DISTANCE LEARNING is conventionally defined as any educational or learning process or system in which the teacher and instructor are

separated geographically or in time from his or her students; or in which students are separated from other students or educational resources. -is effected through the implementation of computer and electronics technology to connect teacher and student in either real or delayed time or on an as-needed basis. -Content delivery may be achieved through a variety of technologies, including satellites, computers, cable television, interactive video, electronic transmissions via telephone lines, and others. - it does not preclude traditional learning processes; frequently it is used in conjunction with in-person classroom or professional training procedures and practices. - It is also called distributed learning. ADVANTAGES: Distance learning does not require commuting Convenient You can complete most of the classes at your convenience Live anywhere, study from anywhere while pursuing the education of your choice Gain extra knowledge Self-paced learning Accessibility DISADVANTAGES: Costly and complex technology Distance learning does not offer immediate feedback Distance learning does not always offer all the necessary courses online Distance learning does not give students the opportunity to work on oral communication skills Social isolation Two Types of Distance Learning Synchronous instruction (via internet) Asynchronous instruction (interactive tv classes) YNCHRONOUS -Occurs when the teacher and his pupils interact in

different places at the same time. - May include multimedia components such as group chats, web seminars, video conferencing, and phone call-ins. -Requires the simultaneous participation of all students and instructors. -Generally, synchronous learning works best for students who can schedule set days and times for their studies. - Often preferred by those who like structured courses heavy on student interaction. Advantages -Interaction is done in "real time" and has an immediacy. Examples include interactive telecourses, teleconferencing and web conferencing, and Internet chats. Disadvantages -Students enrolled in synchronous courses are generally required to log on to their computer during a set time at least once a week. ASYNCHRONOUS -beverly - Occurs when the teacher and the pupils interact in different places and during different times. -Often relies on technology such as message boards, email, pre-recorded video lectures, mp3s, and traditional mail correspondence. Examples of asynchronous delivery include e-mail, audio cassette courses, videotaped courses, correspondence courses, and WWW-based courses. Advantages -Delivery includes student choice of location and time, and interaction opportunities among the students as well as the instructor. -It does not require the simultaneous participation of all students and instructors. -More flexible than synchronous instruction -Students enrolled in asynchronous courses are able to complete their work whenever they please. -Students do not need to be gathered together in the same location at the same time. Rather, students may choose their own instructional time frame and interact with the learning materials and instructor according to their schedules

Disadvantag -Self-paced instruction places a substantial burden on the student to maintain interest, focus, and pace. This motivation can be difficult to sustain. -Experience shows that time limits are necessary to main focus and participation. The self-paced format accommodates multiple learning levels and schedules. PUPPET SHOW A puppet is an inanimate object or representational figure animated or manipulated by an entertainer, who is called a puppeteer. It is used in puppetry, a play or a presentation that is a very ancient form of theatre. Most puppetry involves storytelling. The impact of puppetry depends on the process of transformation of puppets, which has much in common with magic and with play. They can be extremely complex or very simple in their construction. They may even be found objects. THE ORIGIN Aristotle (384 BC 322 BC) discusses puppets in On the Motion of Animals. The movements of animals may be compared with those of automatic puppets, which are set going on the occasion of a tiny movement; the levers are released, and strike the twisted strings against one another. TYPES OF PUPPETR Black light puppet , Bunraku puppet,Carnival or body puppet, Finger Puppet, Sock Puppet, Hand Puppet or Glove Puppet, Ticklebug,Human-arm puppet, Light curtain puppet, Marionette,Marotte, Pull String puppet, Push puppet, Toy Theatre, Rod puppet, Shadow puppet, Supermarionation,Table Top puppets,Ventriloquism dummy, Water puppet Black light puppet A form of puppetry where the puppets are operated on a stage lit only with ultraviolet lighting, which both hides the puppeteer and accentuates the colours of the puppet.The puppeteers perform dressed in black against a black background, with the background and costume normally made of black velvet Bunraku puppet Developed in Japan over a thousand years Bunraku puppets are a type of wood-carved puppet originally made to stand out through torch illuminatio Carnival or body pup are usually designed to be part of a large spectacleThese are often used in parades and demonstrations, and are at least the size of a human and

