and evolution Systems and sub-systems of matter Non-living sub-micro elementary micro elementary nuclear atomic molecular macromolecular mega level meta level Living Macromolecular Cellular micro organic organs and tissues Organism Population Community Biosphere Society Individual Family Group nations, classes State system of states Mankind noosphere Noosphere derived from the Greek nous meaning mind It is the part of the world of life that is strongly affected by mans conceptual thought

It is the part of the world of life that is strongly affected by mans conceptual thought The term was proposed by Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and Vladimir Vernadsky According to Vernadsky, the noosphere is the third in a succession of phases of development of the Earth, after the geosphere (inanimate matter) and the biosphere (biological life) Just as the emergence of life fundamentally transformed the geosphere, the emergence of human cognition fundamentally transforms the biosphere The word is also used to refer to a transhuman consciousness emerging from the interactions of human minds. This view was proposed by the theologian Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. The noosphere is evolving towards an ever greater integration, culminating in the Omega Pointthe ultimate goal of history Big Bang Model: The theory of the evolution of the Universe This type of Universe was proposed by A. Fridman and G. Lemaitre \in the 1920 The modern version was developed by G. Gamov in the 1940 This model is based on two assumptions: The Einsteins theory of relativity correctly describes the gravitational interaction of all matter The cosmological principle, which states that the observers view of the Universe depends neither on direction in which he looks nor on his location Cosmological principle implies: The Universe has no edge. The Big Bang origin occurred not at a particular point in space, but rather thought space at the same time The Universe expanded rapidly from a highly compressed primordial state, which resulted in a significant decrease in density and temperature The expansion of the universe began with an intense exposing 15 billion years ago In this primordial fireball the temperature exceeded 10 K and most of the energy was the form of radiation After 1 minute, the temperature dropped to 1 billion K range, making it possible for nuclear reactions to take place and produce deuterons After a few hundred thousands years the temperature must have dropped sufficiently for electrons to remain attached to nuclei to constitute atoms Galaxies began to form after some billion of years and the process continues today