often much larger. One or more performers are required to move the body and limbs. Finger Puppet An extremely simple puppet variant which fits onto a single finger.Normally have no moving parts, and consist primarily of a hollow cylinder shape to cover the finger. This form of puppet has limited application, and is used mainly in pre-schools or kindergartens for storytelling with young children. Sock Puppet A puppet formed from a sock and operated by inserting ones hand inside the sock. One moves his hand up and down to give the impression of speaking; eyes and other factors are added to the sock in order to make the puppet more realistic. They are mostly used in satirical or childish works, as they are not very professional. Hand Puppet or Glove Puppet are puppets controlled by one hand which occupies the interior of the puppet.Larger varieties of hand puppets place the puppeteer's hand in just the puppet's head, controlling the mouth and head, and the puppet's body then hangs over the entire arm. Ticklebug is a type of hand puppet created from a human hand to have four legs, where the puppet features are drawn on the hand itself. The middle finger is lifted as a head. The thumb and forefinger serve as a first set of two legs on one side.The ring finger and little finger serve as a second set of two legs on the opposite side. Human-arm puppet Also caled a "two-man puppet" or a "Live-hand puppet" it is similar to a hand puppet but is larger and requires two puppeteers. One puppeteer places a hand inside the puppet's head and operates its head and mouth, while the other puppeteer wears gloves and special sleeves attached to the puppet in order to become the puppet's arms, so that the puppet can perform arbitrary hand gestures. Light curtain puppet use specifically focused light to highlight small areas of a performance, allowing the puppet to be seen while the manipulators remain invisible.The puppets stand on a stage divided into an unlit background and a well-lit foreground, meeting to form a "curtain" of light. The puppeteer dresses in black and remains hidden in the unlit background of the stage while the puppet is held across the light curtain in the lit foreground of the stage. Marionette also called as "string puppetThese puppets are suspended and controlled by a number of strings, plus sometimes a central rod attached to a control bar (can be either a horizontal or vertical) held from above by the puppeteer.This form of puppetry is complex and sophisticated to operate, requiring greater manipulative control than a finger, glove or rod puppet.

Marotte A simplified rod puppet that is just a head and/or body on a stick Some marottes have a small string running through the stick attached to a handle at the bottom. When the handle is squeezed, the mouth opens. Pull String puppet a puppet consisting of a cloth body where in the puppeteer puts his/her arm into a slot in the back and pulls rings on strings that do certain tasks such as waving or moving the mouth. Push puppet a push puppet consists of a segmented character on a base which is kept under tension until the button on the bottom is pressed. The puppet wiggles, slumps and then collapses, and is usually used as a novelty toy. Toy Theatre Push-in or Paper puppet or Toy Theatre A puppet cut out of paper and stuck onto card It is fixed at its base to a stick and operated by pushing it in from the side of the puppet theatr Rod puppet A puppet constructed around a central rod secured to the head. A large glove covers the rod and is attached to the neck of the puppet. A rod puppet is controlled by the puppeteer moving the metal rods attached to the hands of the puppet and by turning the central rod secured to the head Shadow puppet a cut-out figure held between a source of light and a translucent screen. can form solid silhouettes or be decorated with various amounts of cut-out details Colour can be introduced into the cut-out shapes to provide a different dimension and different effects can be achieved by moving the puppet (or light source) out of focus Supermarionatio a method invented by Gerry Anderson.electronically moving the mouths of marionettes to allow for lipsynchronized speech. The marionettes were still controlled by human manipulators with strings. Table Top puppets a puppet usually operated by rod or direct contact from behind, on a surface similar to a table top (hence the name) Ventriloquism dummy They are called dummies because they do not speak on their own. A puppet operated by a ventriloquist performer by the one hand to focus the audience's attention from the performer's activities and heighten the illusions. Water puppet a Vietnamese puppet form (Ma ri nc literally means "puppets that dance on water", an ancient tradition that dates back to the 10th century.) The puppets are built out of wood and the shows are performed in a waist-deep pool. A large rod supports the

puppet under the water and is used by the puppeteers to control them. MULTIMEDIA Multimedia is media and content that uses a combination of different content forms It includes a combination of text, audio, still images, animation, video, or interactivity content forms. On the Internet you can often find multimedia elements embedded in web pages, and modern web browsers have support for a number of multimedia formats. 2 Major characteristics of multimedia 1. 1. Multimedia presentations viewed by person on stage, projected, transmitted, or played locally with a media player. A broadcast may be a live or recorded multimedia presentation. Broadcasts and recordings can be either analog or digital electronic media technology. Digital online multimedia may be downloaded or streamed. Streaming multimedia may be live or ondemand. 1. 2. Multimedia games and simulations used in a physical environment with special effects, with multiple users in an online network, or locally with an offline computer, game system, or simulator. Usage / Application 1. Presentation using PowerPoint 2. Virtual reality uses multimedia content. 3. VVO Multimedia-Terminal in Dresden WTC (Germany) 4. Creative Industries - use multimedia for a variety of purposes ranging from fine arts, to entertainment, to commercial art, to journalism, to media and software services provided for any of the industries listed below: Commercial uses for advanced multimedia presentations beyond simple slide shows to sell ideas or liven-up training Entertainment and fine arts In the Arts there are multimedia artists, whose minds are able to blend techniques using different media that in some way incorporates interaction with the viewer Education multimedia is used to produce computer-based training courses and reference books like encyclopedia and almanacs Journalism Freelance journalists can make use of different new media to produce multimedia pieces for their news stories Engineering Software engineers may use multimedia in Computer Simulations for anything from entertainment to training such as military or industrial training

 Industry multimedia is used as a way to help present information to shareholders, superiors and coworkers. Multimedia is also helpful for providing employee training, advertising and selling products all over the world via virtually unlimited web-based technology Mathematical and scientific research In mathematical and scientific research, multimedia is mainly used for modeling and simulation. For example, a scientist can look at a molecular model of a particular substance and manipulate it to arrive at a new substance. Representative research can be found in journals such as the Journal of Multimedia. Medicine doctors can get trained by looking at a virtual surgery or they can simulate how the human body is affected by diseases spread by viruses and bacteria and then develop techniques to prevent it. Disabilities Ability Media allows those with disabilities to gain qualifications in the multimedia field so they can pursue careers that give them access to a wide array of powerful communication forms.

Provide students with all details about a particular patient situation and ask them to assess the patient, arrive at diagnoses, plan interventions and evaluate care. Computer Simulation format: o Description of a patient situation. o Student selects which data should be collected. o Computer provides feedback about choices. o Student uses the correct data to arrive at nursing diagnoses. o Computer provides feedback on diagnoses. o Student selects appropriate nursing goals. o Computer responds to each selection as to why it is or is not correct. o Student selects appropriate actions. o Computer responds with positive and negative effects of each actions. o Student selects evaluation criteria that indicate success of nursing actions. o Computer provides feedback on evaluation criteria. Multimedia Presentation sometimes called hypermedia programs may incorporate text, sound tracks, graphics, still photos, animations, video clips, and material from the World Wide Web (www). Evaluating Software Manual (users guide) generally not made available to learners but should be available to the nurse educator. Evaluate the program in terms of the objectives you want to achieve. Criteria for evaluating CAI software: o Accuracy,Ease of use,Design,Appearance,.Feedback,Cost Effectiveness CAI for Patient Education Three forces of urgency to the delivery of patient education: expectation of accreditation organizations the increase in lawsuits against health care facilities and providers. the rise in consumerism in our society. CAI for Nursing students and Nursing Staffs programs are available that teach psychomotor skills, dosage computation, care planning, problem solving, critical thinking and content in many medical conditions. Research on Effectiveness of CAI CAI is at least as effective if not more effective than traditional pedagogy for the content areas studied.

Computer Teaching Strategies Computers are used to communicate information to students and nurses in a time- saving way, to teach critical thinking and problem solving, to provide stimulations of reality, and to educate from a distance. Computer Teaching Strategies Computer Assisted Instruction Internet Virtual Reality Computer Assisted Instruction - can be used to teach nurses, students and patients - can be very effective in the hands of an astute nurse educator. Computer Assisted Instruction Types Drill and Practice the simplest level of CAI. students have already learned information, either through computer programs or other teaching methods, and are now presented with repetition and application of the information. Tutorials the second mode in which CAI may be written teaches the students a body of knowledge by presenting information and asking questions, giving hints if the student gets stuck. Games just as board games, card games and trivia games can be used to teach nursing, so can computer games. Simulations One of the most exciting and available forms of CAI.

The vast number of studies that have been conducted give weight to the conclusion that CAI is an effective way to achieve student learning. v Internet is a mammoth complex of computer connections across continents, connecting many millions of computers. Email Electronic mail can be used to provide greater collaboration between teachers and students and between students and students. New Groups are similar to listservs in that they are discussion groups of people with similar interests. World Wide Web a collection of millions of documents found on Web Pages that interface to the Internet. World Wide Web Searches surfing the web is an appropriate some people take, but it is like aimlessly walking up and down unmarked and unfamiliar supermarket aisles, hopping you are soon find the item you are seeking. Evaluating World Wide Web Sites let the reader beware and let the reader have some criteria in mind for sorting out the good from the garbage. u Criteria for evaluating Quality of WWW Sites: Purpose,Currency,Credibility,Content Accuracy,Design v Virtual Reality u a computer- based, simulated three- dimensional environment in which the participant interacts with a virtual world. u only in virtual reality can the learner enter a virtual world and feel an object, move it, and measure its movement.